Jurnal Online Universitas Katolik Parahyangan / Parahyangan Catholic University Journal
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Membongkar Rasionalitas: Pemikiran Amartya Sen tentang Kekuasaan Ekonomi
No full textDiscussing about rationality is often releated to human actions, because humans are considered as rationalist creatures who act to realize and decide things with their thinking abilities. The question is whether the society is becoming less critical in seeing the political games played by the power elite, or the authorities are using power to create fear by spreading some rationalizing concepts in such a way that they are accepted as truth. By tracing Amartya Sen’s thoughts, the author of this article tries to show the initial position (arche) of economics as a moral science, which seems to have been poisoned by desires for self-interest only. This article tries to reveal the fallacy of rationality behind the policies that have been used to implement power, which in this case have been promulgated by the government regarding economics in order to overcome various social and humanitarian problems such as poverty, hunger, and injustice in the society
The Trends of Legal Migration: Reasons of Indonesian Legal Migrants Settling in the Netherlands
No full textIndonesia has been one of the contributing countries in sending migrants to the Netherlands. The historical relations along with the large economic opportunities in the Netherlands play a part in the promotion of cross-border movement for Indonesians to the Netherlands. However, those are only one of many underlying reasons why Indonesians are willing to leave their home country to a more developed country. This article questions the reasons behind Indonesian legal migration in the Netherlands and looks into the trend of Indonesian migrants as the result of the fulfilment of human development embedded in education and employment policies and management in the Netherlands. The relationship between the two aspects and the Indonesian migration in the Netherlands is examined through the Theory of Human Development by Amartya Sen, specifically in regard to the improvement of human capabilities and freedom of choice. The authors found that a country that promotes human development is more favourable to live in. Thus, in this case, the education and employment policies and mechanisms of the Netherlands that are focusing on the fulfilment of freedom of choice and the improvement of human capabilities attract international migrants, particularly the Indonesians.
Keywords: the Netherlands; Indonesia; Legal Migrants; MigrationIndonesia has been one of the contributing countries in sending migrants to the Netherlands. The historical relations along with the large economic opportunities in the Netherlands play a part in the promotion of cross-border movement for Indonesians to the Netherlands. However, those are only one of many underlying reasons why Indonesians are willing to leave their home country to a more developed country. This article questions the reasons behind Indonesian legal migration in the Netherlands and looks into the trend of Indonesian migrants as the result of the fulfilment of human development embedded in education and employment policies and management in the Netherlands. The relationship between the two aspects and the Indonesian migration in the Netherlands is examined through the Theory of Human Development by Amartya Sen, specifically in regard to the improvement of human capabilities and freedom of choice. The authors found that a country that promotes human development is more favourable to live in. Thus, in this case, the education and employment policies and mechanisms of the Netherlands that are focusing on the fulfilment of freedom of choice and the improvement of human capabilities attract international migrants, particularly the Indonesians.
Keywords: the Netherlands; Indonesia; Legal Migrants; Migratio
KRISIS DAN REFORMASI: EKSPROPRIASI DALAM PERJANJIAN INVESTASI BILATERAL DI NEGARA DUNIA KETIGA
No full textSince its inception, expropriation has always been controversial. In the present time, amidst the crisis and reform of bilateral investment treaties (BIT), expropriation has become increasingly complex in theory and practice. Theoretically, for instance, there is no clear boundary between expropriation that requires compensation, and the right to regulate similar to expropriation but does not require compensation. This situation becomes more complicated due to the problem of inconsistency and incoherence of arbitral awards. Therefore, it is important to understand how the concept of expropriation is understood by experts and interpreted by the arbitration tribunal; while also comparing how the global south use that concept within their BITs (in this case, India, Brazil, South Africa) to find best-practices. The method used in this research is juridical-normative and comparative. Amidst the BIT’s crisis particularly regarding expropriation, the global south has made various attempts to reform its BIT model. Exceptions forexpropriation are included within the right to regulate. Expropriation and the right to regulate indeed have similar legal requirements (i.e.: pursuance of a public interest, non-discriminatory manner, due process of law) yet different legal effect regardingthe payment of compensation as another condition for expropriation vis-à-vis the absence of compensation inthe right to regulate. In general, taking into account the respective adjustments, the global south is relatively balancing the investment interest vis-a-vis public interest by modernizing the concept of expropriation in their BITs
URGENSI PENDAFTARAN PERALIHAN PEMEGANG HAK TANGGUNGAN PASCA MERGER MENJADI BANK SYARIAH INDONESIA
