Coffee Science (E-Journal)
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Study of variations in the roasting time of gayo arabica coffee in the drying phase
Get PDFGayo Arabica coffee is a famous specialty coffee in Indonesia and abroad. Proper roasting is needed to produce high-quality coffee, including getting the desired coffee taste. This study contributes to roasting high-quality coffee, especially regarding the appropriate time variation in the drying phase. This study aims to analyze the roasting time of Gayo Arabica coffee in the drying phase based on the cupping score and sensory assessment. Coffee roasting in this study was carried out by modifying the time in the drying phase for 3:00, 4:00, and 5:00 minutes, while in the other phases (maillard and development), it was 4:00 and 3:00 minutes, respectively. The study parameters include roasting charts, roasting profiles, cupping scores by certified panelists (Q graders) and sensory assessments by panelists identified by the TOPSIS method. The TOPSIS is a decision-making method based on various alternatives that are ranked to get the best results with the highest value. The results showed that the best time treatment in the drying phase based on the cupping score was the F2 treatment as rank 1 (score 85.00), treatment F1 as rank 2 (score 83.50), and treatment F3 as rank 3 (score 81.00). Meanwhile, the sensory assessment by the panelists using the TOPSIS method showed the same thing for rank 1, namely the F2 treatment with a value of 0.88. However, it is different for rank 2, namely the F3 treatment with a value of 0.69 and ranks 3 is the F1 treatment with a value of 0.17. It can be concluded that the assessment by certified and identified panelists, who can be considered representative of consumers, show the same conclusion that coffee roasted with the best treatment in the drying phase is 4 minutes (F2).
Key words: Cupping score; drying phase; identified panelists; TOPSIS method; Q grader; roasted
Differences in chemical characteristics due to different roasting of robusta coffee beans
Get PDFRoasting is a process that contributes to the formation of compounds and flavors in coffee beans. Temperature and length of time are the main factors in the roasting process. Generally, the range of temperatures and roasting times varies significantly for different varieties of coffee beans. This study aims to determine the effect of roasting on changes in the chemical characteristics of robusta coffee beans (Coffea canephora) from Sidomulyo Village. This study used different brewing methods to brew roasted robusta coffee beans with the best chemical characteristics used a factorial randomized block design with two factors: roasting temperature, which consisted of three levels (185, 190, and 195 ⁰C), and roasting time, which consisted of three levels (10, 13, and 16 minutes). The roasted coffee beans were analyzed for water content, ash content, caffeine content, total phenol, and pH. The results of this study obtaineda water content value of 3.523 ± 0.129% to 1.939 ± 0.025%, ash content of 8.119 ± 0.115% to 4.315 ± 0.260%, a caffeine content of 2.494 ± 0.015% to 2.176 ± 0.021%; total phenol of 6.251 ± 0.101% to 4.334 ± 0.117%; and a pH value of 6.675±0.126 to 4.075±0.171. At this stage, the best treatment (Zeleny method) is produced by robusta coffee beans roasted at 185⁰C for 10 minutes. Robusta coffee beans with the best treatment have a moisture content of 3.523 ± 0.129%; ash content of 4.315 ± 0.260%, the caffeine content of 2.494±0.015%; total phenol of 6.251±0.101%; and a pH value of 4.075±0.171.
Key words: Coffea canephora; roasting; caffeine; phenol
Impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the logistics of exporting coffee in containers
Get PDFFor many years, Brazil has held the title of the world’s largest coffee producer and exporter. However, despite this, national coffee producers still struggle to access foreign markets due to the bottlenecks and high costs associated with the agro-industrial system’s port logistics. The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic only exacerbated these challenges. Issues such as the scarcity of shipping containers and space on ships, cancellation of ship calls, and greater concentration and verticalization of the maritime and port transport sectors have further complicated matters. Furthermore, the regulation of these sectors in Brazil is still in its early stage. This study aimed to enhance the comprehension of the port costs incurred in exporting coffee in containers and the impacts that the Covid-19 pandemic on these costs and export logistics. The research utilized a quantitative and descriptive methodology. Data were gathered through a questionnaire administered to thirteen managers of Brazilian businesses and cooperatives engaged in containerized coffee exports. The study found that the pandemic directly impacted port costs and logistics, leading to more frequent container detention and additional port storage charges. Furthermore, the pandemic resulted in the introduction of new port fees/tariffs and raised the existing ones, such as the “Terminal Handling Charge” (THC), the “Export Logistic Fee” (ELF), the “Bill of Lading Issuance Fee” and the container scanning fee.
Key words: Container detention; Maritime transport; Port fees/tariffs; Port logistics; Port warehousing.
