Waseda University Repository

Sakai, Takahiro

酒井, 貴広

Japanese

戦後高知県における「生活改善」の展開と犬神変容に関する研究 -大方町における「差別」への取り組みを交えて-

Tabata, Yukitsugu

Sato, Yuni

Sok, Keo Sovannara

Sugiyama, Hiroshi

19Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln
 in Cambodia: December 2014
Yukitsugu TABATA, Yuni SATO, SOK Keo Sovannara, Hiroshi SUGIYAMA
Introduction
　　The Veal Svay kiln site is one of the newly discovered ancient stoneware kilns located to the east 
of the Angkor monuments. Although it has been known since the end of the nineteenth century that 
stoneware kilns existed in Cambodia, all of the kilns identified and excavated in the Angkor area were 
found to have produced unglazed stoneware or ash-glazed stoneware vessels only. Until quite recently, the 
kilns responsible for the distinctive Khmer-style brown-glazed stoneware, which is commonly unearthed 
from Angkorian monuments, were known only around the present Thai-Cambodian border─Buriram 
and Surin Provinces in northeast ailand, and Banteay Meanchey Province in northwest Cambodia. It 
can be said that most of our understandings on Khmer brown-glazed stoneware had been based on these 
ai-based studies, and thus, this led to the hypothesis that Khmer brown-glazed stoneware was brought 
to Angkor from present-day northeast Thailand （Brown 1988: 55）. These situation has changed in the 
past few years. New brown-glazed stoneware kilns along the ancient road─ la voie royale from Angkor to 
Preah Khan of Kampong Svay─were found by Mitch Hendrickson （Hendrickson 2008）. Following this 
discovery, the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties （NRICP, Japan） made explorations 
in this area in 2008 and discovered a brown-glazed stoneware kiln designated the Veal Svay kiln, located in 
along the ancient road. A joint research project of this kiln was organized by APSARA National Authority 
（Cambodia）, NRICP and Waseda University （Japan）, and a full-scale excavation has been conducted since 
February 2013. is paper will report briey on the excavation and scientic analysis in 2014.
1. Location of the site 
　　As mentioned above, several ash-glazed and unglazed stoneware kiln groups have been identified 
and excavated in Siem Reap Province, including Tani, Bankaong, Khnar Po, Sar Sei, and Anlong om at 
present. e kilns in Siem Reap Province all seem to be located in the atlands east of the Angkor sites, 
with the exception of Anlong om on Phnom Kulen （Fig.1）. e distribution pattern of the kilns seems 
to correspond to the development of this area in the Angkor period （Tabata 2008a, b）. 
20
Fig. 2 　Location of the Veal Svay Kiln
Phnom Bok
Tani Kilns
Bankaong Kilns
Khnar Por Kilns
Brown-Glazed 
Stoneware Kiln
 Complex
Sar Sei Kilns
Anlogn Thom
(Thnal Mrech)Kilns
Roluos 
Roluos River
Siem Reap River
Siem Reap City
Angkor Wat
Kilns
Phnom Kulen
0 10km
Angkor Thom
East Baray
West Baray
Fig. 1　Representative KhmerStoneware Kilns in Angkor Area
21Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
　　e Veal Svay kiln is part of a large brown-glazed stoneware kiln complex located in Beng Mealea 
commune, Banteay Srei district, about 15km to the east of Beng Mealea temple （Fig.2）. e kiln lies at 
13° 26’2.50’ north latitude and 104° 22’9.20’ east longitude. It is nearly 300m south of the ancient 
road from Beng Mealea to Preah Khan of Kampong Svay （Fig.3）. Surrounding the kilns are the rice 
paddies of Village #103, Beng Mealea commune （Fig.4, 5）. Another kiln group, named Veal Trac Chour, 
is located about 500m south of the Veal Svay kiln. is kiln group consists of at least nine mounds, ve 
of them formerly located on a long dike measuring about 100m in a north–south direction, and four 
others situated southeast of the dike. Unfortunately, the ve mounds on the dike were already destroyed 
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.00 100m
Veal Svay Kiln #1
Ancient Road
(Ankogr=Phreah Khan of Kampon Svay)
Fig. 3　Veal Svay Kiln and Ancient Road to Phreah Khan of Kampon Svay
22