No full textThe merger of three Islamic state-owned enterprises into Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) has impacted the Mortgage Rights execution post-merger. This is partly due to the change in the name of the bank holding the Mortgage Rights before and after the merger. This study examines the obstacles in executing post-merger Mortgage Rights of three state-owned Islamic banks into BSI and the importance of registering the transfer of Mortgage Rights holders post-merger. This research is done with a normative juridical method through document and field studies at the BSI branch in Palangka Raya, which had experienced obstructions in executing Mortgage Rights when the auction application files was returned by the State Wealth Service and Auction Office. The data is analyzed descriptively and obtained from document and field study. It is found that first, one of the obstacles in executing Mortgage Rights by BSI is the difference in the bank’s name on the Mortgage Rights certificate before and after the merger. Secondly, the registration of the transfer of Mortgage Rights is important because a merger is considered as a cause for the transfer of Mortgage Rights due to "other reasons" (Article 16 of the Mortgage Rights Law). There are priorities to be taken into account in the transfer of Mortgage Rights post-merger includes customers who are due, Non-Performing Financing customers, and customers with Write-Off status
IMPLEMENTASI PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL PADA DOUBLE SKIN FACADE SEBAGAI UPAYA MENCAPAI KENYAMANAN TERMAL RUANG DALAM BANGUNAN PADA KONTEKS KOTA BANDUNG
No full textAbstract - The building envelope is one of the important building elements to create indoor thermal comfort of the building because it interacts directly with the environment outside the building. Double skin facade is one of the building envelope design strategies that not only be used as part of the building facade design but can also be used to increase the indoor thermal comfort of the building.
Along with the development of technology, design of the double skin facade is also increasingly diverse and developing, one of which is the material technology used. Phase change material is a material that is quite renewable and can be applied to various building elements such as building envelopes or double skin facades. Phase change material is a material that has the ability to release and store latent heat energy for a relatively long period of time without experiencing a change in temperature. Phase change materials have the ability to change phase from liquid to solid or vice versa. Some types of phase change materials have a transparent character so that this character can be utilized and applied to transparent building elements such as building envelopes or double skin facades as a strategy to increase the indoor thermal comfort of the building.
This study aims to determine the effect of the application of phase change materials on the building\u27s double-skin facade on the thermal comfort of indoor buildings in the city of Bandung. phase change material itself is a material that has not been widely applied, especially in the world of architecture so that research on phase change materials can increase knowledge about strategic innovations to achieve thermal comfort in buildings.
This type of research is quantitative research with experimental methods using digital simulation. Experiments with digital simulations were carried out using Design Builder and EnergyPlus software. The analysis is carried out by comparing the conditions of the simulation model before the application of the phase change material on the double skin facade and after the application of the phase change material on the double skin facade.
Based on the analysis process, it is concluded that the application of phase change materials can increase indoor thermal comfort. The alternative double skin facade design with a phase change material has an average operating temperature change effect of up to 7.34% compared to a room without the use of phase change material.
Keywords: phase change material, double skin facade, indoor thermal comfortAbstrak - Selubung bangunan menjadi salah satu elemen bangunan yang penting untuk menciptakan kenyamanan termal ruang dalam bangunan karena berinteraksi langsung dengan lingkungan di luar bangunan. Double skin facade merupakan salah satu strategi rancangan selubung bangunan yang tidak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai bagian dari rancangan fasad bangunan tetapi juga bisa dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan kenyamanan termal ruang dalam bangunan.
Seiring perkembangan teknologi, rancangan double skin facade juga semakin beragam dan berkembang salah satunya dengan teknologi material yang digunakan. Phase change material merupakan teknologi material yang dapat diaplikasikan di berbagai elemen bangunan seperti selubung bangunan atau double skin facade. Phase change material merupakan material yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk melepaskan dan menyimpan energi panas laten. Phase change material memiliki kemampuan untuk berubah fasa dari cair menjadi padat maupun sebaliknya. Sebagian jenis phase change material memiliki karakter transparan yang dapat dimanfaatkan dan diaplikasikan pada elemen bangunan transparan seperti selubung bangunan atau double skin facade sebagai strategi untuk meningkatkan kenyamanan termal ruang dalam bangunan.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi phase change material pada double-skin facade bangunan terhadap kenyamanan termal ruang dalam bangunan di Kota Bandung. phase change material sendiri merupakan material yang belum banyak diterapkan khususnya dalam dunia arsitektur sehingga penelitian perihal phase change material ini dapat menambah pengetahuan mengenai inovasi strategi mencapai kenyamanan termal ruang dalam pada bangunan.
Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimental menggunakan simulasi digital. Eksperimen dengan simulasi digital dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Design Builder dan EnergyPlus. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan kondisi model simulasi sebelum aplikasi phase change material pada double skin facade dan setelah aplikasi phase change material pada double skin facade.
Berdasarkan proses analisis, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa Aplikasi phase change material dapat meningkatkan kenyamanan termal ruang dalam bangunan. Alternatif rancangan double skin facade dengan phase change material memiliki pengaruh perubahan temperatur operatif rata-rata hingga sebesar 7,34% dibandingkan ruangan tanpa penggunaan phase change material.
Kata Kunci: phase change material, double skin facade, kenyamanan termal ruang dala
STUDI PENJAJARAN CANDI BUDDHA DI PADANG LAWAS, SUMATRA UTARA DAN MATARAM KUNO
No full textAbstract - Temple architecture or candi architecture is one of the oldest architectures found in Indonesia also the world, the word ‘candi’ comes from the word candika grha which means the house of the goddess of death, but Soekmono (1977:231) said that the temple isn’t always considered a tomb, rather a temple building. The Padang Lawas Buddhist temples that were taken as research objects consisted of Bahal Temples I, II, III and Sipamutung Temple, juxtaposed with the Buddhist temples of Ancient Mataram, Central Java. The architectural elements of Padang Lawas Buddhist temples have unique architectural patterns and are different from the architecture of Javanese Buddhist temples in general. Construction estimated, from the 9th - 13th centuries for the architecture of temples in Sumatra are also supported by the fact that Srivijaya Kingdom in Sumatra, was the earliest centre of the spread of Buddhism (4th century) before Ancient Mataram. Architecture of the Buddhist temples of Padang Lawas and throughout Sumatra does not yet have clear characteristics when compared to Javanese temples, which have guidelines and characteristics that have been studied more vastly. Sumatra’s candi architecture is unique, portraying a different image from the temples in Java, thus this reason is used as a research study of the alignment study between the Buddhist temples of Padang Lawas and Ancient Mataram (Mataram Kuno). This study is done to understand the differences and similarities of the temple architecture built in different areas and the factors that influence the similarities and differences of temple architecture.
Architectural data of the Buddhist temples of Padang Lawas and Ancient Mataram based on the research objects that have been mentioned with research with a descriptive-analytic qualitative approach. The architectures of the Buddhist temples of Padang Lawas and Ancient Mataram are aligned to analyse the similarities and differences with the different theories referred from various literatures, books, research paper, and digital data. Sameness, differences, and similarities are analysed from its massing composition, spatial composition, silhouettes or figure, and ornamentation. Thus, influenced by certain factors that give certain uniqueness of its architecture. In this study the factors are derived from natural factors that affect temple architecture, material and engineering factors in relation to its nature, religiousity factors affecting architectural patterns, and socio-cultural-political factors. The conclusion of the analysis is there are many similarities and differences between the Sumatran and Javanese temples within their architectural elements, consisting of mass , space, building figures, and decoration & ornamentation. Few sameness are found, nevertheless many similarities or resemblance are also found and made possible by the absorption of Javanese’s style on Sumatra’s ‘candi’ architecture which was developed based on local wisdom, religiosity, nature, materials and engineering factors. Besides the sameness and similarities, various differences are also found on the architectural elements following its external factors consisting of religiousity, environment-material-technicality, and social-culture-politics.
