Animal Production (E-Journal, JAP)
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Phytobiotic Properties of Garlic, Red Ginger, Turmeric and Kencur in Growing Ducks
Full text linkAbstract. Phytobiotic properties of garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma domestica), red ginger (Zingiber officinale) and kencur (Kaempferia galangal) were studied using standard in vitro antibacterial test and in vivo feeding trial with ducklings. In the in vitro experiment, potency of aqueous extract of these phytobiotic agents were tested against Salmonella pullorum and Escherichia coli. Feeding trial was carried out for 6 week starting at day 28 using ducklings fed diets supplemented with 1% of each of four phytobiotic agents. The highest antibacterial activity against S. pullorum and E. coli was observed with garlic and no additive effect when mixture of phytobiotics was used. Weight gain, fed intake and feed conversion ratio of ducklings were not affected by inclusion of garlic, red ginger and kencur. However, 1% turmeric supplementation significantly reduced growth performance to ducklings. Key words: phytobiotic, antibiotic, duck, medicinal plants Abstrak. Penelitian karakteristik fitobiotik dari bawang putih (Allium sativum), kunyit (Curcuma domestica), jahe merah (Zingiber officinale) dan kencur (Kaempferia galangal) telah dilakukan secara in vitro melalui uji aktivitas antibakteri dan secara in vivo dengan perlakuan suplemetasi fitobiotik didalam pakan anak itik. Pada percobaan in vitro, potensi aktivitas antibakteri dari ektrak  fitobiotik diuji menggunakan Salmonella pullorum and Escherichia coli. Percobaan suplementasi fitobiotik diberikan masing-masing sebesar 1% didalam pakan anak itik. Pemberian pakan perlakuan dilakukan selama 6 minggu, dimulai pada saat anak itik berumur 28 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. pullorum dan E. coli paling tinggi adalah ektrak bawang putih dan tidak ada pengaruh yang lebih baik apabila dicampur dengan ektrak fitobiotik lainnya. Pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi pakan dan konversi pakan anak itik tidak dipengaruhi oleh penambahan bawang putih, kunyit, jahe merah dan kencur. Akan tetapi, suplementasi kunyit nyata menurunkan performan pertumbuhan anak itik. Kata kunci: fitobiotik, antibiotik, itik, tanaman obat-obatan
Nutritional Dried Matter, Crude Protein and Crude Fiber on Lowland Tidal Grass Fermented by Probiotic Microorganisms for Use Bali Cattle Feed
Full text linkAbstract. This study was aimed to determine nutritional value of lowland tidal grass fermented by probiotic microorganisms. This study used a completely randomized design and investigated two factors, namely varieties of lowland tidal grass (kumpai tembaga (Ischaemum rugosum), kumpai minyak (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) and kumpai padi (Oryza rufipogon)) and probiotic microorganism concentration (0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 percent). The following parameters were observed, including dried matter content, crude protein content and crude fiber content. The results showed that the use of probiotics have significant effects on crude protein content and crude fiber content. In conclusion, the use of probiotics can improve the nutritional value of grass. The best result was obtained on kumpai tembaga grass (Ischaemum rugosum) fermented with 0.7% probiotic microorganism. Keywords: nutritional evaluation, lowland tidal grass, fermentation, probiotics microorgansms Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai nutrisi rumput tidal dataran rendah yang difermentasi menggunakan mikroba probiotik. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dan mengamati dua faktor, yaitu varitas rumput tidal dataran rendah (kumpai tembaga (Ischaemum rugosum), kumpai minyak (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) dan kumpai padi (Oryza rufipogon)) dan mikroba probiotik (0,3; 0,5; 0,7 dan 0,9 persen). Parameter yang diamati meliputi kandungan bahan kering, protein kasar, dan serat kasar. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan probiotik memiliki pengaruh nyata terhadap kandungan protein kasar dan serat kasar. Dapat disumpulkan bahwa penggunaan probiotik dapat meningkatkan nilai nutrisi dari rumput. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada rumput kumpai tembaga (Ischaemum rugosum) yang difermentasi menggunakan 0,7% mikroba probiotik. Kata kunci: evaluasi nutrisi, rumput tidal dataran rendah, fermentasi, mikroba probioti
Methane Gas Reduction Using Virgin Coconut Oil Supplementation in Rumen Fermentation through in Vitro
