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Nutritional diversity in leaves of various amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) genotypes and its resilience to drought stress
Get PDFThe nutritional diversity in leaves of twelve accessions of four amaranth species (Amaranthus caudatus, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. hypochondriacus) was studied in a randomized complete block design (n = 5). The accessions revealed high contents of the macronutrients K, Ca, Mg, and P, while the micronutrients Fe and Zn were comparatively low (542 – 717, 304 – 497, 131 – 230, 74 – 166, 0.9 – 1.3, 0.4 – 0.9 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight, respectively). Protein contents were found to be higher (23 – 32%) compared to other commonly consumed leafy vegetables in Sub-Saharan-Africa. Phenolic acid and flavonoid contents strongly varied between accessions and to some extent were lower in comparison to those reported in literature. Amaranth is reported to be drought tolerant, thus, one accession of each species was subjected to two different drought stress conditions (moderate – 35 – 45% field capacity, severe – 15 – 25% field capacity, n = 3). Well-watered plants were used as control (60 – 70% field capacity). A significant reduction in plant height and fresh matter occurred in all accessions with increasing drought stress, whereas contents of nutritional compounds increased. Phenolic acids and flavonoid contents in all accessions/species were not affected by drought stress except for A. cruentus where total phenolic acids significantly increase
Physical, chemical and sensorial characteristics of dried walnut of some varieties and promising variety candidates in Türkiye
No full textIn this study some important physical, chemical and sensorial dried walnut characteristics of four varieties (‘Chandler’, ‘Fernor’, ’Yalova 3’ and ‘Şebin’) and five promising variety candidates (‘Giresun-7’, ‘İstanbul-2’, ‘144-84’, ‘Antalya-7’, ‘74-C’) were investigated. These findings were the first comprehensive report on the walnut properties of the above-mentioned candidates. ‘Antalya-7’ and ‘Giresun-7’ showed attractive fruit characteristics such as high whole kernel separation from shell and easy shell cracking. ‘Antalya-7’ attracts attention with fatty acids composition and appearance and taste scores. On the other hand, for ‘Giresun-7’, smooth shell surface, thin shell, high kernel ratio and high whole kernel separation from shell were determined as positive features. The polyunsaturated fatty acids content order of variety candidates was determined as \u27Istanbul-2\u27 > \u27Antalya-7\u27 > \u27144/84\u27 > \u27Giresun-7\u27 > \u2774-C\u27 (from high to low). The results of this study were used with agricultural project results for selection step of this breeding. The name of Giresun-7 was changed to \u27Forest 77\u27 and an application was made for variety registration. Its registration has been approved as a new variety by the Certification Center
Analysis of the Rpv12 locus in a haplotype‑separated grapevine genome sequence
Get PDFPlasmopara viticola, the grapevine downy mildew pathogen, causes severe losses in viticulture if not counteracted by fungicide sprays that need to be repeatedly applied during each growing season. To reduce the amount of plant protection, modern grapevine breeding generates fungus‑resistant grapevine cultivars by introgression of resistance loci from wild Vitis spec. sources. However, the presence of only a single resistance locus may provoke the emergence of pathogen races able to overcome the resistance trait of the host. Therefore, a combination of several, independently acting resistance loci is required for sustainable genetic resistance. Quite little is known about the resistance‑conferring genes within the various grapevine resistance loci. To ameliorate this situation and make stacking of resistance loci more efficient, the Rpv12 locus originating from the Asian Vitis amurensis was sequenced and characterized. The complete genome of breeding line Gf.99‑03, carrying Rpv12 in heterozygous state, was analyzed. Haplotypes were resolved by assigning the reads to one of the parents of Gf.99‑03 using trio binning. Annotation of the resulting genomic sequences was based on RNA-Seq data and predicted gene models. The haplotype carrying the Rpv12 locus, delimited by markers UDV‑014 and UDV‑370 on chromosome 14 (Venuti et al., 2013), diverges strongly from the susceptible haplotype as well as from the reference genome PN40024 12X.v2. It was found to contain two important gene clusters. One cluster includes pathogen-inducible genes similar to the gene ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (A. thaliana) likely involved in hypersensitive response upon pathogen attack. The second cluster comprises positional resistance candidate genes corresponding to typical NLRs (nucleotide binding site, leucine rich repeats), hypothesized to be involved in pathogen perception and cellular defense signalling
Effects of light quality on the growth, mineral, and functional contents of green and red amaranth
