Coffee Science (E-Journal)
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The influence of temperature and duration of brewing on the sensorial value of Gayo Arabica wine coffee, a comparison of hedonic and cupping test methods
Get PDFWine coffee has a different taste from normal coffee drinks due to the fermentation process. In this study, various levels of temperatures and durations of brewing with French press method were conducted and the resulted Gayo Arabica wine coffee drink was analyzed with the hedonic and cupping tests. Compared to the hedonic test, the cupping test can detect more accurately the effect of brewing temperature and duration on the organoleptic quality attributes of wine coffee. Based on the hedonic test carried out by semi-trained panelists, the only color attribute was statistically affected by the treatment. While based on the cupping test carried out by trained panelists of the Gayo cupper team, there are several attributes which statistically influenced by the treatment: flavor, aftertaste, overall and final score. In general, both panelist groups prefer wine coffee drinks produced by a brewing temperature of 80-90 0C. This coffee has at least winey, tarty, short notes.
Keywords: Consumers; flavours; french press; hedonic; organoleptic
Use of by-products generated in the processing of coffee berries: A review
Get PDFCoffee production plays an essential role in the Brazilian economy, and a large production centre is located in Minas Gerais. In recent years, there has been an increase in coffee cultivation, consequently generating coffee wastewater (CW) and solid waste (skin, pulp, parchment, and dregs) during the processing stage. Thus, the present review study seeks to characterize these by-products from the coffee production chain and present their possible applications in agribusiness and other sectors towards a circular economy, mainly related to reuse as fertilizer or energy and biomaterial recovery. CW treatment is complex given the high concentrations of organic matter, phenols, and nutrients, especially potassium. Still, its use as a liquid fertilizer is highly recommended as it can increase crop yield. In this regard, CW should be applied to soil according to nutritional criteria, with potassium as the reference chemical element. The wastewater production and its potential for soil contamination can be reduced by applying biological, physical, or chemical treatment along with recirculation routes during the washing/peeling/pulping of coffee berries. Moreover, the solid waste from coffee production can be used for energy generation, wastewater treatment (as an organic filter material or biochar), and as organic fertilizer (in natura or composted).
Key words: Coffee wastewater; fertigation; nutrients; recirculation; agro-industrial solid waste
Production of high dietary fiber and antioxidant activity bread from coffee parchment skin flour
Get PDFParchment has a higher food fiber and antioxidant activity than coffee by-products. The increased food fiber and antioxidant parchment can be used to produce food products with nutritional value. One of the popular foods that be the most frequent choice is bread because it can provide a feeling of fullness compared to other snacks. However, bread can increase blood sugar levels and cause obesity because bread has a low dietary fiber content. Therefore, the high content of dietary fiber and antioxidants from parchment could potentially add to the nutritional value of bread, such as dietary fiber and antioxidants. In this study, we modify bread with high food fiber and antioxidant activity by adding parchment flour. Several analyses were conducted, including sensory properties, dietary fiber, antioxidant activity, and physical and chemical properties. The addition of parchment can increase dietary fiber and antioxidants in bread formulation. Parchment makes the bread dough darker and enhances the reddish color of the bread. Based on sensory evaluation, the panelists most liked the bread formulation with the addition of 2.5% parchment flour (P2). It has 6.01% dietary fiber content and 22.51% antioxidant activity. Adding 2.5% parchment flour can increase the carbohydrate content of the bread. Besides giving a feeling of fullness, this bread can also be a functional food that can reduce obesity and prevent disease. Parchment flour can add to the nutritional value of bread compared to other bread that does not use parchment flour.
Key words: Parchment; bread; dietary fiber; antioxidant activity; functional food
Case study of modeling covariance between external factors and sensory perception of coffee
Get PDFAnalysis and inference of sensory perceptions in coffee beverages are complex due to numerous random causes intrinsic to productivity, preparation, and especially consumer and/or taster subjectivity. In this context, latent variables often composed of a combination of other observed variables are discarded from conventional analyses. Following this argument, this study aimed to propose a model of structural equations applied to a database, geographical indication of coffees in Serra da Mantiqueira, with a methodological contribution characterized by inclusion of a treatment effect, contemplated by different altitudes at which coffees were produced. From the methodology used, a covariance structure was estimated, and used in another statistical methodology to discriminate the effects. It is concluded that the proposed model proved to be advantageous for allowing the analysis of the relationship of latent variables, production and environmental variations, which are not considered in a sensorial analysis, and showed that, in fact, they influence the sensorial perception, for the coffees produced in the Serra da Mantiqueira region. The correlation structure generated from the covariance matrix adjusted by the model resulted in estimates that could be used in other statistical methodologies more appropriate to discriminate the effects, exemplifying the use of principal components.