Keywords: Candi Architecture, Buddha, Padang Lawas, Architectural elements
Abstrak - Arsitektur candi merupakan salah satu arsitektur tertua yang terdapat di Indonesia maupun di dunia, candi yang berasal dari kata candika grha dengan arti rumah Dewi Candika yaitu dewi maut tetapi Soekmono (1977 :231) mengatakan candi tidak selalu dianggap makam, tetapi merupakan sebuah bangunan kuil. Candi – candi Buddha Padang Lawas yang diambil sebagai objek penelitian terdiri dari Candi Bahal I, II, III dan Candi Sipamutung disandingkan dengan candi – candi Buddha Mataram Kuno, Jawa Tengah. Unsur – unsur arsitektur candi – candi Buddha Padang Lawas memiliki pola arsitektur yang unik dan berbeda dengan arsitektur candi Buddha Jawa pada umumnya. Perkiraan pembangunan dari abad ke-9 – ke-13 untuk arsitektur candi – candi di Sumatra didukung juga dengan fakta bahwa Sumatra dalam Kerajaan Sriwijaya, merupakan pusat penyebaran agama Buddha yang paling awal sebelum Mataram Kuno yang dipercayai disebarkan sebelum tahun 5M- 6M, berdasarkan catatan seorang keturunan Cina Bernama Fa Hsien sekitar abad ke-4. Arsitektur candi Buddha Padang Lawas maupun di seluruh Sumatra belum memiliki ciri yang jelas jika disejajarkan dengan candi – candi Jawa yang memiliki pedoman dan ciri – ciri yang sudah dikaji secara lebih jelas. Gambaran dari arsitektur candi – candi Buddha Padang Lawas jika dilihat dari unsur – unsur arsitekturnya secara sekilas memiliki keunikan dan tampak yang berbeda dengan candi di Jawa, hal ini digunakan sebagai penelitian studi penjajaran antara candi Buddha Padang Lawas dan Mataram Kuno. Tujuan dari penelitian untuk memahami perbedaan dan persamaan dari arsitektur candi yang dibangun di kedua daerah yang berbeda dan faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi persamaan dan perbedaan arsitektur candi. Penjajaran ini dilakukan dikarenakan juga tidak ada pedoman yang jelas untuk arsitektur Buddha, berbeda dengan arsitektur Hindu dengan kitab Mānasāra, maka arsitektur diteliti lebih lanjut untuk memperlihatkan hubungannya.
Data arsitektur candi – candi Buddha Padang Lawas dan Mataram Kuno berdasarkan objek penelitian yang sudah disebutkan dengan penelitian dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif analitik, dengan teknik pengumpulan data dirujuk dari dokumen dan studi pustaka. Arsitektur candi – candi Buddha Padang Lawas dan Mataram Kuno disandingkan untuk menganalisa persamaan dan perbedaan dengan teori Arsitektur candi Buddha, aliran, dan yang terpenting unsur arsitektur yang terdiri dari tata massa atau pola perletakan, tata ruang, sosok bangunan dan siluet bangunan, dan ragam hias & ornamentasi pada bangunan candi. Hal – hal dari persamaan, perbedaan, dan kemiripan pasti dipengaruhi oleh faktor – faktor tertentu yang memberikan keunikan pada arsitektur, pada penelitian ini faktor – faktor dilihat dari faktor alam yang mempengaruhi arsitektur candi, faktor bahan dan keteknikan yang terkait dengan alam, faktor religiusitas yang mempengaruhi pola arsitektur, dan faktor sosial-budaya-politik.
Hasil dari analisis adalah ditemukan banyak persamaan dan perbedaan antara candi Sumatra dan Jawa pada unsur arsitekturnya, terdiri dari tata massa, ruang, sosok bangunan, dan ragam hias & ornamentasi. Persamaan yang ditemukan sedikit, tetapi kemiripan banyak ditemukan dimungkinkan oleh penyerapan arsitektur candi Jawa yang dikembangkan berdasarkan kearifan lokal, faktor religiusitas, alam, bahan dan keteknikan. Perbedaan yang ditemukan juga terlihat paling jelas dengan pola penataan massa candi dalam rencana tapak yang sangat berbeda dengan umumnya candi Buddha Jawa yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor religiusitas dan faktor alam.
