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Methods of monitoring hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and their fitness conditions in ag-ricultural landscapes in the FInAL-project
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Improving fruit anthocyanins in \u27Cabernet Sauvignon\u27 by shifting fruit ripening and irrigation reduction post veraison in warmer region
Get PDFIn warmer regions, forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening to the cooler portion of the growing season can increase the concentration of total fruit anthocyanins (TFA) in red winegrapes, but the effect on anthocyanin composition remains unclear. Additionally, irrigation reduction post veraison was reported to improve fruit anthocyanins in cool and temperate regions with low precipitation, whereas this response has not been previously examined in forced vines grown in dry and warm regions. Experiments were conducted with \u27Cabernet Sauvignon\u27 (Vitis vinifera L.) over two consecutive years in Fresno, California, to investigate the effect of shifting fruit ripening on the concentration and composition of fruit anthocyanins as well as the influence of post-veraison irrigation reduction on fruit anthocyanins of forced vines. Vines under conventional practices (non-forced) were used as the control. Forcing treatment included removing primary leaves, clusters, and laterals, as well as hedging primary shoots, in mid-June. Control vines were irrigated at 80 % crop evapotranspiration (ETC) post veraison, whereas forced vines were irrigated at 40, 60, 80, or 100 % ETC post veraison. Results suggest that forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening led to a significant increase of TFA, primarily non-acylated anthocyanins, during fruit ripening and at harvest over two years. Forcing treatment also altered composition of fruit anthocyanins at harvest, with increased proportions of TFA comprised by the glucosides of delphinidin and petunidin but the decreased proportion of the glucosides of malvidin. This study demonstrates that forcing vines to regrow and shifting fruit ripening in the warmer region can lead to a more balanced profile of fruit anthocyanins, with improved non-acylated derivatives and altered relative abundance of the glucosides of five anthocyanidins. Reducing irrigation post veraison, however, had only a minor effect on fruit anthocyanins in forced vines
Description of the Vitis vinifera L. phenotypic variability in eno-carpological traits by a Euro-Asiatic collaborative network among ampelographic collections
Get PDFThe grapevine intra-specific variability captured an increasing interest during the last decades, as demonstrated by the number of recently funded European projects focused on the grapevine biodiversity preservation. However, nowadays, crop plants are mainly characterized by genotyping methods. The present work summarizes the phenotype data collected among 20 ampelographic collections spread in 15 countries, covering mostly of the viticultural areas in the Euro-Asiatic range: from Portugal to Armenia and from Cyprus to Luxembourg. Together with agro-climatic characterization of the experimental site, in two years, about 2400 accessions were described, following a common experimental protocol mainly focused on the carpological and oenological traits, obtaining a general overview of the distribution of the considered phenotypic traits in the cultivated Vitis vinifera species. The most replicated cultivars were selected and, for the subset of these reference cultivars, their behavior in the different environmental conditions over sites and years was described by ANOVA methods
Plant-derived sulfur containing natural products produced as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses: A review of their structural diversity and medicinal importance
Get PDFPlant-derived sulfur-containing secondary metabolites constitute a small group of low-molecular weight natural products, which play a vital role in plant-pest interactions in numerous plant families andrepresent major defense molecules in the Asteraceae, Alliaceae, and Brassicaceae families. In this review we highlight the crucial role of environmental stress factors in the production of S-containing secondary metabolites. Furthermore, we describe a serendipitous variety of plant-derived sulfur-containing natural products produced or induced under biotic and abiotic stress and their structural diversity, promising pharmacological properties for use by humans, and beneficial effects for plants. Specifically, cruciferous phytoalexins are known as elicit plant defense molecules. Glucosinolates are candidates for tumorpreventive effects. Cysteine sulfoxides found in garlic are considered as profound antimicrobial agents. In this review, we discuss types of S bonds in the molecules and their relevance for the medicinal effect as well as the biological activities of sulfur-containing secondary metabolites and possible future avenues
Editorial - 100 years Journal of Applied Botany
No full textThis year we want to celebrate the 100th birthday of our journal, which was first published as Angewandte Botanik (= Applied Botany) in 1919.
It started as journal for members of the “Vereinigung für Angewandte Botanik (German Society for Applied Botany)” only. On a monthly basis, it delivered the newest research results in the field of applied botany as well as short communications, literature reviews and reports from scientific meetings to the German speaking research community. After a short publication hiatus in the 1940ies, society members continued to report their findings, quickly exhausting the available print pages. Throughout the years, English titles and summaries where added, making the journal accessible for a wider, non-German speaking audience. The final step into the international research community was the opening of the journal for authors, who were not society members in the 1980ies. In 2004, the “Deutsche Gesellschaft für Qualitätsforschung - Pflanzliche Lebensmittel (German Society for Quality Research in Plant Foods)” joined the journal due to partial overlap in their research focus, thus, making it the Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality as we know it today. The latest change happened in 2013, with the switch from a subscription based print journal to an online-only gold open access journal. This once again broadened the readership and gained the attention of even more international researchers, which nowadays make up the majority of our journal authors.