Key words: Latent variable; adjusted goodness-of-fit (AGFI); altitude; goodness-of-fit (GFI)
Antimicrobial activity of toothpaste containing coffee pulp and silver skin and its effect on tooth hardness and roughness
Get PDFCoffee Pulp and silver skin contain compounds that alleged as anti-microbials, so they might be used as toothpaste. We made toothpaste from ethanol extract of Caffea robusta pulp and silver skin, then concentration were adjusted to 20; 30; 40 and 50%. Furthermore, they were tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguis and Candida albicans and its effect on tooth hardness and surface roughness. Antibacterial test used paper disc diffusion method, the parameter was the diameter of inhibition zone. Analysis of tooth hardness and surface roughness were conducted on extracted tooth (maxillary first premolars) after being brushing, using Rockwell Hardness Testing Machine (Mitutoyo, Brazil) and Surface Roughness Tester (Roughness Tester TR 220, Dongguan, China), respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD. Results showed that toothpaste containing coffee pulp and silver skin, both have demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against S. mutans, S. aureus, S. sanguis and C. albicans. There was no effect of the application of its toothpaste on tooth hardness and surface roughness. Conclusion, Toothpaste containing pulp and silver skin of Caffea robusta has strong inhibition against S. aureus, S. sanguis, C. albicans and does not affect the roughness and hardness of the tooth surface in vitro. So, pulp and silver skin of Caffea robusta can used as ingredient of toothpaste, either alone or in combination with two.
Key words: Caffea robusta; C. albicans; coffee pulp; S; mutans; S; aureus; S. sanguis
Reduction of frost damage to coffee trees under agroforestry systems
Get PDFFrosts affect coffee production in Brazil, with effects on commodity prices around the world. Agroforestry systems are strategies to reduce the effects of frost on coffee trees. To date, this study has evaluated the largest number of tree species in coffee tree AFSs in Brazil in the same experiment. The objective was to identify tree species that can protect coffee trees against frost damage in agroforestry systems. The study was conducted in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Each treatment consisted of coffee trees associated with one of the following tree species: Moringa oleifera, Croton floribundus, Trema micrantha, Gliricidia sepium, Senna macranthera, Heliocarpus popayanensis, and Mimosa scabrella, as well as a control of coffee trees in monoculture. The experimental area was affected by frost that damaged the coffee plants fifteen months after planting. Immediately thereafter, the dendrometric characteristics of the trees were evaluated. After 30 days, the defoliation and mortality of the trees were evaluated. The phytometric characteristics of the coffee trees were evaluated 12 months after the frosts. Six of the seven tree species were evaluated for the first time for their ability to protect coffee trees against frost. Even at an early stage of development, T. micrantha and H. popayanensis provided increased protection of coffee trees, reducing the defoliation and mortality of coffee trees. The main protective factor was the canopy area of these species, which provided a high rate of tree cover. The development of coffee trees after frosts was favoured by the shading of the species, with the exception of M. scabrella. The AFSs with T. micrantha and H. popayanensis constitute an alternative that allows the mitigation of frost damage to coffee plants in regions prone to this climatic stress, reducing defoliation and mortality.
Key words: Intercropping; multifunctional trees; microclimate; shaded coffee trees; diversified system
Physicochemical comparison of aqueous extracts from Peruvian coffee husks (Caturra, Catimor and Geisha) varieties
Get PDFThe study aimed to determine and compare the physico-chemical characteristics of coffee husks aqueous extracts corresponding to three Peruvian varieties of Arabica coffee: Caturra, Catimor and Geisha. Each sample was dehydrated at 45 °C for 10 hours, ground, sieved and dissolved in 2.5% w/w water. Aqueous extracts were obtained and analyzed for pH, total solids (TS), whiteness index (WI), reducing sugars (RS), total phenols (TP) and reducing power (RP) for the antioxidant activity The influence of coffee varieties, particle sizes (0.097, 0.033, and 0.0139in) and extraction temperaturas (60 and 80 ºC) on the physicochemical characteristics of their corresponding extracts was determined by factorial analysis. Correlation between TP and RP was significant while RS and TP showed an inverse relationship. Cluster values indicate similarity between Geisha extracts at 60 and 80 °C and the corresponding Catimor extracts at 80 °C. Differences were observed between the Catimor extracts at 60 °C and Caturra at 60 and 80 °C. Based on these results, the extracts exhibit distinctive intrinsic characteristics. The Caturra extracts at 60 °C showed the highest antioxidant capacity, while the Catimor extracts at 60 °C or 80 °C exhibited the highest WI (water holding capacity) and pH values. Additionally, the Geisha extracts displayed the highest amount of RS (reducing sugars). These findings are of utmost significance for the development of novel products using Peruvian coffee husks, encompassing beverages, concentrated juices, and the enhancement of coffee quality offered in coffee shops. These developments can be guided by the physicochemical characteristics obtained in this study.