Kata Kunci : Arsitektur candi, Buddha, Padang Lawas, unsur arsitektu
PENDEKATAN LOKALITAS BALI PADA DESAIN ARSITEKTUR HOTEL POTATO HEAD STUDIOS DI SEMINYAK
No full textAbstract - Globalization is a phenomenon that is difficult to avoid, and its effects are also felt in the field of architecture. As time passed by, more architectural works in Indonesia are built very modern and the locality approach is starting to be forgotten, especially in design. As a result, Indonesian architectural works began to lose their real context and identity. The purpose of this study is to uncover the local Balinese approach applied by Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), in the architectural design of the Potato Head Studios hotel in Seminyak, Bali. The research was conducted using qualitative methods in the form of description, comparison, analysis and interpretation. The theories used are the principle of Balinese locality and the theory of the design approach on historical approaches, historicism, study of precedents and materials. The supporting theories are the Ordering Principles and the theory of Good Building / Architecture. The case study is divided into the scope of the surrounding environment, the site, the form, the figure and its sustainability.
The results show that the Balinese locality approach to the architectural design of this hotel as a whole was dominated by the concept of harmony with nature and the approach to materials. The use of materials involves local craftsmen applying aspects of material sustainability in the building process and using recycled materials to create an interesting creation of shapes and textures on the wall, ceiling and floor elements. In addition, the historical approach of Balinese philosophy and culture is shown by the application of the sanga mandala concept to the shape of the building mass, and the use of the ancient Tika calendar which translates into a breeze block facade. From the concept of Balinese architecture, it can be seen that there is the application of natah as a form OHof the rwabhineda concept and also the woven elements on the ceiling, facade and railing of the building. A precedent study approach was also carried out at this hotel so as to create an architectural design that was different from the surrounding inns. The benefits of this research include providing an understanding to readers and designers regarding the local Balinese approach used in the this hotel and becoming a design inspiration. As a suggestion, the Balinese locality approach from the architectural concept can be applied further to the site and shape of the building mass. The pattern of the Tika calendar can also be simplified to make it easier to identify.
Keywords: design approach, locality, architectural design, BaliAbstrak - Globalisasi adalah fenomena yang sulit dihindari dan efeknya juga terasa di bidang arsitektur. Semakin ke sini, semakin banyak karya arsitektur di Indonesia yang dibangun sangat modern dan pendekatan lokalitas mulai dilupakan terutama dalam desain. Alhasil karya arsitektur Indonesia pun mulai kehilangan konteks dan identitas yang sesungguhnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkap pendekatan lokalitas Bali yang diterapkan oleh Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), pada desain arsitektur hotel Potato Head Studios di Seminyak, Bali. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif berupa deskripsi, komparasi, analisis, dan interpretasi. Teori yang digunakan adalah prinsip lokalitas Bali, teori pendekatan desain historis, historisisme, studi preseden dan material. Teori pendukung yang digunakan adalah Prinsip Penataan dan teori Good Building / Architecture. Objek studi dibagi lingkup telaahnya dari lingkup lingkungan sekitar, tapak, bentuk, sosok dan lingkup siklusnya.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan lokalitas Bali pada desain arsitektur hotel ini didominasi oleh konsep keserasian alam dengan pendekatan material. Penggunaan material melibatkan pengrajin lokal, menerapkan aspek keberlanjutan material pada proses pembangunan serta mendaur ulang material sehingga menciptakan suatu kreasi bentuk dan tekstur yang menarik pada elemen dinding, plafon dan lantainya. Selain itu pendekatan historis dari filosofi dan budaya Bali ditunjukkan dengan adanya penerapan konsep sanga mandala pada bentuk massa bangunan, dan penggunaan kalender kuno Tika yang diterjemahkan menjadi fasad kerawang. Dari konsep arsitektur Bali terlihat adanya penerapan natah sebagai wujud konsep rwabhineda dan juga unsur anyaman pada plafon, fasad dan railing. Pendekatan studi preseden juga dilakukan pada hotel ini sehingga menciptakan suatu desain arsitektur yang berbeda dari penginapan-penginapan di sekitarnya. Manfaat penelitian ini dapat memberi pemahaman kepada pembaca dan perancang mengenai pendekatan lokalitas Bali pada hotel ini serta menjadi inspirasi desain. Sebagai saran, pendekatan lokalitas Bali dari konsep arsitekturnya dapat diterapkan lebih jauh pada tapak dan bentuknya. Pola susunan kerawang kalender Tika juga dapat disederhanakan agar lebih mudah diidentifikasi kalendernya.
