Coffee Science (E-Journal)
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GROWTH, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF COFFEE PLANTS INTOXICATED BY THE HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE
Get PDFWeed control is fundamental in coffee cultivation due to their high interference, competing with the crop for water, light and nutrients. Among the control methods used, chemical control is highlighted, due to its high efficiency and low cost. However, due to application failures, herbicide drift phytotoxicity is common. Aiming at the search for selective active ingredients in coffee, the objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of the active ingredient Glyphosate in young coffee plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with ‘Topázio MG1190’ coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.), cultivated in pots with an 11 L-substrate capacity. The statistical design was RBD, with four replications and four doses of the herbicide, making up 16 experimental plots. Each plot consisted of three plants. The treatments were: (i) 0%; (ii) 10%; (iii) 25% and (iv) 50% of the commercial dose of the herbicide Glyphosate. The evaluations were performed at 104 days after application of the treatments. Growth, morphological, physiological and anatomical characteristics were evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using the SISVAR software. The effect of glyphosate drift impairs plant growth. However, after 104 days of intoxication, there is no longer any effect on the physiology and leaf anatomy of coffee trees
YIELD OF Coffea arabica GRAFTED ONTO Coffea canephora IN SOILS INFESTED WITH NEMATODES IN MEXICO
Get PDFThe total of three consecutive years of fruit production was evaluated in six coffee cultivars (Coffea arabica L.) propagated by seed and grafted onto Robusta (Coffea canephora var. Robusta). The plantations were established at 640 m, 920 m, and 1340 m altitude in the central region of the Veracruz State, Mexico. The coffea plants were established in soils naturally infested with nematodes. Grafted plants had higher production than those propagated by seed. Fruit production was higher at 640 m and 920 m than at 1340 m for the two types of propagation. The cultivars Colombia Brote Café and Colombia Brote Verde had the highest fruit yield regardless of the propagation methods; in contrast, Pacamara, had the lowest. The grafted coffee plants that were planted at 1340 m had a yield reduction of 27% in comparison with those at 640 and 920 m. When the Costa Rica 95 variety was grafted, it achieved fruit yield similar to Colombia Brote Verde and Colombia Brote Café. Pacamara produced almost 28% more fruit when it was grafted onto Robusta
THE EFFECT OF STEEPING ROBUSTA COFFEE BEANS ON MONOCYTES: EXPRESSION OF IL-1β AND TNF-α AGAINST Streptococcus mutans
Get PDFAdhesion, IL–1β, TNF–α are components that affect in inflammation. So, the effect of steeping green and black Robusta coffee beans to adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on this components. This study used monocytes isolated from healthy human peripheral blood using Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation method. Monocytes were divided into eight groups, i. e. (i) Control group (untreated monocytes), (ii) Streptococcus mutans group (monocytes + S. mutans), (iii) Black Coffee 2.5 % group (monocytes + black coffee beans 2.5 % + S. mutans), (iv) Black Coffee 5 % group (monocytes + black coffee beans 5 % + S. mutans), (v) black Coffee 10 % group (monocytes + black coffee beans 10 % + S. mutans), (vi) Green Coffee 2.5 % group (monocytes + green coffee beans 2.5 % + S. mutans), (vii) Green Coffee 5 % group (monocytes + green coffee beans 5 % + S. mutans), (viii) Green coffee 10 % group (monocytes + green coffee beans 10 % + S. mutans). S. mutans adhesion on monocytes was analyzed using histochemistry method, while immunocytochemical staining was used for analyzing IL–1β and TNF–α. Cells counting was done per 100 monocytes under a light microscope with 400 × magnification. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by LSD test. Results showed that steeping green and black Robusta coffee beans increased the adhesion of S. mutans on monocytes, but it decreased of IL–1β, TNF–α expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, steeping of green and black robusta coffee beans reduced inflammation against S. mutans
GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF COFFEE SEEDLINGS TREATED WITH FUNGICIDES
Get PDFResearch has shown that, in addition to the fungicidal action already known, strobilurins have positive physiological effects on the yield of some crops. Boscalid has also shown positive effects on plants, applied together or associated with strobilurin. The objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of fungicide application on growth and physiological behavior of coffee seedlings. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five replicates. There were five treatments: T1-Control, T2-Boscalid, T3-Pyraclostrobin, T4- Boscalid+ Pyraclostrobin and T5- Azoxystrobin applied in coffee seedlings. The application was at the “orelha de onça” stage (two round-shaped leaves), repeated every 15 days, counting 5 applications in total. Were evaluated shoot length, root length, stem diameter, shoot and root fresh matter, shoot and root dry matter, leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, intercellular CO2 concentration, water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency. The application of fungicides promotes greater vegetative growth of coffee seedlings due to increased CO2 assimilation rate, reduced transpiration rates and increased water use efficiency, associated to the increased levels of auxin and cytokinins in leave