by land development. Located approximately 2.5km west-northwest of the Veal Svay kiln, the Torp Chey 
kiln was excavated by APSARA and National University of Singapore in late 2011 and early 2012. e 
Fig. 4-2　Veal Svay and Its Surrounding
Fig. 4-1 　Veal Svay and Its Surrounding
23Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
Chong Samraong kiln, excavated by APSARA and the Smithsonian Institution in February-March 2013, 
is located 2.4km east of Veal Svay （Hein et.al. 2013）. is quite small area along the royal road is dotted 
with signicant numbers of kiln groups, and this fact suggests that the area was a large production center of 
brown-glazed stoneware in the Angkor period.
1. Research
　　e Veal Svay kiln site consists of two earthen mounds constituting possible kiln bodies. Of these, 
Fig. 5-2　Veal Svay Kiln
Fig. 5-1　Veal Svay Kiln
24
the mound located to the west, designated kiln No.1, was selected as the research area for its accessibility. 
e excavation of 2014 season was conducted from December 22 to 30 for examination of the structure 
of rebox of Kiln No.1. Test pit No.1 was expanded to the north to clarify the plan of rebox. After the 
Fig. 6　Kiln Mound （Kiln #1 Before Excavation）
Fig. 7　Excavation
25Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
excavation, 14C dating and characterization of carbonized wood underrated from wast heap surrounding 
the kiln （test pit No.9, excavated in 2013） was conducted.
Fig. 8　Aerial Photography with UAV
Fig. 9　Test Pit （Kiln Body）
26
2. Structure of the kiln
　　As identied in the last excavation in 2013, kiln No.1 is a cross-draft kiln with a long rectangular 
plan （Fig.12, 13, 14, 15）. In common with other excavated Khmer stoneware kilns in both Cambodia and 
Fig. 10　Excavation（Side Wall of the Kiln）
Fig. 11　Kiln Site Visiting by Primary School Students
27Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
ailand, the Veal Svay kiln was a single-chamber kiln constructed with unred clay. e kiln consists of a 
single rectangular-shaped ware chamber, a rebox （north–northeast side）, and by inference, an exhaust port 
or chimney （south–southwest side）. e arch did not survive. Judging from the observation of stratigraphy 
in the test pit on the edge of the mound, kiln No.1 was constructed on an articial mound made of silty 
clay and blocks of burnt clay but the origins of those blocks is unclear.
　　In the ware chamber, clay kiln walls approximately 20cm in height remained on the east and west sides 
of the chamber. e oor was also made of clay and sloped slightly toward the rebox. At least two traces 
of columns were identied along the central axis; their function was to support the ceiling. e maximum 
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 10m
Fig. 12　Topographic Chart of the Kiln Mound
28
width of the ware chamber was nearly 1.8 meters. Finger traces and indentations of blades of grass were 
visible on the surfaces of the kiln walls. So far the investigations have not identied the presence of lateral 　
trenches （“secondary re trenches”） in the ware chamber oor like those found in the Torp Chey and 
Fig. 13　Fire Box
Fig. 14　Fire Box
29Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
Fig. 15　Plan of the Kiln Body
30
Chong Samrong kilns.
　　Compare with the other excavated kilns in Angkor including Tani, Anlong Thom, and Sar Sei, 
relatively lower and tilted step that separate re box and ware chamber is observed. Most part of this step 
was broken. A small rectangular shaped rebox seems to be lacking with the stoke holes or air holes, but 
due to the time limits, the oor of rebox was not fully examined. Perhaps these holes might be existed 
under the unexcavated  soil of the rebox.
　　In contrast to other kilns in the Angkor region, no older oor was discovered under the oor of the ware 
chamber. is means that the kiln was not reconstructed on older kilns. Furthermore, only part of the clay 
oor was hardened or sintered. It is possible to say that the period of operation of this kiln was not so long.
  