No full textAmaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) is a highly nutritious leafy vegetable, and the varieties have bright light green (green amaranth) and red (red amaranth) leaves. Light quality control is an important factor for high vegetable productivity in plant factories; however, the effects of light quality on growth, mineral compositions, and functional contents of amaranth have not been investigated. In this experiment, green and red amaranth seedlings were transplanted 28 days after sowing to a plant factory, with three LED treatments with different red/blue ratios and the presence or absence of far-red light, and cultivated for 24 days. Results showed that the growth of red amaranth was enhanced by the white and far-red light with the lowest blue light ratio, whereas the betalain and β-carotene contents in green amaranth were considerably enhanced by the middle blue light ratio. The highest iron content in both varieties was obtained under the light condition with the highest blue light ratio. Our findings suggest that amaranth yield can be increased, and their carotenoid, betalain, and mineral contents can be controlled by adjusting far-red and blue light intensities. The results of this study will help in light quality control during amaranth production in plant factories
Salt concentration and salty taste perception in Chardonnay and Shiraz wines from own roots and different rootstocks under saline irrigation
Get PDFSalty taste can adversely affect the marketability of wine. To further examine salty taste, basic compositional and sensory assessment was conducted on ‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Shiraz’ wines produced from vines irrigated with salty water with a mean electrical conductivity of 1.5 dS m-1. Vines of the cultivars on own roots and on up to five rootstocks that differed in capacity for chloride and sodium exclusion were used. The sensory attributes salty and viscosity were enhanced for the ‘Chardonnay’ wine from K51-40 rootstock with elevated chloride and sodium concentrations of 407.4 and 374.2 mg L-1, respectively, and a potassium concentration of 470.1 mg L-1, but not affected in ‘Shiraz’ wine from K51-40 with concentrations of 274.1, 130.5 and 1,110 mg L-1, respectively. The salty and viscosity attributes in the ‘Chardonnay’ wine from K51-40 were closely associated and approximately equally correlated with the concentration of chloride and sodium, with the wine also having lower acidity and a higher overall fruit aroma. The chloride concentration in wine that aligns with perception of salty taste by a trained panel may be similar between a white and red wine. Wine chloride concentration above approximately 400 mg L-1 appears linked with, and a potential indicator of, salty taste, however the specific contribution of sodium and potassium requires further study
Vitis genetic resources: current challenges, achievements and perspectives
Get PDFManagement and knowledge of Vitis genetic resources aim to help address the multiple current and future challenges facing the professional sector: i) preservation of wild and cultivated grapevine heritage, ii) clonal selection of existing cultivars, iii) creation of new cultivars by hybridisation or other technologies, iv) progress in fundamental and applied sciences on all viticultural and oenological issues. It is therefore a vast field of study and actions that deals with all taxonomic levels within the Vitis genus (subgenus, species and their hybrids, cultivars and their variants, clones), in natural and cultivated environments, on all continents, both for fruit production (wine and table grapes) and for rootstocks. To meet the many expectations, different actors should ideally coordinate the following actions: 1) research and identification of sources of genetic diversity, 2) access, collection and sampling of this diversity, 3) ex situ and/or in situ conservation, 4) characterization, 5) dissemination of plant material and related information, 6) use of genetic resources by the different applicants. Following this outline, we will try to assess the challenges and achievements over the last 5-10 years, and discuss the perspectives of this disciplinary field taking into account elements of the wine-growing, scientific, institutional and regulatory context
PHENOquad: A new multi sensor platform for field phenotyping and screening of yield relevant characteristics within grapevine breeding research
