JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)

Julius Kühn-Institut

JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)
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    7850 research outputs found

    Development of a method for measuring exposure of residents and bystanders following high crop application of plant protection products

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    Anwohner und Nebenstehende können bei der Ausbringung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln Spritznebeln ausgesetzt sein. Die Bewertung möglicher Risiken wird auf Basis eines harmonisierten Expositionsmodells der EFSA durchgeführt. Für Obst- und Weinbau bestehen aktuell noch Bewertungslücken. Diese Datenlücken wurden von BVL, JKI und BfR in einem Gemeinschaftsprojekt adressiert. Die Entwicklung einer robusten Methode zur Durchführung reproduzierbarer Feldversuche stellte ein Kernelement des Projektes dar. Der fluoreszierende Farbstoff Pyranin diente in den Versuchen als gut nachweisbarer Ersatz für echte Pflanzenschutzmittel. Im Zuge mehrjähriger Optimierungen wurde eine geeignete Bekleidung für Schaufensterpuppen gefunden, die Erwachsene und Kinder repräsentieren. Tyvek®-Overalls erwiesen sich als geeignet, um mit hoher Genauigkeit auch geringe Mengen an Farbstoff nachweisen zu können. Der Entwicklungsprozess liefert die Basis für eine JKI Richtlinie für die Vorbereitung und Durchführung von Feldversuchen. Die verschiedenen Entwicklungsstufen werden hier beschrieben. Die mit der entwickelten Methode ermittelten Daten ermöglichen der EFSA, die Modelle zur Expositionsbewertung zu verbessern.Residents and bystanders may be exposed to spray drift during application of plant protection products. The assessment of possible risks is carried out on the basis of a harmonized exposure model of EFSA. For orchards and vineyards, there are currently still gaps in the assessment. These data gaps have been addressed by BVL, JKI and BfR in a joint project. The development of a robust method to perform reproducible field trials was a core element of the project. The fluorescent dye pyranine served in the trials as a readily detectable substitute for real plant protection products. In the course of several years of optimization, suitable clothing was identified for mannequins representing adults and children. Tyvek® cover­alls proved suitable for detecting even small amounts of dye with high accuracy. The development process provides the basis for a JKI guideline for preparing and conducting field trials. The different development stages are described here. The data generated with the developed method will enable EFSA to improve the exposure assessment models

    Assessment of grapevine sap flow and trunk diameter variations in Mediterranean climate using time series decomposition

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    Vitis vinifera L. is a plant species that depends highly on temperature and water availability. Excessively hot and dry conditions can undermine growth and threaten grapevine performance. In these situations, grapevines activate self-regulating mechanisms to respond to water stress by prioritizing their survival through stomatal control and water redistribution. The monitoring of these mechanisms, through the measurements of the trunk diameter fluctuations and sap flow, was made for ‘Touriga-Nacional’ planted in the Douro Demarcated Region (NE Portugal), during the 2017 growing season. Seasonal and trend decomposition of the acquired data, as well as the assessment of the potential influence of meteorological variables was carried out, using locally estimated weighted regression and scatterplot smoothing. The objective behind this decomposition was to assess if the individual analysis of the periodic and inter-daily variations of the grapevine\u27s trunk diameter fluctuations and sap flow could improve the understanding of their response to abiotic stress. The results have shown the methodology is efficient in extracting the different components and that their analysis is informative. It was possible to determine that the delay between the daily trunk diameter and sap flow periodic variations became shorter in time, suggesting the loss of water by transpiration is more easily observable under increasingly hotter and drier conditions. Furthermore, longerterm, inter-daily variations at the trunk are highly correlated with those of relative humidity, evidencing the impact of air moisture on their water status. Such findings justify the implementation of locally weighted regression and scatterplot smoothing (STL) in the operational processing of sap flow and trunk diameter time series in the control of grapevine water status, in the case of optimization of vineyard management by wine growers

    Nachruf für Professor Dr. Wolfgang Böhm, Göttingen

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    Termine und Veranstaltungen

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    Beneficial or hazardous? A comprehensive study of 24 elements from wild edible plants from Angola

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    Angola suffers from a high child mortality rate and a prevalence of anemia due to malnutrition. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the mineral content of 43 wild edible plants. A total of 24 different elements (aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, potassium, selenium, silicon, sodium, strontium, titanium, thallium, vanadium, zinc) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy to identify nutritional beneficial and hazardous plants. For the majority of studied species (31 of 43) data lack completely. For the remaining, only macronutrient contents are published yet, determining their (ultra)trace element and heavy metal contents for the first time. None of the examined plants pose a risk to human health due to low heavy metal contents, seasonality, and low amounts of consumed plant parts. Iron and zinc rich plant parts, such as fruits of Canarium schweinfurthii, or leaves of Crassocephalum rubens, Solanum americanum, and Piper umbellatum could help combating deficiency syndromes. The genus Landolphia shows to be an aluminum hyperaccumulator with aluminum contents >1000 mg/kg. Results of this study serve as a database for upcoming research. The nutritional value of edible plants is evaluated

