Discovery Phytomedicine Journal
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A mini-review on the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the medicinal plant species Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae)
Get PDFAim: To provide update knowledge on phytochemistry and pharmacology of Persea americana.Study Design: Multidisciplinary advanced bibliographic surveys, utilization of ChemBioDraw software package and dissemination of the resulted knowledge.Methodology: A literature search was conducted to get information about the phytochemistry and pharmacognosy of P. americana from various electronic databases (PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, Scileo, DOAJ and Google scholar). The scientific name of this plant species was used as a keyword for the search, along with the terms phytochemistry and pharmacognosy. The chemical structures of P. americana naturally occurring compounds were drawn using ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 software package.Results: Findings from different studies revealed that this plant is commonly and traditionally used as an edible fruit. P. americana is reported to possess various biological virtues like antiviral, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, analgesic, antiulcer, hypertensive, antihepatotoxic, anticonvulsant, vasorelaxant and have an effect on body weight and different toxicological studies carried out demonstrated satisfactory results. These properties are due to the presence of numerous naturally occurring phytochemicals like tannins, alkaloids, phenols, saponins and flavonoids. P. americana is also rich in biologically important fatty acids like oleic acid and palmitic acid, minerals and vitamins, which makes it a healthful food. While Lutein is the most predominant carotenoid found in his fruit.Conclusion: The present review can therefore help inform future scientific research towards the development of novel drugs of relevance from P. americana for the improvement of human health and wellbeing.Â
Ethanolic extract of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark prevents alloxan-induced diabetes
Get PDFBackground: Chrysophyllum albidum (C. albidum) is used in folklore for the treatment of diabetes. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were randomly divided into groups and treated with ethanolic extract of C. albidum stem bark for 7-28 days. Metformin (150mg/kg) was used as the standard control. At the end of the treatment, blood sample was collected for glucose test, while serum was extracted for triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and high density lipoprotein (LDLC) evaluation. The pancreas was excised and evaluated for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and histological damage. Results: Blood glucose, serum TG, TC, LDL-C levels were significantly increased whereas HDL-C levels were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in diabetic rats. Also, pancreatic levels of CAT, SOD, GSH were significantly increased (p<0.05) whereas MDA levels were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in diabetic rats. However, the levels of these parameters were restored significantly (p<0.05) in diabetic rats treated with 100, 200 and 400mg/kg of ethanolic extract of C. albidum stem bark. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of C. albidum stem bark has potentials as remedy for diabetes. The findings in the presents study support the use of C. albidum in folklore for the treatment of diabetes.Â
Review of Photochemistry for Polyalithia longiflia
Get PDFÂ The review was aimed to review the phytochemical of the Polyalithia longiflia. Phytochemical screening for all parts of Polyalithia longiflia have been done and shown most of the chemical group compounds such as glycosides, Sterol, Carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids. 174 compounds have been isolated from five parts (leaves, steam bark, seeds, fruits, root) of Polyalithia longiflia, these compounds have been drown their structure. Leaves of Polyalithia longiflia were extracted and isolated 99 compounds most of these compounds were terpenoids, while root of Polyalithia longiflia only three articles about it. Also seeds of Polyalithia longiflia have not been studied yet its phytochemical screening. Many of these compounds were used in many biological and medical fields
Characterization of chemical groups and determination of antioxidant, cytotoxic and anthelmintic activities of Chromolaena odorata plant growing in Bangladesh