Key words: Antioxidant capacity; Coffee husks; Reducing sugars; Total phenols; Particle sizes
Improving the quality of kombucha cascara with different varieties and fermentation time in diverse arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L) cultivars
Get PDFOne of the innovations of cascara is the kombucha cascara which is made from the fermented coffee fruit skin, which is fermented with a kombucha starter or Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY). The cascara used in this study was cascara from the Timtim, Borbor, and Ateng super coffee varieties. This study aims to determine the effect of different varieties of arabica coffee and fermentation time on the quality of kombucha cascara. This study used a factorial randomized block design method consisting of two factors. The first factor is cascara from coffee varieties consisting of three levels (Timtim, Borbor, Ateng super). The second factor is the length of fermentation, consisting of three levels (4, 8, and 12 days). Parameters analyzed were antioxidant activity, total phenol, tannin content, pH, and total microbe. The results showed that cascara from coffee varieties significantly affected antioxidant activity,and pH. Fermentation time significantly affects antioxidant activity, total phenol, tannin content, pH, and total microbial. The best treatment was obtained in the cascara treatment of the Ateng super coffee variety and the fermentation time was 12 days with the following characteristics; antioxidant activity 45.74%, total phenol 132,59 mg/L, tannin content 0.46%, pH value 2.69, and total microbes 4.99x104 CFU/ml.Key words: Fermentation; cascara; coffee; kombucha.
Sensory evaluation of cold coffee drink with addition of canistel (Pouteria Campechiana) fruit powder
Get PDFThe strong sensory of canistel powder (Pouteria campechiana) could be combined with other strong sensory like coffee. The objective of this research was to evalute the sensory of cold canistel coffee using Rate-All-That-Apply method. There were five comparison of overripe canistel powder and granule instant coffee, namely 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; 80:20; 90:10, then mixtured with plain base of 25:75. The product analysis using Focus Group Discussion by selected panelists. Friedman and Nemenyi tests, Principal Component Analysis, and Preferences Mapping from XLSTAT 2019 were used for data analysis. The results showed that the most preferred by panelists was the cold canistel coffee of 70:30. It has dominant sensory of caramelly aroma and taste, green aroma, creamy taste and sweet taste. Overall, the consumers have high preference to the sensory attribute of caramelly aroma, caramelly taste and creamy taste.
Key words: Canistel fruit; fruit coffee drink; preference mapping; sensory profiling
Evaluation of a prototype of soil thermal solarizer for control of gall nematode in the production of coffee seedlings
Get PDFIn coffee crops at Rondônia State of Brazil, there is an increase in phytonematode epidemics.Since most local coffe nurseries at Rondônia use soil as substrate for seedling production, this work aimed to test the minimum exposure time at 60 ºC to control of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita in soil by means of solar heating, using a solarizer, in an adapted version for better heating perfomance. The used solarizer prototype was built of a wooden box covered with metal sheets, thermal blankets, painted black, with aluminum pipes of 0.5 cm in diameter at the bottom of the box that circulates the water heated by the collector box. The soil was inoculated with a suspension of 1000 eggs + J2 of M. incognita per liter and placed in equipment with a capacity of 150 liters. Exposure times at a minimum temperature of 60 °C were evaluated, with 14 treatments: C1 (non-inoculated and not autoclaved), C2 (inoculated), C3 (non-inoculated and autoclaved) T0’, T15’, T30’, T45’, T60’, T180’, T360’, T720’, T1440’, T2880’ and T4320’ . The temperature was measured every 15 minutes using a skewer-type digital thermometer. The soil was removed according to the exposure time, and placed in 8-liter pots, in which clone 125 and BRS 2357 coffee seedlings, susceptible to M. incognita , were transplanted and growing in a greenhouse for 180 days. The experimental design used was DIC, with 6 replications, each seedling as na experimental unit. Reproduction factor (FR), number of eggs per plant (NOGR) and number of galls per gram of root (NGGR) were evaluated. The FR, NOGR and NGGR variables reduced with exposure time. All treatments showed an effect to control the population of M. incognita in infected soils, with 100% efficacy of pathogen eradication from the T45’ treatment, 60 minutes of exposure is recommended for the production of Coffea canephora seedlings. Taken together, thir work showed the high potential of thr solorizer to contribute in theroot-knot nematode control to seedling production.
Key words: Thermal control; Meloidogyne incognita; Coffea canephora