Get PDFBalanced and stable yield is a major trait in grapevine breeding and breeding research. Grapevine yield hereby is a complex quantitative trait, as it is influenced by multiple plant parameters, like berry size, number of berries per bunch, number of bunches per shoot, management, and environmental factors. In the current breeding process, the complexity of this trait has shown that a classification according to descriptive factors for marker development is only possible to a limited extent. Precise field phenotyping of yield-related traits is the basic prerequisite to be able to measure such quantitative traits. This, however, is the major bottleneck due to labor, time and constrains of plant material in the breeding process. For this reason, one of our main goals with the newly developed phenotyping platform PHENOquad with its multisensor system PHENOboxx is to improve phenotyping efficiency of grapevine yield to overcome the phenotyping bottleneck. The newly developed embedded vision system PHENOboxx is mounted on an "all-terrain vehicle (ATV)". This allows a fast data acquisition on a large number of individual vines. In order to evaluate the yield potential of breeding material in comparison to established grapevine cultivars, various yield-related parameters of the vines are quantified directly in the field with high spatial and temporal resolution. As key parameters for yield-related phenotyping, the number of shoots, bunches, berries and the weight of dormant pruning wood was identified. The image data acquired are annotated to train the artificial intelligence (AI). Within the process, the image analysis results are compared to annotated ground truth data and correlated with the field reference data. We expect to increase the precision, target specificity and throughput of screening grapevine material without reducing its accuracy over time by using the PHENOquad. In addition, a weighting of yield-relevant parameters would be possible. This opens up new possibilities for efficient plant evaluation in the scope of grapevine breeding. Also new application possibilities for precision viticulture are conceivable
Relationship between meteorological data, physical-mechanical characteristics of grapes and Botrytis bunch rot
Get PDFBotrytis bunch rot (BBR) is the economically third most important disease in cool climate viticulture. In order to avoid or delay spreading of BBR infections until the grapes reach physiological ripeness, different management strategies like early defoliation or specific fungicide applications were developed. The scope of most grapevine breeding programs is the selection of mildew fungus-resistant, climatic adapted grapevines with balanced, healthy yield and outstanding wine quality. Within the long-term breeding process, the application of marker-assisted selection (MAS) is the most efficient way for early selection of desired grapevine seedlings. Since no resistances have yet been described for BBR, grapevines shall be selected for developing fruits with physical-mechanical barriers reducing the risk for BBR infection like loose grape bunch architecture and thick, impermeable berry cuticle. In the present study first results regarding the investigation of the relationship between physical-mechanical fruit traits (bunch architecture, berry impedance and berry texture), meteorological data and the degree of BBR infection are shown. Varieties and elite breeding lines were phenotyped using high-throughput, objective sensors in 2021 and 2022, two years with contrasting growing conditions (Siebeldingen, Germany). In comparison to 2021, 2022 was characterized by a higher temperature sum D (+196°days between veraison and harvest) and huge differences in the precipitation sum (PS; -62 mm up to + 105 mm). In order to categorize BBR resistance/ susceptibility, berries from different genotypes showing high variability in their berry characteristics were sampled at maturity and were tested under controlled lab conditions for BBR susceptibility. For some varieties, it could be shown that meteorological conditions affect both, berry traits as well as infection with BBR. In addition to the environment and the training system, physical-mechanical berry traits and the mean berry diameter could be confirmed as promising phenotypic traits for the prediction of BBR resistance. In summary, the consideration of sensor-based physical-mechanical berry traits enables an improved risk prediction for BBR, which is of outstanding importance for the evaluation of breeding material and new varieties growing under different environmental conditions, as well as for phenotyping of mapping populations for QTL analyses and the development of molecular markers. As meteorological conditions were contrasting in 2021 and 2022 and varieties with high phenotypic variability were considered, additional years of investigations are recommended in order to verify the reliability of the detected relationships
Agronomic performance of 21 new disease resistant winegrape varieties grown in northeast Italy