Get PDFChromolaena odorata is widely used for wound healing in Bangladesh. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anthelmintic properties of crude methanolic extract of C. odorata and different fractions of the crude extract. The phytochemical screening revealed the potent source of different phytochemical constituents including Alkaloids, Phytosterols, Tannins, Terpenes, Fats and Fixed oils. Determination of total phenolic contents and DPPH methods were evaluated for antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content (mg of GAE / gm) of Crude Methanol Extract (CME), Petroleum Ether Soluble Fraction (PESF), Ethyl Acetate Soluble Fraction (EASF) and Chloroform Soluble Fraction (CSF) were 71.08±0.38, 52.08±1.01, 86.33±0.38 and 54.25±0.90, respectively. In case of DPPH method, the IC50 values were 19.48±0.49 µg/ml, 22.44±0.63µg/ml, 99.05±0.81µg/ml, 166.96±0.51 µg/ml, 317.10±0.99 µg/ml for standard (BHT: tert-butyl-1-hydroxytoluene) and the four extracts, respectively. Moreover brine shrimp lethality bioassay method was applied to determine the cytotoxic activity. The LC50 values were 0.839 µg/ml, 10.245 µg/ml, 8.98 µg/m, 8.28 µg/ml and 9.298 µg/ml for standard group (vincristin sulphate),  CME, PESF, EASF and CSF respectively in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Besides, this study was also undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity (using Pheretima posthuma model) where albendazole was used as reference standard. For the this test, paralysis and death time for standard (albendazole) 10mg/ml and crude extracts (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) mg/ml are 56.20±0.20 and 77.4±0.24, 30.4±0.75 and 60.8±1.03, 24.6±0.32 and 50.2±0.37, 20.6±0.40 and 40.8±0.51, 16.4±0.68 and 32.4±1.29, 10.2±0.40 and 10.2±0.40 minutes respectively. From the study it was revealed that all the extracts were abundant of various phytochemicals and showed various biological activities. So, further studies are suggested to isolate the active constituents responsible for the activities and also to know the mechanism of actions
Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic extracts of the leaves of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves
Get PDFObjectives: This study was aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activiÂties of crude methanolic extract Averrhoa bilimbi leaves.Materials and Methods: Methanolic extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi leaves with different concentration were tested for anÂalgesic activity in mouse model by acetic acid induced writhing and anti-inflammatory effect was tested by carrageenan induced paw edema modelResults: The extract, at 400 mg/kg, showed higher analgesic activity (67.51%) against acetic acid induced pain in mice while the standard refÂerence drug Diclofenac sodium exhibited 64.33% activity at 10 mg/kg dose. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was comparable to reference drug Ibuprofen and the effect was sustained for 2-4 hr.Conclusion: Methanolic extractof Averrhoa bilimbi leaves have moderate analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties
Neuropharmacological activity of the crude ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum flowering bud
Get PDFBackgroud: Present study was designed to assess the possibility of in-vivo neuropharmacological effects of the ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum flowering buds by using behavioral models of mice.Methods: Anxiolytic effects of the extract were assessed using open field test (OFT), hole cross test (HCT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and hole board test (HBT) respectively; while antidepressant properties were determined using forced swimming test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). Finally thiopental sodium (TS)-induced sleeping time test helped us to evaluate the sedative-hypnotic potential of the extract.Results: In OFT and HCT, the movement of the mice decreased significantly (*p<0.005) for the extract treated groups when compare to control. This decrease indicates the suppression of locomotor activities of mice (from 1st-5th observation periods). Moreover, the increase of the spending time in EPM open arm, and head dipping in HBT endorsed the anxiolytic-like behavior of the extract. In FST and TST, S. aromaticum extract significantly (*p<0.05, **p<0.001) reduced the immobility time of the mice. Approx. 29% and 34% reduction of the immobility time were found in FST for 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg b.w. doses respectively, which clearly indicates the presence of the antidepressant compounds in extract. Finally, TS-induced sleeping time test confirmed the potency of the sedative response of the extract (sleeping duration were 45.4±2.6 minutes for control, whereas 87.0±1.79 minutes for 500 mg/kg b.w. extract treated group). The observed neurological response may be due to binding of any phytoconstituent with gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABAA) or benzodiazepine (BZD) receptors.Conclusion: Our study results suggest that the ethanolic extract of S. aromaticum possess remarkable sedative, antidepressant and anxiolytic activities with a demand of further investigation for the drug development program