Full text linkThis study aims to determine the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO)supplementation into ruminant feed on the methane reduction in vitro The study used rumen fluid with forage substrate and concentrates in the ratio of 60:40. The experiement consists of five kinds of VCO treatments, namely: R0 – feed substrates without VCO; R1 – feed substrates with 2% VCO; R2 – feed substrates with 4% VCO; R3 – feed substrates with 6% VCO; and R4 – feed substrates with 8% VCO. Each treatment was done three times. The fermentation used Hohenheim Gas Test (HGT) at a temperature of 390 C for 48 hours. At the end of the fermentation, measurements of methane and microbial activity of the rumen fluid were implemented. Data obtained were analyzed using a completely randomized design, and continued with Duncan test for examining the mean differences. The results showed that methane production descreased by 18.39% - 29.7% when the feed was given 2% - 8% VCO. Based in the findings, it can be concluded that the supplementation of 2% - 8% VCO can be used a substrate for ruminant feed because it can reduce methane and does not interfere the microbial activity of the fermentation of rumen fluid through in vitro
The Diversity and Productivity of Indigenous Forage in Former Limestone Mining Quarry in Karst Mountain of Southern Gombong, Central Java Indonesia
Full text linkIndonesia is a country that has a lot of limestone mountains, covering 15.4 million hectares. Limestone mountains have strategic functions as limestone is used as building materials and as raw material in cement industry. Therefore, limestone mining quarry in various areas of limestone mountains in Indonesia is increasingly widespread. The biggest negative impact of limestone mining is the formed open land which is abandoned and unutilized. Changes in the ecosystem will lead to the reduced levels of diversity and productivity of indigenous forage which will ultimately reduce the performance and development of ruminants livestock kept by farmers in the mountainous region of limestone. This study aims to determine the diversity and productivity of indigenous forage on former limestone mining quarry in limestone mountains of southern Gombong. The research was conducted through survey by identifying and measuring the forage production of sample plots assigned purposively. Location of the study was divided into three categories, mild, moderate and heavy mining. Results showed that soil fertility levels in open fields of former limestone mining in southern Gombong mountains are low with total N content of 0.049 - 0.141%, total P2O5 of 0.067 - 0.133% and total K2O of 0.086 - 0.100%. The diversity of indigenous forage on mild mining was more diverse than that of moderate and heavy mining, i.e. 13 species comprising 7 grass species, 2 legumes species, and 4 species of shrubs. The most dominant species in all mining categories are Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrica, Ageratum conyzoides and Mikania micrantha. The results also showed that in the open land of mild mining had the highest production of fresh and dry matter compared to that of moderate and severe minin
Phytobiotic Utilization as Feed Additive in Feed for Pancreatic Enzyme Activity of Broiler Chicken
Full text linkThis research was conducted to evaluate the effect of turmeric water extract, garlic and combination turmeric and garlic as a feed additive in the broiler diet on pancreatic enzyme activity of broiler chicken. Effectivity of treatments was assessed by addition of phytobiotic (control, 015% zinc bacitracin, 2.5% TE, 2.0% GE, 2.5% TGE) which were arranged Completely Randomized Design with 4 replications. The variables measured were pancreatic enzyme activity(amylase enzyme activity, protease enzyme activity and lipase enzyme activity).The results showed that enzyme protein activity content of 2.5% TE supplementation is also high at 82.02 U/ml, then supplemented 2.5% TGE, 2.0% GE, negative control and positive control respectively 75.98 ; 72.02; 68.74; and 66.57 U/ml. The lipase enzyme activity whereas the negative control and a positive control differ significantly higher (P<0.05) to treatment with the addition of 2.5% TE, 2.0% GE and 2.5% TGE phytobiotic. The research concluded that the incorporation of 2.5% TE, 2% GE and combined 2.5% TGE as feed additive enhanced pancreatic enzyme activity
Performance of Mojosari Alabio Males Ducks Fed Complete Ration Silage
