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Impact of the use of plant protection products harmful to bees on bee colonies during spring: Results of a monitoring programme in apple orchards in South Tyrol (2014-2017)
Get PDFDigital Farming & evaluation of side effects on honey bees – first experiences within the Digital Beehive project
Get PDFDauerfeldversuche: Grundlage für die Landwirtschaft der Zukunft – 25 Jahre JKI-Versuchsstation Dahnsdorf
Get PDFSurvey on the occurrence of Tilletia controversa in conventionally produced winter wheat in Northern Germany
Get PDFDer Erreger des Zwergsteinbrandes des Weizens, Tilletia controversa, kommt in Deutschland bislang hauptsächlich im ökologischen Anbau in Süddeutschland vor und dort insbesondere in den Mittelgebirgen und im Alpenvorland. Ob T. controversa auch in den nördlichen Bundesländern an konventionell erzeugtem Winterweizen auftritt, sollte mit einem Monitoring in den Jahren 2016 und 2017 aufgeklärt werden. Entsprechend der Weizenerzeugungsmengen in den Bundesländern Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Niedersachsen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Schleswig-Holstein wurden insgesamt 1302 Weizenkorn-Proben von geographisch repräsentativ verteilten Erfassungsbetrieben untersucht. Von diesen wurden 4 eindeutig positiv auf T. controversa getestet (0,3 %). Mit < 0,5 Sporen/Korn war die Sporenbelastung sehr gering. Bei 9 weiteren Proben (0,7 %) konnte ein Befall weder eindeutig bestätigt noch ausgeschlossen werden. Ein wiederholtes Auftreten an einzelnen Standorten in aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren war nicht zu beobachten. Somit spielt T. controversa für die Produktion von konventionellem Winterweizen in Norddeutschland praktisch keine Rolle. Die geringen beobachteten Sporenkonzentrationen könnten einerseits durch ein sehr niedriges Infektionsniveau auf dem Feld an nicht optimal gebeiztem Saatgut verursacht worden sein. Andererseits ist es auch möglich, dass sie durch den Eintrag von Sporen aus benachbarten Feldern mit ökologischem Weizenanbau oder durch verunreinigte Erntemaschinen bzw. Transportfahrzeuge hervorgerufen worden sind. T. controversa ist in einigen Ländern ein Quarantäneschadorganismus. Da er nach den vorliegenden Ergebnissen grundsätzlich auch in den nördlichen Bundesländern vorkommen kann, ist dies je nach Zielland von Bedeutung für den Export von Weizen.In Germany the causal agent of dwarf bunt of wheat, Tilletia controversa, has so far been found mainly in organic farming in the southern part of the country, and there especially in the mid mountain ranges and in the Alpine foothills. Whether T. controversa also occurs in conventionally produced winter wheat in the northern federal states was subject of a survey in the years 2016 and 2017. According to the wheat production levels in the German federal states Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein a total of 1302 wheat grain samples were analysed originating from geographically representatively distributed operators. 4 of which tested positive for T. controversa (0.3 %). With < 0.5 spores per grain these exhibited a very low contamination level. In 9 additional samples (0.7 %), an infestation could neither be clearly confirmed nor excluded. Repeated occurrence of the pathogen at individual sites in consecutive years was not observed. Thus, T. controversa generally does not play a significant role in the production of conventional winter wheat in Northern Germany. The observed very low spore concentrations could have been caused by rare infection events of seeds that had not been optimally treated with seed dressing. However, it also could have been caused by wind-blown spores originating from neighboring organic wheat fields or by contaminated harvesters or transport vehicles. T. controversa is a quarantine pest in several countries. According to the here reported results, it can principally also occur in the northern federal states of Germany, which is of importance for the export of wheat, depending on the country of destination
Using rootstocks to lower berry potassium concentrations in \u27Cabernet Sauvignon\u27 grapevines
Get PDFPotassium is the most abundant cation in grape berries. It has important roles in grapevine physiology and winemaking. This study investigates the feasibility of using rootstocks to lower berry potassium concentrations ([K]) in \u27Cabernet Sauvignon\u27 grapevines. The ultimate target is to achieve lower pH and higher titratable acidity (TA) in grape juice so as to bring down the cost of acid adjustment during winemaking. The specific objective here is to provide new insights into the potential of particular rootstocks to modify K uptake by \u27Cabernet Sauvignon\u27 grapevines and their partitioning and accumulation into grape berries. The vineyard soils of a replicated rootstock trial located in the Limestone Coast of South Australia were characterised. Petiole, berry and juice nutrient content were assessed at oenological maturity of \u27Cabernet Sauvignon\u27 grown on eight different rootstocks. Rootstock had an impact on cations of the vegetative tissue of \u27Cabernet Sauvignon\u27, with Merbein 5512 having the lowest petiole [K]. The concentrations of major cations in the berry were, however, not altered by rootstock. While no particular rootstock stood out in limiting \u27Cabernet Sauvignon\u27 berry K accumulation, berries grown on the \u27Börner\u27 rootstock tended to have slightly lower concentrations (< 10 %) relative to vines on their own roots. Across the rootstocks, juice pH tended to increase with greater juice [K], while juice TA tended to decrease with greater juice [K]. It was found that juice TA was higher for the rootstocks 140 Ruggeri and 110 Richter, and juice pH tended to be lower for the rootstocks 110 Richter, 140 Ruggeri, Merbein 5512 and Merbein 5489. There was no effect of rootstock on total soluble solids
Sulfur but not nitrogen supply increases the ITC/Nitrile ratio in Pak Choi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt)
Get PDFGlucosinolates (GLS) are a serendipitous class of secondary metabolites found in pak choi, a Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt). GLS are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase to obtain isothiocyanates (ITC), nitriles, and epithionitriles. GLS hydrolysis products (GLS-HP) are responsible for the typical flavor and odour of pak choi. Little is known about the influence of S and N interactions on pak choi GLS and their hydrolysis products (GLS-HP), especially nitriles.We investigated the effect of S and N concentrations on pak choi GLS, isothiocyanates, and nitriles content under varying nitrogen (0.75 and 1.5 g N pot–1) and sulfur (0, 0.06, and 0.3 g S pot–1) supply. Increasing the S supply but not N resulted in a reciprocal increase of the total GLS. The GLS concentration decreased under S deficiency. S supply delivered an optimized GLS pattern, and substantially enhanced the synthesis of aliphatic GLS and ITC in particular. In contrast, N-rich nutrition favored the synthesis of indolic GLS and nitriles, the latter are known to have less health beneficial potential and even showed harmful effects. The study indicates, for the first time, that the ITC/nitrile ratio increases under S supply.GLS and their GLS degradation products in pak choi showed a strong response to sulfur supply. Moreover, the ITC/nitrile ratio might be used as a physiological trait to compare nutritional quality and health benefits of brassica species