Antidiarrheal activity of methanol extract of Piper sylvaticum (roxb.) stem in mice and in silico molecular docking of its isolated compounds
Get PDFBackground: Piper sylvaticum (Roxb.), is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat a number of disease like in asthma, diarrhea, chronic cough, cold, piles, tuberculosis, and wounds. In this study, we investigated the antidiarrheal activity of methanol extract of P. sylvaticum stem (Met.PSS) in animal models. Later, molecular docking study was performed to better understand its molecular mechanism and to determine the potent phytocompounds of this plant for the antidiarrheal property.Methods: The stems were extracted with methanol and subjected to in vivo antidiarrheal study using the castor oil-induced diarrhea and castor oil induced enteropooling tests in animal models. And then, in silico molecular docking study was performed using Schrödinger suite Maestro v10.1.Results: Met.PSS exhibited a dose-dependent and statistically significant antidiarrheal activity in both castor oil-induced diarrhea and enteropooling tests at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Additionally, our molecular docking analysis exhibited that four compounds viz. piperine, piperlonguminine, sylvamide, and sylvatine have the best binding affinity against the target enzyme (M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor) in comparison to reference drug Loperamide.Conclusions: The present study suggests that Met.PSS possess significant antidiarrheal activity which could be related to the presence of various secondary plant metabolites or phytochemicals. Additionally, the phytocompounds, i.e., piperine, piperlonguminine, sylvamide, and sylvatine were found to be most effective in molecular docking study
Free radical, oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus: A mini review
Get PDFAccording to both experimental and clinical studies it is proposed that oxidative stress play a vital role in the development of type 1and type 2 Diabetes. Human body is affected with diabetic mellitus through destruction of beta cell that may be the outcome of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress a familiar term that may be coined as the imbalance between level of free radical and antioxidant. As free radicals are highly reactive, the pathologic phenomenon of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) is to interrupt the function of lipid, protein and DNA. Increased level of oxidative stress in our body tissue and blood is considered to play a critical role in diabetes mellitus. The goal of this review is to concise the how the free radicals propagate in our body and gradually causes diabetes mellitus
Potential of Croton menyharthii and Uvariodendron kirkii aqueous extracts as female Novel contraceptives.
Get PDFObjective: The aim of the study was to validate the traditional fertility regulating claims by investigating the effect of root bark extract of both plants on ovarian and uterine structures.Materials and Methods: Twenty five mature normocyclic female winstar rats were used. Group 1 consisted of 5 animals that acted as control. Group 2 and 3 with 5 animals each; received 500 and 800mg/ Kg Croton menyharthii respectively on alternative days for 28 days through intra- abdominal gavage. Group 4 and 5 were treated in a similar manner but received Uvariodendron kirkii aqueous extract. Left ovaries and uterus were harvested and processed for histomorphology.Results: Croton menyharthii and Uvariodendron kirkii extracts caused a reduction in primordial and antral follicles, disrupted granulosa and theca cells with significant degeneration of ova. Â Croton menyharthii caused a disruption of uterine endothelial structure and loss of villi. Uvariodendron kirkii aqueous extract caused a significant uterine gland vacuolation and a thickened endothelial lining with an intact endothelial cell layer and its invaginations. Disrupted ovarian and uterine structure possibly led to compromised fertility and implantation.Conclusion: The study validates the traditional use of the plant in fertility regulation. We suggest further investigation on these potential plants to address the call for novel contraceptive drugs.Â
Study on anti-diarrheal activities of Abelmoscous esculentus seeds
Get PDFThe main objective of this study is to analyze anti-diarrheal activities of Abelmoscous esculentus. Phytochemical screening shows that Abelmoscous esculentus contain alkaloid, carbohydrate, saponines, diterpene, phytosterol, proteins and gums. Ethanolic extract of Abelmoscous esculentus as well as n-hexane soluble fraction and chloroform soluble fraction show 81.82% anti-diarrheal activities that is much higher than standard Loperamide (63.64%). Â