Full text linkAbstract. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of complete diet silage on feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, water consumption and mortality. The materials used were 75 Mojosari Alabio male ducks, commercial diet plus rice bran (16.50% CP, 2900 kkal GE/kg), silage with 30-60% water content. Data were subject to Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments were S0 (commercial feed), S1 (silage with 30% water content), S2 (silage with 40% water content), S3 (silage with 50% water content) and S4 (silage with 60% water content). Data were subject to analysis of variance followed by orthogonal contrast test. The result showed that silage with 50% water content has significantly increased body weight gain and decreased water consumption, but there were no  effect in feed conversion. Complete diet silage was safe for Mojosari Alabio male duck. Key words : complete ration silage , duck, performance Abstrak. Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian silase ransum komplit terhadap konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, konversi pakan, konsumsi air dan persentase kematian. Bahan yang digunakan adalah 75 ekor itik Mojosari Alabio jantan, ransum komersial ditambah dedak padi (16,50% CP, 2900 kkal GE/kg), silase dengan kadar air 30-60%. Percobaan ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan S0 (pakan komersial), S1 (silase dengan kadar air 30%), S2 (silase dengan kadar air 40%), S3 (silase dengan kadar air 50%) dan S4 (silase dengan kadar air 60%). Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji kontras orthogonal. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa silase dengan kadar air 50% memiliki peningkatan berat badan dan penurunan konsumsi air yang signifikan, tetapi tidak mempengaruhi konversi pakan. Silase ransum komplit pakan aman untuk itik Mojosari Alabio jantan. Kata kunci : silase ransum komplit, itik, performan
Evaluation on Performances of Yoghurt Used Modern Technology Versus Natural One
Full text linkAbstract. A research for studying performances (aromatics including colour, taste, smell, texture and its financial benefit) of milk products i.e. yoghurt which used modern technology versus the natural one was conducted at PT Prima Rasa, Denpasar. The research consisted of two treatments (A = modern technology and B = natural technology). The objective of the research were: 1) to study the differences of aromatic and financial benefit of yoghurt with modern technology versus the natural one, 2) to use as a reference in the future on milk products business, and 3) to increase the quantity and quality of yoghurt and income per capita in the Bali Island. In this research, yoghurt production which used modern technology (treatment A) used some ingredients i.e. fresh milk, skimmed milk, starter (imported Lactic Acid Bacteria from Canada) and modern equipments i.e. electric incubator for milk fermentation. While the natural technology (treatment B) used a slightly different ingredients and equipments i.e. non imported starter and non electric incubator (ampel bamboo). The starter used was lactic acid bacteria naturally found in the ampel bamboo as incubator at once. The incubator was covered with aged banana leaf on the fermentation processes. These ingredients and equipments were very easy to find, available through the year and cheap. There were six replicates in each treatment. Data obtained were analyzed with t test and financial benefit was analyzed descriptively. Results of the research showed that yoghurt aromatics which used natural technology was 14.29% significantly higher than modern one but its texture was 20.31% or significantly lower. The differences did not seem to cause difference on the taste between them. The average taste score was the same (7.1), indicating that both treatments had the same taste. The financial benefit of the natural yoghurt was much higher (90.74%) than that of the modern one (127.40% versus 10.80%). Key words: yoghurt, fresh milk, lactic acids bacteria, incubator, ampel bamboo Abstrak. Penelitian untuk mempelajari performans (cita-rasa termasuk: warna, aroma/bau, tekstur, keasaman/rasa asam/pH, dan finansial) suatu produk susu yaitu yogurt yang menggunakan teknologi modern versus alami (bambu ampel) telah dilakukan di PT Perusahaan Prima Rasa, Denpasar. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua perlakuan (perlakuan A = teknologi modern, dan B = teknologi alami). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk: 1) mempelajari perbedaan cita-rasa dan keuntungan finansial yogurt yang menggunakan teknologi modern dan alami, 2) dipakai sebagai acuan dalam membuat suatu usaha bisnis produk susu dimasa yang akan datang, dan 3) meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas yogurt serta pendapatan asli daerah Bali. Dalam penelitian ini pembuatan yogurt yang menggunakan teknologi modern (perlakuan A) menggunakan beberapa bahan-bahan dan alat-alat seperti susu sapi segar, skim, starter (bakteri asam laktat impor dari Kanada dan harganya mahal), inkubator listrik atau steroform untuk pemeramannya. Sedangkan pembuatan yogurt yang menggunakan teknologi alami (perlakuan B) prosesnya hampir sama dengan yang menggunakan teknologi modern, hanya saja tidak menggunakan starter impor dan tidak menggunakan inkubator listrik (menggunakan bamboo ampel) dan starter yang digunakan adalah bakteri asam laktat yang secara alami terdapat dalam bambu ampel tersebut. Bambu ampel yang digunakan sebagai inkubator itu ditutupi dengan daun pisang yang telah dilayukan. Bambu ampel ini mudah didapat, tersedia sepanjang tahun dan murah harganya. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak enam kali. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa dengan t test, keuntungan finansial dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa yogurt dengan teknologi alami mempunyai aroma lebih kuat secara nyata sebesar 14,29% dibandingkan yogurt dengan teknologi modern, tetapi teksturnya (kelembutannya) adalah sebaliknya, yogurt dengan teknologi modern lebih tinggi secara nyata sebesar 20,31% dibandingkan derngan yogurt teknologi alami. Namun demikian, perbedaan tersebut tidak menyebabkan perbedaan rasa di antara semuanya. Dalam hal ini rata-rata nilai rasa adalah sama (7,1). Artinya, kedua perlakuan tersebut mempunyai rasa sama. Namun demikian, keuntungan dari hasil penjualan yogurt dengan teknologi alami lebih tinggi (90,74%) dibandingkan teknologi modern (127,40% versus 10,80%). Kata kunci : yogurt, susu sapi segar, bakteri asam laktat, inkubator, bambu ampelÂ
Supplementation of Rumen By Pass Protein-Fat: Effect on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility and The Profile of Duodenal Digesta Fatty Acids
Full text linkAbstract. The aim of this research was to study the effects of rumen by pass protein-fat supplementation (RBPF) on feed intake, nutrients digestibility and profile of duodenal digesta of fatty acids. Two rumen fistulated and duodenum canulated dairy cows were fed ration that consisted of king grass and concentrate (60:40). The concentrate was supplemented with 20% RBPF. The feeding trial was conducted for four weeks in which the first week was the control period, the second week was the adaptation period, the third week was the early collection period and finally the fourth week was the late collection period. The samples of duodenal digesta were collected 1 hour before morning feeding and 1, 3 and 5 hours after morning feeding. The cows were fed twice a day and concentrate was offered before forage. The results showed that in comparison to the control, supplementation of RBPF increased nutrients intake of dry matter (DM) (6.95 vs. 6.27%), organic matter (OM) (6.20 vs. 5.70%), crude fat (CF) (0.49 vs. 0.41%), crude fiber (CFb) (1.84 vs. 1.49%) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) (3.23 vs. 3.03%), while the crude protein (CP) intake decreased (0.64 vs. 0.77%). Supplementation of RBPF improved the nutrients digestibility of dry matter (67.24 vs. 62.15%), organic matter (68.71 vs. 65.29%), crude fiber (66.20 vs. 57.46%) and nitrogen free extract (72.37 vs. 66.47%). RBPF supplementation also increased linoleic acid content in duodenal digesta sample at 1and 3 hours after feeding. In conclusion, RBPF supplementation did not negatively affect feed intake and nutrient digestibility. RBPF also increased the proportion of linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexsaenoic acid (DHA) in duodenal digesta until 3 hours after feeding. Key words: RBPF, supplementation, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, fatty acid Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suplementasi protein-lemak by pass rumen terhadap konsumsi, kecernaan nutrien serta profil asam lemak pada digesta duodenum sapi perah. Dua ekor sapi perah berfistula rumen dan berkanula duodenum diberi pakan hijauan dan konsentrat dengan rasio 60:40, diberi suplemen protein-lemak by pass rumen 20% dari konsentrat. Percobaan dilakukan selama 4 minggu, minggu pertama adalah periode kontrol, minggu ke-2 periode adaptasi, minggu ke-3 periode koleksi awal dan minggu ke-4 periode koleksi akhir. Sampel digesta duodenum diambil 1 jam sebelum pemberian pakan dan 1; 3 serta 5 jam setelah pemberian pakan. Ransum diberikan dua kali sehari dengan konsentrat lebih dulu sebelum hijauan. Dibanding periode kontrol, suplementasi protein lemak by pass rumen sebanyak 20% menaikkan konsumsi bahan kering (BK) (6,95 vs 6,27%), bahan organik (BO) (6,20 vs 5,70%), lemak kasar (LK) (0,49 vs 0,41%), serat kasar (SK) (1,84 vs 1,49%) dan bahan ekstrak tanpa nitrogen (BETN) (3,23 vs 3,03%) tetapi menurunkan konsumsi protein kasar (PK) (0,64 vs 0,77%). Suplementasi protein lemak by pass rumen juga memberikan kecernaan BK, BO, SK dan BETN ( 67,24 vs 62,15%; 68,71 vs 65,29%; 66,20 vs 57,46%; 72,37 vs 66,47%) yang lebih tinggi dibanding kontrol. Suplementasi lemak by pass rumen juga menaikkan proporsi asam lemak linolenat pada jam ke-1 dan ke-3 setelah makan. Pemberian protein-lemak by pass rumen dalam ransum tidak berpengaruh negatif terhadap konsumsi dan kecernaan nutrien pakan serta meningkatkan proporsi asam lemak linoleat, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) dan DHA (docosahexsaenoic acid) digesta duodenum. Kata kunci: protein lemak by pass rumen, suplementasi, konsumsi, kecernaan nutrien, asam lema