The first article in "Angewandte Botanik" published in 1919 was submitted by Otto Appel, a phytopathologist well known for his discoveries on bacterial and fungal diseases of crops such as potato and cereals. His work ranged from fundamental research to applied research and reflected in his long-term membership in the board of the Association for Applied Botany. In the first contribution of this special jubilee section Hartwig Schulz and Heike Riegler report about "Otto Appel and his contributions to food quality and safety at the beginning of the 20th century" and give insights into the major challenges in phytopathology at the early years of the 20th century and discoveries by Otto Appel in this field. Maik Kleinwächter and Dirk Selmar prepared a contribution about "Modern Applied Botany - Changes in the perception of applied botanists to themselves and others during the last century. Three recent examples of the scientific potential of this field". They give a short outline on the history of applied research in plant biology in Germany and illustrate the relevance of modern Applied Botany in three relevant post-harvest processes. They state that interdisciplinary work and intensive cooperation with growers and producers is an integral part of developing feasible and economically acceptable solutions that can be successfully transferred into practice. The major challenge in Applied Botany today is the implementation of new concepts and ideas into product-related research. In the third article in the special section Claudia Bahmann, Thomas Rinas, Nicolas Niemenak, Elsa Hegmann, Bernward Bisping, David Seigler and Reinhard Lieberei describe how "Cacao seed tests controls transport processes during germination and fermentation-like incubation". The contribution of Muna Ali Abdalla and Karl H. Mühling leads us to "Plant-derived sulfur containing natural products produced as a response to biotic and abiotic stresses. A review of their structural diversity and medicinal importance" and reveals the diversity in structure and function of secondary compounds in plants. In the article written by Wolfgang Kreis "Exploiting plant cell culture for natural product formation" we get insights into the high expectations researchers and industry had on the exploitation of plant cell cultures from a historical and personal point of view. Imke Hutter and Carolin Schneider report on the current state of "Commercial micropropagation in Germany" from the applied site. In an interdisciplinary project, Jan Philipp Schuchardt, Andreas Hahn, Theresa Greupner, Paulina Wasserfurth, María Rosales-López, Johann Hornbacher and Jutta Papenbrock work on different aspects concerning "Watercress – cultivation methods and health effects". Georg Langenkämper and Christian Zörb submit an article about "Modern aspects of wheat grain storage proteins". Finally, on the interaction of plants with microorganisms, in this case fungi, is shed light on by Oluwatosin Abdulsalam, Erika Kothe and Katrin Krause in "The parasitic-neutral-mutual continuum of plant-fungal interactions"
Economic perspectives of small autonomous machines in arable farming
Get PDFIn den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden immer größere und leistungsfähigere Landmaschinen entwickelt und eingesetzt. Haupttreiber dieser Entwicklung sind Kostenvorteile, die sich beim Einsatz größerer Maschinen insbesondere im Bereich der Lohnkosten ergeben. Die Tendenz hin zu immer größeren Maschinen führt jedoch zu negativen Begleiterscheinungen, beispielsweise zunehmendem Bodendruck oder größeren einheitlichen Flächenstrukturen. Der technische Fortschritt im Bereich der Automatisierung bietet die Möglichkeit neue Produktionssysteme zu entwickeln, in denen kleine autonome Maschinen eingesetzt werden. Die Kalkulation der Arbeitserledigungskosten von sehr großen und kleinen Maschinenkombinationen für die Getreideernte und Bodenbearbeitung zeigt, dass Kleinmaschinen ohne die Berücksichtigung von Lohnkosten für weniger kapitalintensive Verfahren, wie der Bodenbearbeitung oder Aussaat, künftig wettbewerbsfähig werden können. Für die Ernte müssen jedoch voraussichtlich andere Maschinenkonzepte entwickelt werden, damit Kleinmaschinen wettbewerbsfähig werden können. Insgesamt wird die Rentabilität von Pflanzenbausystemen mit autonomen Landmaschinen künftig wesentlich stärker durch potentielle Ertragssteigerungen und Betriebsmitteleinsparungen bestimmt werden als durch eingesparte Lohnkosten.In recent decades, larger and more powerful agricultural machinery has been developed and used. The main drivers of this development are the cost advantages that arise when using larger machines, especially for labor costs. However, the trend towards larger machines leads to negative side effects, such as increasing ground pressure and decreasing biodiversity. The technical progress in the field of automation offers the possibility to develop new production systems in which small autonomous machines are used. The operating cost of very large and small machine combinations for grain harvesting and tillage indicate that small machinery can become competitive for less capital-intensive processes such as tillage or seeding if labor costs are not considered. However, it is likely that other machine concepts will have to be developed for the harvest, so that small machines can become competitive. Overall, the profitability of cropping systems with autonomous agricultural machinery in future will be much more determined by potential yield increases and resource savings than by saved labor costs