Determination of physical and mechanical properties of the coffee branch: An experimental approach
Get PDFIn order to reduce the human efforts during the manual harvesting and increase the operational capacity and quality, the mechanization of the harvesting operation has been significantly increasingly in the last few years in the coffee crops. Therefore, for the design of coffee harvesting machines, the physical and mechanical properties of coffee branch are of utmost importance for harvesting machines project. In this way, using an experimental approach, the present paper analyzes the variability of physical and mechanical properties in the coffee branches. The branches were collected in different positions, along the orthotropic branch: upper, middle and lower parts of the plant. The mass, volume, specific mass and modulus of elasticity of the collected specimens were determined considering their position in the plant and position along the branches. According to the position in the plant, no significant differences were found between the specific mass averages for the upper, middle and lower parts of the plant. The research had obtained an average of 1.24 GPa with a standard deviation of 0.13 GPa for the elasticity modulus. A significant increase in the elasticity modulus could be noted in the branches from the top to the bottom of the plant in the present research.
Key words: Mechanized harvest; tensile test; elasticity modulus variation; coffee plant analysis; coffee branch analysis
Evaluation of agronomic performance of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) cultivars in Gamo and Gofa, southern Ethiopia
Get PDFEthiopia is identified as a primary centre of Arabica coffee plant origin and genetic diversity. Climatic variations, varietal differences, soil type, mulching, shade, the farming method used, pruning, and other cultural practices are the major factors that affect the development of plants including coffee. Amongst the various factors for having a good yield of coffee is growing of coffee plant in its specific agro-ecologies which has a great contribution to both the life span of the coffee trees and its yield. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of different released and local Arabica coffee varieties across two locations at Gamo and Gofa zones, Southern Ethiopia. The varieties which were used for the study were transplanted in 2014 and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications across locations. The varieties were planted at a spacing of 2m by 2m between plants and rows, respectively and were evaluated for growth, yield and yield components. The analysis of variance performed for average internodes number, canopy diameter, height up to the primary branch, length of the primary branch, number of branches on the main stem and total height of coffee plant showed significant variations across locations. From the present evaluation, it was noted that the highest Clean Coffee Yield (16.6 and 14.2 qt ha‑1) was scored by coffee cultivars F-59 and 1377A, respectively. Moreover, because of the low quality of coffee delivered to the market, the coffee produced in the Gamo Gofa area (garden coffee) is categorized under forest coffee at the national level. If the quality is improved, the coffee in the area would have its appropriate brand name and the growers and traders can get better returns from their investment. Therefore, those varieties investigated are good candidates for future coffee cup quality analysis.
Key words: Canopy diameter; Local and improved variety; Growth; Performance; Yield
Effectiveness and selectivity of herbicides applied under preemergence conditions in weed management for coffee crops
Get PDFThe coffee plant is sensitive to weed competition, which negatively affects its growth and development. Thus, the proper and safe use of herbicides is extremely important for weed management to allow the crop to develop its maximum productive potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the control efficacy of different herbicides under pre-emergence conditions and assess their selectivity for coffee crops. Two experiments were carried out in the field, in randomized block designs, with four replicates and eight treatments, totaling 32 experimental plots. The treatments were: unweeded control; weeded control; sulfentrazone + diuron 1.4 L ha-1; sulfentrazone + diuron 1.7 L ha-1; sulfentrazone + diuron 2.0 L ha-1; sulfentrazone + diuron with indaziflam 1.4 + 0.15 L ha-1; respectively, indaziflam 0.15 L ha-1; and oxyfluorfen + chlorimuron 3.0 L ha-1 + 0.08 kg ha-1, respectively. The treatments wereapplied prior to the emergence of weeds in a directed spray between the crop rows. Evaluations of weed control in the area, phytotoxicity to the crop, branch length, and internode distance of coffee were conducted at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after treatment application (DAA). In general, all treatments guaranteed greater than 80% efficacy up to 60 DAA. After this, some treatments suffered reductions in efficacy, and did not guarantee satisfactory control up to 120 DAA. For Digitaria nuda, the most effective treatments were those that contained indaziflam alone or in combination with sulfentrazone + diuron, and oxyfluorfen + chlorimuron for 60 DAA. In both experiments and the two species analyzed, the indaziflam treatments guaranteed efficacy percentages above 80%, even at 120 DAA. All treatments were equally selective for the coffee plants under the conditions evaluated.