3. Artifacts
　　e products of the kiln are roughly classied into two groups. Most of the excavated remains are 
large-sized brown glazed jar or vats, and a few small-sized wares with uncommon shapes are also seen. 
No rooftiles such as the ash-glazed stoneware kilns generally produced have been identied （Tabata et.al. 
2015）.
　　It is important to remember that a brown-glazed jar with animal decoration is identied. Underglazed 
incised line represents a running horse or other quadruped （Fig. 16, 17）. e image is not brush-worked 
but this pictorial expression is quite rare to the decoration motive for Khmer glazed stoneware.
4. Scientific Analysis
　　After the excavation, C14 dating was conducted on a carbonized wood specimen that had been 
collected at wast heap surrounding the kiln （Test Pit No.9, Fig. 19）. The C14 dates were determined 
by accelerator mass spectrometry （AMS）. The measurement and calibration were carried out with the 
cooperation of Paleo Labo Co. Ltd. Based on the result, C14 have been calibrated into calendar age with 
OxCal4.2 （Calibration data files: IntCal13）. The result of radiocarbon dating analyses calibration are 
shown in Char 1）.
　　rough the calibration, date of 1281–1312 cal AD （48.0%） and 1358–1388 cal AD （47.4%） are 
seen on the rage of 2σ calendar age （95.4%）. e late thirteenth to the early fourteenth century or the 
middle of fourteenth to the late fourteenth century seems to be matched with the present understanding 
of the date of Khmer brown-glazed ware （twelfth to fourteenth century）. ough, it might have a risk of 
erroneous dating to determine the actual operation age of the kiln by using only one C14 date. Within 
the narrow limits of samples, possibility that this kiln dates back to from the late thirteenth to the late 
fourteenth century is simply pointed out.
31Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
0 5cm
Fig. 16　Brown-Glazed Jar with Animal Decoration
Fig. 17　Brown-Glazed Jar with Animal Decoration
32
　　To detect the fuel, species identification was also conducted on a same carbonized wood sample. 
Before the identication, number of the survived growth rings and the diameter was tested. As a result of 
Chart 1　C14 Dating
Fig. 19　Carbonized Wood from Test Pit No.9
33Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
preliminary examination, the specimen is botanically divided into three dierent kind of wood, and species 
identication was carried on these sub-divided samples. Species were determined by the observations of 
three kinds of thin sections─ cross section, radial section, and tangential section─of wood tissues, using 
the microscope and the scanning electron microscope. e results are shown in Table 1 and Fig 20.
　　Because not only carbonized woods but also much of ash was found at the wast heap, these woods 
were the considered to be used as fuel. As a result of species identification, the Shorea or Hopea genus 
of the dipterocarp family （Dipterocarpaceae）, the Gluta genus of the cashew family （Anacardiaceae）, and 
unclassified diffuse-porous wood  were identified. It means that all samples are classified into different 
genus and family of broadleaf tree. 
　　Similar results of species identification are reported from the Tani kiln and Anlogn Thom kiln 
（Hashimoto et. al. 2007: 206-208, Tabata 2008b: 72）. Once Louise Cort estimated the use of a variety 
of local wood for rings （Cort 2000: 116-117）; the results of identication support her idea. Moreover, 
the wide variation of the fuel lead us a hypothesis of resource strategy of Khmer stoneware industry. e 
utilization of miscellaneous trees does not seem to be strictly controlled wooden resources. Ancient Khmer 
potters probably selected a resource strategy of collecting many species of locally available wood rather than 
the specic tree planting for fuel that can be observed in East Asia.
5. Remarks
　　e Veal Svay excavation project 2014 provides us signicant data to understand kiln technology in 
Angkor. Dier from other newly nd and excavated brown-glazed kilns including Torp Chey and Chong 
Samrong, the kiln we excavated undoubtedly has no lateral stoke hole. is dierence easily lead us to a 
hypothesis that Veal Svay might be older than Torp Chey or Chong Samrong and thus its structure bear 
some resemblance to older ash-glazed stoneware kilns likewise Tani, Anlong om, and Sar Sei─ their 