COFFEE SILVERSKIN AND EXPIRED COFFEE GROUNDS USED AS ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
Get PDFThe coffee industry produces a wide range of organic wastes, some in large amounts, and most of them do not have a well-defined final disposal. The agricultural use of these wastes can be based on the recycling of nitrogen, but their chemical characterization and evaluation with soil under controlled conditions are mandatory. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of coffee silverskin and expired coffee grounds as organic fertilizers. The wastes were chemically characterized according to CONAMA’S resolution No. 375 and passed through Brazil’s Agriculture Ministry regulation for organic fertilizers and soil conditioners. A greenhouse experiment with Rhodic Ferralsol soil and maize was performed to obtain the agronomic efficiency index (AEI) for nitrogen. The treatments were control (without residue), ammonium nitrate as a mineral reference, and both organic wastes, at a dose of 450 mg of Kjeldahl nitrogen per pot, in triplicate. The data obtained in the characterization were favorable to the wastes as nitrogen sources for agriculture. However, the AEIs obtained were low (0.5 and 7.9% for the expired coffee grounds and the coffee silverskin, respectively) compared to that of the mineral reference (92%). Based on these results, the use of coffee silverskin and expired grounds as organic fertilizers is not recommended but can improve soil attributes and serve as a complementary source of nitrogen and potash.The coffee industry produces a wide range of organic wastes, some in large amounts, and most of them do not have a well-defined final disposal. The agricultural use of these wastes can be based on the recycling of nitrogen, but their chemical characterization and evaluation with soil under controlled conditions are mandatory. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of coffee silverskin and expired coffee grounds as organic fertilizers. The wastes were chemically characterized according to CONAMA’S resolution No. 375 and passed through Brazil’s Agriculture Ministry regulation for organic fertilizers and soil conditioners. A greenhouse experiment with Rhodic Ferralsol soil and maize was performed to obtain the agronomic efficiency index (AEI) for nitrogen. The treatments were control (without residue), ammonium nitrate as a mineral reference, and both organic wastes, at a dose of 450 mg of Kjeldahl nitrogen per pot, in triplicate. The data obtained in the characterization were favorable to the wastes as nitrogen sources for agriculture. However, the AEIs obtained were low (0.5 and 7.9% for the expired coffee grounds and the coffee silverskin, respectively) compared to that of the mineral reference (92%). Based on these results, the use of coffee silverskin and expired grounds as organic fertilizers is not recommended but can improve soil attributes and serve as a complementary source of nitrogen and potash
INFLUENCE OF THE USE COVERAGE PLANTS AND THE BIOACTIVATOR IN THE PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL CULTIVATED WITH COFFEE
Get PDFOne of the alternatives to increase productivity and without harming the environment is the use of green cover associated with soil bioactivators. However, there are still incipient studies reporting the association influence of these two techniques on soil quality. In this sense, the objective in this work was to evaluate the Penergetic® bioactivator effect associated to different cover plants on the physical and biological characteristics of the soil cultivated with coffee tree. The experiment was carried out in a coffee field with Catuaí Vermelho cultivar IAC 144, in a randomized block design in a factorial scheme 4 (soil cover) x 2 (use or not of the Penergetic® bioactivator), consisting of control (without plant cover); oats (Avena strigosa) + forage turnip (Raphanus sativus); oats (Avena strigosa) + forage turnip (Raphanus sativus) + lupine (Lupinus albus) + rye (Secale cereale) + vetch (Vicia sativa) (RLSV); Brachiaria brizantha (Urochloa brizantha), associated or not with the Penergetic® bioactivator use. The experiment was conducted for 6 months and after that period physical and biological soil characteristics were analyzed. Data were analyzed by the Scott Knott test at 5% probability. The treatments containing cover plants had lower temperature and greater water retention. The bioactivator use reduced the nematodes population from the Meloidogyne genus and when associated to the cover plants increased the density of diazotrophic bacteria and solubilizers of phosphorus and potassium
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO LOCALIZED VIBRATIONS USING PORTABLE MECHANICAL BRUSH CUTTER IN COFFEE CROP