Key words: Coffea arabica; Chemical control; Phytotoxicity
Detection of adulterated coffee by fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy associated with sensory analysis
Get PDFBecause of its huge economic value, coffee has been the target of adulteration worldwide. Given the successful application of spectroscopic methods in detecting adulterants, this study aimed to employ attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to detect adulterants in roasted coffee samples and compare the results with that of sensory analysis. In this study, twelve coffee samples were intentionally adulterated with varying concentrations, i.e., 10%, 30%, and 50%, of corn, beans, sawdust, and coffee husk. These adulterated samples were compared with one unadulterated coffee sample and four roasted and ground commercially available coffee samples; spectral readings of caffeine and chlorogenic acid (CGA) standards were performed for reference. The sensory analysis was performed by 17 tasters who were trained by a Q-grader. The infrared (IR) spectra (FTIR) data were processed by multiplicative signal correction (MSC) and subjected to a principal component analysis (PCA), along with the results of the sensory analysis. The combination of sensory analysis and IR spectrum allowed to differentiate samples of adulterated coffee and unadulterated coffee by PCA, with an explanation of 79% variance. The results demonstrated that the wavenumbers associated with CGA and caffeine contribute significantly in distinguishing adulterated coffee samples.Key words: Adulterants; coffee quality; chemometric; sensory analysis
Impact assessment of the Coffee Social Network (Rede Social do Café)
Get PDFThe aim of the present study was to assess the impacts of the Coffee Social Network (Rede Social do Café - RSC) among different categories of users through proposal of a method based on multidimensional indicators. The RSC shares information about coffee and promotes collaboration and exchange of experiences in the coffee ecosystem. In an online study conducted in 2019 with 366 respondents, we observed an overall measured impact of the RSC of 29.1%, ranging from 25% to 37%, among eight categories of users: Agroindustry, Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (TARE), Commercialization, Communication, Education, Research, Agricultural Production, and Other. The most expressive results were found in the Quality, Evolution in Knowledge, and Adoption of Technologies indicators, at 44.4%, 39.4%, and 38.4%, respectively. Such indicators refer to an established pattern in each one of the categories of users and are aligned with the objectives of the RSC and with its most frequent themes. The results found are relevant for the management of the platform, whether as informative content or in relationship with users. Finally, the model of impact assessment proved to be appropriate for the RSC and can be applied in other social networks linked to agribusiness.
Key words: Social network; impact assessment; coffee; agribusiness
Water, energy and carbon dynamics over an intercropped sun-grown coffee and corn system
Get PDFThe energy dissipation and the evapotranspiration processes, are factors involved in the ecosystem net carbon exchange and are determinants in the ability of a self-regulating system to balance high carbon emissions. To discover these relationships, a corn production system intercropped with coffee was monitored during the first 19 months after the system establishment, to determine the flux of energy, water, gases, and carbon by implementing the eddy covariance technique. From the net carbon exchange ecosystem balance, during the first cycle of corn intercropped with coffee, 63 g C m-2 was fixed. For the next phase of coffee culture, maintaining the corn stalks and coffee branches, 5.4 g C m-2 was emitted. In the second cycle with intercropped corn, thefixation was 291 g of C m-2; and in the last period of the first reproductive stage of the coffee trees, 172 g C m-2 was fixed. Throughout the analysis period, the system behaved as a carbon sink with a potential fixation between 4.7 and 5.6 ton C ha-1. The energy, measured as net radiation, was estimated at 274.53 ± 5.2 W m-2 day-1, and it was dissipated mainly as sensible heat (26.5% - 53.6%), latent heat (45.7% - 71, 9%) and soil heat (0.5% - 1.6%). The crop coefficient (Kc) in the coffee vegetative stage in the monoculture, fluctuated between 0.79 ± 0.05 and 0.99 ± 0.04. For the intercropping system with corn, the Kc was calculated at 0.84 ± 0.05, 1.05 ± 0.06, 1.60 ± 0.09, and 1.22 ± 0.05 for the vegetative, pre-flowering, maximum foliar development and harvest maturity stages of corn, respectively.
Key words: Eddy covariance; Net ecosystem exchange; Evapotranspiration; Water fluxes; Carbon dioxide fluxes
Supervised classification and NDVI calculation from remote piloted aircraft images for coffee plantations applications
Get PDFA tool that has been widely used in Precision Agriculture (PA) is the Remote Piloted Aircraft’s (RPA’s). These tools are used to monitor crops, in addition to checking and quantifying various attributes related to plants. However, there are few studies that evaluate the applicability of this technology in coffee plantations. The objective of this study is to present the applicability of two tools associated with PA and remote sensing to monitoring a coffee plantation. The study was conducted in the municipality of Três Pontas, Brazil, comprised a 1.2 ha coffee plantation. Data were collected during a flight with an eBee SQ RPA, and high spatial resolution images were captured by a Parrot Sequoia multispectral sensor coupled to the aircraft. The images were processed using the software Pix4D, thus creating an orthomosaic that was later uploaded to QGIS software. In this program, a supervised classification of land use and land cover was performed using the maximum likelihood method, and the following classes were obtained: coffee plant, exposed soil, andundergrowth. From the mapping accuracy, an overall accuracy and kappa index of 91% and 85% were obtained, respectively. In addition to the supervised classification of the site, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated for only the coffee plant class. The NDVI map showed the areas of the plantation coffee crop with higher and lower vegetative vigour.
Key words: Mapping; precision coffee farming; remotely piloted aircraft