Kata-kata kunci: pendekatan perancangan, lokalitas, desain arsitektur, Bal
PENGARUH PEMBAYANGAN ANTAR MASSA DAN TIPE FASAD TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN PANEL FOTOVOLTAIK PADA FASAD RUSUNAWA NAGRAK JAKARTA
No full textAbstract – The sun is one of the most important and largest sources of energy for the earth. The energy emittedby the sun can be utilized both actively and passively. Solar cells or photovoltaics are used to convert solarradiation into electrical energy, which is known as active utilization.Rusunawa (Rumah Susun Sederhana Sewa)is a facility to provide affordable housing for people with low income. The target demographic create a needsfor clean and affordable energy, which can be overcomed by implementing solar panels.The current type of Rusunawa being built is high-rise buildings with over 15 levels. This new type ofbuilding decreases the roof space while increasing the facade area. As a result, photovoltaics panels must beinstalled on the building\u27s façade. The goal of this research is to determine the effectivity of implementing solarpanels on the facade of Rusunawa Nagrak, in correlation to the tenant’s energy cost savings, as well as todetermine standard coefficients/ values so that the findings can be applied in the future to building with similartypologies with slight adjistments.This is an experimental-quantitative type research done with the help of Rhinoceros, Grasshopper, andLadybug software to find the most optimal photovoltaic panel configuration for the use of Rusunawa NagrakTower 1-5.Keyword: Government Subsidized High-Rise Housing, Photovoltaic Panel, Masses Configuration Shading,Building Façade, Cilincing Jakarta.Abstrak – Pemanfaatan Energi Matahari secara aktif dilakukan dengan mengubah radiasi sinar mataharimenjadi energi listrik dengan bantuan solar cell atau fotovoltaik.Rumah susun atau Rusun merupakan sebutan untuk tipe hunian bertingkat seperti apartemen,kondominium, flat, dan lain-lain. Rusunawa (Rumah Susun Sederhana Sewa) ditujukan untuk masyarakatberpenghasilan rendah (MBR), yang memunculkan kebutuhan energi murah. Permasalahan ini dicoba untukdiatasi dengan implementasi panel fotovoltaik pada bangunan rusunawa.Dewasa ini, tren pembangunan rumah susun yang dikelola pemerintah berkembang secara vertikal,dengan jumlah lantai lebih dari 15 lapis. Tipologi bangunan rusun yang terus bertambah tinggi dengan dasarbangunan yang semakin kecil mempersempit area atap dan memperluas area fasad. Oleh karena itu, untukmeningkatkan penggunaan panel fotovoltaik pada bangunan, perlu dilakukan implementasi panel pada areafasad bangunanPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentfikasi performa penggunaan panel fotofoltaik pada fasadbangunan Rusunawa Nagrak, sekaligus mencari koefisien/nilai standar, sehingga hasil peneltian dapat diterapkan di kemudian hari pada bangunan yang memiliki tipologi serupa dengan sedikit perubahan. Penelitianini bersifat eksperimental-kuantitatif dengan bantuan perangkat lunak Rhinoceros Grasshopper, & Ladybuguntuk menemukan konfigurasi penyusunan panel fotovoltaik paling optimal untuk penggunaan gedungRusunawa Nagrak Menara 1-5. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa orientasi massa paling efektif untuk solarpanel adalah menghadap ke arah utara, dengan kemiringan panel optimal 30°, dengan jarak antar bangunan≥0.73 dari tinggi bangunan dan tipe fasad bangunan polos.Kata-kata kunci: Rusunawa, Panel Fotovoltaik, Solar Access, Fasad Bangunan, Cilincing Jakarta
Small Governing Coalition in Hong Kong and its Impact on Political Freedom
No full textHong Kong has seen an upheaval in recent years. From the protests over the extradition law to the protests over the National Security Law, these protests are a response to the ever-encroaching hand of Beijing on political rights in Hong Kong. After the National Security Law was implemented, Hong Kong’s freedom was almost gone. One by one, pro-democracy protesters, opposition parliament members, and opposition media are being targeted and repressed. Despite the numerous protests and riots, the Hong Kong SAR government perseveres with little concession to the protesters. Why does the government of Hong Kong decided not to respect Hong Kong’s unique democratic system in China, arguably the system that has brought Hong Kong to one of the most prominent cities in the world for global interactions, and instead wish to turn it into another normal Chinese city? Why does the Hong Kong SAR government almost completely ignore the voice of the Hong Kong people? Using the framework developed by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith in The Dictator’s Handbook, I argue that the small size of Hong Kong’s governing coalition (i.e., the minimum amount of support required for the leader to stay in power) and the ease in which the Chief Executive of Hong Kong rewards her allies play a significant role in this democratic backsliding. Furthermore, while the Western World reacted in outrage over this undemocratic encroachment of Beijing on Hong Kong, I argue that their sanctions on Hong Kong leaders will not play a significant role as the Chief Executive of Hong Kong does not need their support.