date are considered to be around the tenth century （Tabata 2008a: 148-151）. While 14C dating shows 
the possibility that Veal Svay dates back to from the late thirteenth to the late fourteenth century. With 
reference to the present understanding of the date of Khmer brown-glazed ware─ the twelfth century to 
the fourteenth century, the late thirteenth century Kiln is dicult to regarded as a prototype of brown-
glazed ware kiln or a transitional kiln from ash-glazed type to the brown-glazed type. is problem of the 
structure of kiln body should be paid more attention in further studies.
　　Until the last excavation, at the Veal Svay kiln, a tendency to specialize in large-sized ware and 
special small products such as zoomorphic ware became clear. In addition,  whereas the Khmer ash-glazed 
stoneware kilns are proven to have produced roof tiles and other wares simultaneously, the Veal Svay kiln 
shows no signs of having produced rooftiles （Tabata et.al. 2015）. Besides these signicant features, the 
34
Fig. 20 　Carbonized Wood   a: Cross Section, b: Tangential Section, c: Radial Section
Table 1　Result of Species Identication
No. Identied Species
Diameter of 
Sample
（radial×
tangent）
Estimated 
Diameter of 
Original Wood
Number 
of the　
Growth 
Ring 
Sample Code for 
14C Dating
1 Shorea or Hopea genus of the dipterocarp family 4.2 × 3.0㎝ approx.4㎝ 5? PLD-29373
2 Gluta genus of the cashew family 2.1 × 1.3㎝ - 2? -
3 Unclassied diuse-porous wood 1.5 × 2.3㎝ - - -
35Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014
excavation in 2014 also shows us a unique product of the jar with underglaze engraving of animal. Further 
investigation will be needed to yield any ndings about  this kind of pictorial expression.
　　Acknowledgements
is research project was supported by grants from the Grant-in-Aid for Scientic Research （ID: 13379386）.
We wish to express our appreciation to the following individuals and organizations for their kind cooperation and support （in 
alphabetical order）: 
H.E. Bun Narith, Chhay Rachna, Don Hein, Ea Darith, John Guy, Louise Allison Cort, Mao Laar, H.E. Ros Borath. Yuka 
Sasaki, APSARA National Authority, Royal University of Fine Arts, Paleo Labo Co. Ltd.
　　References
Aoyagi, Yoji and Tatsuo Sasaki （eds.） （translated by Louise Allison Cort）
　　2007 e Tani Kiln Site in Cambodia. Tokyo: Sophia University/Rengo Shhuppan.
Cort, Louise Allison
　　2000 Khmer Stoneware Ceramics. In Asian Traditions in Clay: 91-149: Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Chhay, Rachna, Heng Piphal, and Chhay Visoth
　　2013 Khmer Ceramic Technology: A Case Study from nal Mrech Kiln Site, Phnom Kulen. In M. J. Klokke and V. 
Degroot （eds.）  Materializing Southeast Aisari Past: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference of the European 
Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, vol. 2: 179-195, Singapore: NUS Press.
Brown, Roxanna M.
　　1988 e Ceramics of South-East Asia: eir Dating and Identication, 2nd edition. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Cort, Louise Allison
　　2000 Khmer Stoneware Ceramics. In Louise Allison Cort, Massumeh Farhad, and Ann Gunter, Asian Traditions in Clay, 
91-149. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Hendrickson, Mitch
　　2008 New Evidence of Brown Glaze Stoneware Kilns along the East Road from Angkor. Indo-Pacif ic Prehistory 
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Hein, Don, Louise Allison Cort, Ea Darith, and the Course Members
　　2013 e Chong Samrong Kiln Site in Cmbodia: Report on a Training Excavation. Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art 
and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution.
Sugiyama, Hiroshi, Yoshikawa Satoshi, Sato Yuni, and Sok Keo Sovannara
　　2008 A Study on the Medieval Sites in Cambodia. Nara: Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties （in 
Japanese）.
Tabata, Yukitsugu
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Tabata, Yukitsugu and Chay Visoth
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Archaeology No.27 : 63-69.
TABATA, Yukitsugu SATO, Yuni SOK, Keo Sovannara, SUGIYAMA, Hiroshi
　　2015 Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: Feb 2013-Dec2013. Bulletin of the 
Geaduate Division of Letters, Arts and Sciences of Waseda University 60-IV: 57-68.