Get PDFThe goal of the field trial was to evaluate the agronomic performance of 21 (10 red and 11 white) winegrape varieties obtained from recent breeding programmes for disease resistance developed in Hungary, Germany, and Italy. The tested red varieties were as follows: ‘Cabernet Carbon’, ‘Cabernet Eidos’, ‘Cabernet Volos’, ‘Julius’, ‘Merlot Khorus’, ‘Merlot Kanthus’, ‘Monarch’, ‘Prior’, UD. 31.103, ‘Vinera’. The tested white varieties were as follows: ‘Aromera’, ‘Bronner’, ‘Fleurtai’, ‘Johanniter’, ‘Muscaris’, ‘Souvignier Gris’, ‘Sauvignon Kretos’, ‘Sauvignon Nepis’, ‘Sauvignon Rytos’, ‘Solaris’, ‘Soreli’. ‘Merlot’ (red) and ‘Glera’ (white) were included as control. The experimental vineyard was established in Castelfranco Veneto on the plain, in 2014. Spray treatments were applied against downy and powdery mildew, by using only copper and sulphur. Grape production, grape quality, and phenology were recorded over a six-year-period, while disease resistance (downy mildew, powdery mildew, black rot and anthracnose) was detected only during a few years. The most significant findings were: a) all varieties showed a good level of downy mildew resistance, especially ‘Cabernet Carbon’, ‘Monarch’, ‘Prior’, UD 31.103, ‘Muscaris’, ‘Solaris’, ‘Souvignier Gris’, ‘Bronner’, ‘Fleurtai’, ‘Aromera’; b) no powdery mildew attacks were detected in any variety; c) ‘Monarch’, ‘Muscaris’, ‘Solaris’ and ‘Souvignier Gris’ also showed a high level of resistance towards black rot and anthracnose; d) red grape varieties had an earlier bud burst as compared to ‘Merlot’, and, concerning ripening, some varieties were earlier than ‘Merlot’, other ones were later; e) white varieties had a later bud burst but an earlier ripening time as compared to ‘Glera’; f) grape production and quality changed significantly depending on the varieties, being titratable acidity higher than 6.4 g L-1 tartaric acid and pH lower than 3.5; also the year affected in a significant way those parameters as well as the interaction between the genotype and the year. In conclusion, the tested varieties behaved positively in terms of environmental sustainability
Early detection of stored-product pest insects in grain storage and in the field in Germany
Get PDFEine erfolgreiche Früherkennung von Vorratsschädlingen beginnt schon im Freiland und stellt einen zukünftigen und wichtigen Weg des Pflanzenschutzes gegen Schadinsekten dar. Derzeit gibt es allerdings nur wenige Zahlen über das Vorkommen und die Verbreitung von vorratsschädlichen Insekten in Deutschland und über die von ihnen verursachten Schäden an pflanzlichen Nachernteprodukten. Sowohl einheimische/bereits etablierte Arten als auch neue Arten, die durch Handel und Tourismus eingeschleppt werden oder aufgrund der Erwärmung in Folge des Klimawandels auf natürliche Weise einwandern, stellen eine Bedrohung dar. Ziel dieser Pilotstudie war es, Konzepte und Methoden zur Erhebung von Daten über das Auftreten vorratsschädlicher Insekten in Deutschland zu testen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde von 2020 bis 2022 ein Monitoring auf vier landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben, davon drei Ökobetriebe, durchgeführt. Innerhalb und außerhalb der Getreideläger wurden verschiedene mit Lockstoffen versehene Fallen aufgestellt, die monatlich kontrolliert und im Labor ausgewertet wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass neben einer großen Anzahl typischer Vorratsschädlinge innerhalb der Läger (z. B. Getreideplattkäfer Oryzaephilus surinamensis oder Dörrobstmotte Plodia interpunctella), einige Insekten auch in den Fallen auf den an die Läger angrenzenden Getreideanbauflächen gefangen wurden. Darunter waren verschiedene Mottenarten und der Getreidekapuziner Rhyzopertha dominica. Die hier gewonnenen Erkenntnisse bilden die Grundlage für das im Rahmen des Klimaschutz-Sofortprogramms 2022 vom Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL) finanzierte und im November 2022 gestartete dreijährige Forschungsvorhaben AVoiD (Abwehr von Vorratsschädlingen in Deutschland). Dabei werden die hier publizierten Erfahrungen in einem entsprechenden Monitoring von Vorratsschädlingen an bundesweit verteilten Standorten umgesetzt.A successful early detection of storage pests already begins in the field and represents a future and important way of plant protection against insect pests. Currently, however, there are few data on the occurrence and distribution of stored-product pest insects in Germany and on the damage they cause to postharvest plant products. Not only established, but also species newly introduced by trade and tourism or expanding naturally due to warming in the course of climate change pose a threat. The objective of this pilot study was to test concepts and methods for collecting data on the incidence of stored-product pests. To this end, a monitoring was carried out from 2020-22 on four farms, three of which were organic. Various semiochemical-baited traps were set up inside and outside grain stores, which were checked monthly and evaluated in the laboratory. The results show that in addition to a large number of pest species inside storages (e.g. sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis or Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella), some insects, including different moth species and the lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica, were caught in traps outside, near the adjacent grain fields. The findings obtained here form the basis for the three-year research project AVoiD (Abwehr von Vorratsschädlingen in Deutschland – preventing stored product pests in Germany), which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) as part of the German Climate Protection Programme 2022 and started in November 2022. In this project, among other things, locations throughout Germany will be sampled and the knowledge published here implemented