Keywords: Hong Kong; democracy; protests; governing coalition;sanctions
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Kong Must Be Governed by Patriots.” Global TImes, November 12, 2020. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1206580.shtml.
香港中联办. “中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法附件二香港特别行政区立法会的产生办法和表 决程序.” Hong Kong Liaison Office, March 30, 2021. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/h6q6yzNwNXuJZ55bx98lFQ.Hong Kong telah mengalami pergolakan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Dari protes atas undang-undang ekstradisi hingga protes atas Undang-Undang Keamanan Nasional, protes ini merupakan tanggapan atas tangan Beijing yang terus merambah hak politik di Hong Kong. Setelah Undang-Undang Keamanan Nasional diterapkan, kebebasan Hong Kong hampir hilang. Satu demi satu, pengunjuk rasa pro-demokrasi, anggota parlemen oposisi, dan media oposisi menjadi sasaran dan represi. Terlepas dari banyaknya protes dan kerusuhan, pemerintah SAR Hong Kong bertahan dengan sedikit konsesi kepada para pengunjuk rasa. Mengapa pemerintah Hong Kong memutuskan untuk tidak menghormati sistem demokrasi unik Hong Kong di China, bisa dibilang sistem yang telah membawa Hong Kong ke salah satu kota paling terkemuka di dunia untuk interaksi global, dan malah ingin mengubahnya menjadi normal lainnya kota Cina? Mengapa pemerintah SAR Hong Kong hampir sepenuhnya mengabaikan suara rakyat Hong Kong? Dengan menggunakan kerangka kerja yang dikembangkan oleh Bruce Bueno de Mesquita dan Alastair Smith dalam The Dictator\u27s Handbook, saya berpendapat bahwa kecilnya koalisi pemerintahan Hong Kong (yaitu, jumlah minimum dukungan yang diperlukan agar pemimpin tetap berkuasa) dan kemudahan untuk Kepala Eksekutif Hong Kong memberi penghargaan kepada sekutunya memainkan peran penting dalam kemunduran demokrasi ini. Selain itu, sementara Dunia Barat bereaksi dengan marah atas perambahan Beijing yang tidak demokratis di Hong Kong, saya berpendapat bahwa sanksi mereka terhadap para pemimpin Hong Kong tidak akan memainkan peran penting karena Kepala Eksekutif Hong Kong tidak membutuhkan dukungan mereka
Studi Etnografi Tentang Stigmatisasi dan Konformitas Perempuan Perokok dalam Budaya Patriarki
No full textPenelitian ini mengenai fenomena merokok merupakan kegiatan yang umum dilakukan oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan etnografi sebagai pendekatannya. Data dikumpulkan dengan melakukan wawancara informan kunci, diskusi kelompok terfokus, observasi langsung, dan webinar umpan balik. Data menunjukkan bahwa rokok sering diasosiasikan dengan laki-laki dan maskulinitas. Perempuan yang merokok dianggap sebagai pemberontak. Inilah alasan mengapa orang menstigmatisasi perokok perempuan. Stigma tersebut merupakan pengaruh kuatnya patriarki dalam masyarakat Indonesia dan konformitas perempuan secara turun-temurun terhadap praktik-praktik lokal. Meski sebagian, terdapat responden perempuan tidak peduli dengan penilaian orang lain. Namun, stigma tersebut membuat sebagian responden perempuan menahan diri untuk tidak merokok di ruang publik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pendapat masyarakat tentang perokok wanita, menganalisis alasan mengapa wanita merokok, dan apa konsekuensi sosial menjadi seorang perokok. Temuan penelitian ini menjadi argument agar masyarakat berpikir kritis tentang kehidupan sosialnya sehingga tidak ada yang menjadi korban stigma termasuk para perempuan perokok