Get PDFThe use of portable brush cutter may expose workers to localized vibrations, from the transfer of mechanical vibration of the tool to the operator’s hands and arms. With this in mind, the objective in this study was to quantify the levels of occupational vibration transmitted to the hands and arms of the portable brush cutter operators under routine working conditions in the coffee crop. The vibration levels transmitted to the operator’s hands were measured during activity with portable brush cutters. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) in a factorial scheme (2 x 2) combined with two types of grip (Circular cable (CC) and double grip handle (DGH) with two types of tip cutting blades (2TB and 3TB). The data acquisition occurred from the use of the vibration meter SV 103, SVANTEK with triaxial accelerometer, installed on each of the worker’s hand at the contact point with the tool. The results demonstrated that the 2.5 ms-2 action level determined by NR 09 and NHO 10 was exceeded under all conditions of the present study. The highest accelerations were quantified in the operation of the brush cutter equipment with CC, reaching the daily exposure limit of 5 ms-2 allowed for an 8-hour of working day. The resulting acceleration of the DGH equipment was on average 37.45% lower than the operation with the CC equipment. The results bring indicatives of occupational advantages in the selection of these types of accessories for brush cutters, in order to mitigate the effects of exposure to HAV in extended use situation
SPATIAL-TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF COFFEE TREE PHYSIOLOGY
Get PDFThe ecophysiological parameters of coffee canopy were mapped throughout the day. Therefore, evaluations were carried out in ‘Catuaí Vermelho’ Coffea arabica L., measuring 1.7 meters. A vertical gradient (from the apex to the base of the plant canopy) and a horizontal gradient (plagiotropic branches) were established to analyze different positions of the canopy. Thus, in the vertical direction, four heights were analyzed in the plant: top, upper, middle and lower regions. In the horizontal gradient, the plagiotropic branches were divided into three parts: basal, median and apical. Collection was performed on the east and west sides of the canopy, at four times of the day: 6 a.m., 9 a.m., noon, and 3 p.m., totaling 24 collection points at each time. Gas exchange, photosynthetically active radiation and leaf temperature were evaluated in each of the 24 points of the coffee canopy. The gas exchange characteristics of an individual coffee leaf diverge considerably from other leaves, which require caution when scaling estimates of leaf photosynthesis at the global canopy level. The analysis of some punctual leaves does not serve to discriminate the overall dynamics of a canopy
CHEMICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES OF Commelina benghalensis IN COFFEE CROP
Get PDF The present study aims to evaluate the control of C. benghalensis by herbicides applied in post-emergence and in pre-emergence sequentially in the infesting weed in the coffee crop. Two field experiments were carried out in a coffee crop, with natural infestation of C. benghalensis, the experimental design of both was completely randomized with 4 replicates. The first experiment, involving a single application of herbicides in post-emergence presented the following treatments: (1) saflufenacil (70 g i.a. ha-1); (2) glufosinate (400 g i.a. ha-1); (3) carfentrazone (20 g i.a. ha-1); (4) flumioxazin (120 g i.a. ha-1); (5) metsulfuron (6 g i.a. ha-1), and (6) witness (without application of herbicide). In the second experiment, the treatments were: (1) saflufenacil (70 g i.a. ha-1); (2) carfentrazone (20 g i.a. ha-1); (3) flumioxazin (120 g i.a. ha-1); (4) metsulfuron (6 g i.a. ha-1), all these treatments with a sequence of indaziflam (75 g i.a. ha-1), at 21 days after the application of the treatments (DAT) of pos-emerging; (5) Witness (without application of herbicides). In the first experiment the herbicides safluenacil and flumioxazin presented the best percentages of control in post-emergence with 90 and 85.25% respectively, at 7 DAT, keeping the control superior to 80% at 21 DAT. In the second experiment, the treatments saflufenacil and flumioxazin with indaziflam sequential, presented control of 80% and 82.5% respectively at 28DAA (Days After Application). The herbicides saflufenacil and fluxioxazin represent an option for the control of C. benghalensis in post-emergence and favor the performance of the sequentially applied indaziflam herbicide.
MICROCLIMATIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CONILON COFFEE CULTIVATED IN NORTH-SOUTH ALIGNMENT IN NORTHEN ESPÍRITO SANTO STATE, BRAZIL
Get PDFThe objective in this work was to study the influence of the North-South plantation alignment with respect to microclimatic, growth, and mineral nutrition conditions in order to quantify the variables and to point out possible consequences for the coffee tree. The experiment was carried out in a 6-year-old conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) crop with a mean height of 1.6 m, cultivated in full sun and spaced 3.5 m x 1.0 m. The data were collected on four dates from December 2016 to September 2017 in North Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The irradiance, air temperature, and vapor pressure deficit variables were quantified by means of external data loggers. The leaf temperature was determined by means of thermal images, and the plant growth and nutrient concentration in the leaves on both sides of the plant (East and West) were evaluated. The West side of the plant showed higher values of irradiance, temperature, and vapor pressure deficit in the afternoon, reaching a difference of 5°C between the two sides. The leaf temperature had similar behavior to air temperature, reaching a difference of approximately 12°C between the two sides in the afternoon. Although significant differences were observed for some nutrients between the sides of the plant, macro and micronutrient leaf contents remained within the range considered adequate for the coffee tree