The Correlation of Body Morphological Size Toward the Body Weight of PO Steers and Heifers
Full text linkAbstract. The study was conducted to determine the correlation between the body morphology size of PO steers and heifers which kept in the group housing of Litbangtan Models. The materials of this study used 24 PO steers and heifers (each cow was 15 to 18 months old). The  data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Due to the significant value, it stated that the body length and chest circumference influenced positively to the gain of the weight body of PO steers and heifers . The value of determination analysis (R2) both PO steers and heifers was 92.70% and 86.80%; It indicated that the gain of the body length size and chest circumference would increase the body weight. The result of calculation shown that the average of body weight of PO steers and heifers after having used two body morphological measurement (body length and chest circumference) was relativeely close to the real measurement. This phenomenon indicated that the body length and chest circumference had a close relationship with the body weight either in PO steers and heifers. Key words: PO steers and heifers, body morphological size, body weight Abstrak. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menentukan korelasi antara ukuran morfologi tubuh PO steers dan heifer yang dipelihara di kandang kelompok Litbangtan Model. Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 24 PO steer dan heifer (masing-masing berumur 15 sampai 18 bulan). Data dianalisis menggunakan deskriptif statistik dan analisis korelasi. Berdasarkan nilai signifikan, dinyatakan bahwa panjang badan dan lingkar dada berpengaruh positif terhadap peningkatan bobot badan PO steer dan heifer. Nilai koefisien determinsasi (R2) PO steer dan heifer adalah 92,70% dan 86,80%; mengindikasikan bahwa peningkatan ukuran panjang badan dan lingkar dada akan meningkatkan bobobt tubuh. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa rataan bobot tubuh PO steer dan heifer setelah menggunakan dua ukuran morfologi tubuh (panjang badan dan lingkar dada) serupa dengan ukuran nyata. Fenomena ini menunjukkan bahwa panjang badan dan lingkar dada berkaitan erat dengan bobot tubuh pada PO steer maupun heifer. Kata kunci: PO steer dan heifer, ukuran morfologi tubuh, bobot tubu
Sustainability of Forage Systems in Small Holder Dairy Cattle in The Plateau in East Java
Full text linkAbstract. This study aimed to describe the sustainability of forage system in the small holder dairy cattle in the plateau in East Java, in particular related to the nutrient content. The method used was survey (interviews, questionnaires, field observations and sampling) at the cooperation unit, farmers, livestock and farming location in one of the areas of dairy cattle cooperation in the plateau (Cooperation of SAE Pujon-Malang). The data obtained were analyzed through descriptive and regression statistics. The results showed that forage system dominantly given during dry and rainy seasons are elephant grass and corn stalks. Linear regression equation for the nutrient content of elephant grass is TDN= 40.516 + 1.404 CP, while corn trees is TDN= 56.212 + 0.740 CP. The conclusion showed that the dependent variable is largely influenced by external factors (environment). Improved continuity of availability of forage can be done by increasing the feeding system in the region (plateau) as well as the support from outside the region. Key words: plateau, dairy cattle, forage  Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan keberlanjutan sistem pakan hijauan pada peternakan sapi perah rakyat di wilayah dataran tinggi di Jawa Timur, khususnya tentang kandungan nutrisi. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei (wawancara, pengisian angket/kuesioner, observasi, dan pengambilan sampel) di koperasi, petani ternak dan lokasi peternakan di salah satu wilayah koperasi persusuan di dataran tinggi (Koperasi SAE Pujon-Malang). Data yang didapat dianalisis dengan regresi dan statistik diskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pakan hijaun yang dominan di musim kemarau dan hujan adalah rumput gajah dan tebon jagung. Persamaan regresi linier untuk kandungan nutrisi rumput gajah adalah TDN= 40,516 + 1,404 PK, sedangkan tebon jagung adalah TDN= 56,212 + 0,740 PK. Kesimpulannya adalah variabel dependen sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh faktor luar (lingkungan). Peningkatan kontinuitas ketersediaan pakan hijauan dapat dilakukan dengan peningkatan sistem pakan di wilayah (dataran tinggi) dan dukungan sistem pakan dari luar wilayah. Kata kunci: dataran tinggi, sapi perah, pakan hijaua