English

Preliminary Report of the Excavation of the Veal Svay Kiln in Cambodia: December 2014

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早稲田大学大学院
文学研究科紀要
第 61 輯
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日本史学
東洋史学
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61
IV
20152015年度
早稲田大学大学院
文学研究科紀要
第  61  輯
第４分冊
日本史学
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西洋史学
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日本語日本文化
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表紙、標題紙

久保, 純子

南雲, 直子

チュン, メンホン

下田, 一太

Nagumo, Naoko

Chhum, Menghong

Shimoda, Ichita

Radiocarbon Ages and Stratigraphy in the City Area of the Sambor Prei Kuk Pre-Angkor Archaeological Site, Cambodia

Kusano, Keiko

草野, 慶子

Russian

ジナイーダ・ギッピウス 『聖なる血』 再考

261修士論文一覧
修士論文一覧
2014年度修了者（14名）
英文学
コナー・マクファーソン『ザ・ウィアー（堰）』研究  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 手代木　麻　里
『ヴェニスの商人』における利子と娼婦のパラドックス  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 薮　内　彩　奈
ハーマン・メルヴィル後期短編作品における倒錯のモチーフ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 清　水　佑太郎
『テンペスト』の眠りに関する一考察  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 篠　原　健　吉
Tolkien’s heroism in The Hobbit  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 金　本　小　夜
『スーラ』における境界の作用  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 藤　田　あ　や
ドイツ語ドイツ文学
ロベルト・ムージルの短篇「トンカ」について  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 板　垣　友　美
ゴットフリート・ベンの後期著作における静力学の思想  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 白　川　和　歩
ロシア語ロシア文化
イワン・ブーニン
　──その死の受容をめぐって──  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 松　澤　　　勇
正書法とWebがもたらすBCSの差別化
　──コンピューターはクロアチア語・セルビア語・ボスニア語・モンテネグロ語を隔てるか──
　　 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 藤　門　卓　己
ミハイル・レールモントフ『デーモン』研究
　──「不可解で矛盾した物語詩」の創作上の意義──  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 菅　原　　　彩
中国語中国文学
コミュニケーション環境から見る「八〇後」の創作  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 楊　　　駿　驍
日本に於ける「梁祝故事」のテキスト受容  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 田　村　京　平
篁園詞硏究
　──その基礎的考察──  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 陳　　　竺　慧


修士論文一覧

Takekawa, Toshiya

竹川, 俊也

｢精神の障害」と刑事責任能力（2）

早稲田大学博士(法学)早大学位記番号:新7226doctoral thesi

Shi, Yacong

55156

石, 亜淙

Traditional Chinese

環境犯罪の処罰範囲に関する試論 -日中の刑事法制の比較から-

早稲田大学博士(法学)早大学位記番号:新7231doctoral thesi

Kume, Hideyo

55168

久米, 一世

「イギリスにおける農地賃貸借法制の現代的変容に関する一考察」

島田, 征夫

国際法とイスラーム

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