    Protection of soil quality in the periurban space

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    Erst wenn Böden in ihrer Einzigartigkeit wahrgenommen werden, mit ihrer Vielzahl an wichtigen Funktionen für Menschen, Tiere und Pflanzen, erst dann wird die Schutzwürdigkeit dieser wichtigen Ressource erkannt werden. Im urbanen und periurbanen Raum sind es insbesondere das hohe Ausmaß an Bodenversiegelung und Bodenkontamination sowie die Zerstörung des natürlichen Bodenprofils, die eine Bedrohung für den Boden und seine aktuelle „Qualität“ ausmachen. Die Einstufung der Bodenqualität sowie auch die Kenntnis über bereits gestörte oder kontaminierte Standorte, kann dazu beitragen, intakte Böden zu schonen und zu schützen und Böden entsprechend ihrer Ausgangsbedingungen zu nutzen. Ertragreiche Böden mit einer hohen Ackerzahl sollten nicht überbaut werden, wenn gleichzeitig gestörte Standorte zur Auswahl stehen. Die Bedeutung des Bodens in der zukünftigen urbanen Landwirtschaft wird vermutlich untergeordnet sein, da sich viele Projekte im Stadtbereich wie Vertical Farming oder Indoor Farming mit Substraten umsetzen lassen. Dennoch ist es wichtig, ein Boden-Bewusstsein in der Gesellschaft zu verankern, da landwirtschaftliche Böden auch weiterhin die Grundlage unserer Versorgung mit Lebensmitteln und Rohstoffen darstellen und als Kohlenstoffspeicher eine signifikante Rolle in der Klimadebatte spielen.It is necessary to recognize soils in their singularity and with their multiplicity of important ecosystem functions for humans as well as for animals and plants that soils will be recognized as important resource that need to be protected from degradation and disturbance. Soils in the urban and periurban space are threaten to an extremely high extend by soil sealing and contamination as well as disturbance of the natural soil profile, which affects soil quality and soil functioning. Knowledge about different soil qualities in a certain area and about already degraded or disturbed sites can help to protect intact soils and to use soils according to their potential as a plant site or production field. Soils with a high yield potential and with a high rating should not be sealed when degraded sites are available as well. The meaning of natural soils when it comes to urban agriculture will be presumably low as projects like Vertical Farming or Indoor Farming will be realized by using substrates instead of soils. Nevertheless, it is important to develop a high awareness in the community for the meaning and biodiversity of soils as agricultural soils will be the basis for future food and feed production as well as production of renewable resources. And last but not least as a potentially high carbon stock soils are an important part in combating high CO2 in the atmosphere

    Termine und Veranstaltungen

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    Urban agriculture in Germany

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    Issue front and back cover

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    Landscape thought pollinator friendly – how agricultural areas become livable environments for bees (Apiformes)

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    Bienen sind wichtige Bestäuber sowohl für Wild- als auch Kulturpflanzen, aber gängige Landwirtschaftsmethoden machen ihnen das Überleben schwer. Weltweit gibt es einen Rückgang der Bienendiversität. Sowohl Honigbienen als auch Wildbienen werden von anthropogenen Einflüssen und landwirtschaftlichen Anbaumethoden beeinflusst. In Österreich, Deutschland und der Schweiz werden zwischen 32 und 47 Prozent der Landesfläche landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Die Intensivierung der Landwirtschaft und der damit einhergehende Verlust von Randstrukturen sowie der Einsatz von Pestiziden führt zu einem Verlust von Nahrungspflanzen und Nistplatzhabitaten für Bienen. In diesem Artikel beschreiben wir Möglichkeiten einer kompetitiven Landwirtschaft ohne große Ertragsverluste, wie sie sich unsere Bienen wünschen würden. Wir diskutieren bienenfreundliche alternative Wirtschaftsmethoden wie Permakultur oder Agroforst, behandeln die Schaffung von Blühflächen, natürlichen Nistplätzen und Reduktion des Pestizideinsatzes. Fauna und Flora schonende Grünlandwirtschaft in Bezug auf Mähhäufigkeit, Mähtechnik und Düngung von Grünflächen werden ebenfalls besprochen. Dieser Artikel bietet Basiswissen für die Ausbildung von Landwirten für eine nachhaltige und bienenfreundliche Landwirtschaft sowie Vorschläge für ein Monitoring der Auswirkungen.One of the main reasons of a worldwide decline in bee diversity is the intensification of agriculture. In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, between 32 and 47 percent of the state area is used for agriculture. The decline of field edge structures, the use of pesticides and an associated loss of forage and habitats affect both honey bees and wild bees negatively. This work summarizes agricultural measures to maintain or restore bee habitats, for example by creating flowering areas, natural nesting sites or alternative management methods such as permaculture or agroforestry. Usage of pesticides and associated consequences for bees are discussed, as well as approaches to reduce insect loss due to multiple mowing in intensively managed grassland areas. Implementation of bee-friendly, yet economically feasible management methods is only accomplishable in reciprocal dialogue between science and the designers of agricultural landscapes – the farmers. Communicating ecological relationships between the preservation of bees, pollination services and environmental sustainability via continuing education and training of next generation farmers is crucial to increase sustainability in agricultural practices. This article aims at providing the basic knowledge for bee-friendly agriculture as well as suggestions for monitoring to assess the impact

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    JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut) is based in Germany
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