7850 research outputs found
Sort by
Development of a selective testing method to pesticide aerosols for characterization and comparison of agricultural tractor cabs classified according to EN 15695-1
Get PDFZur expositionsmindernden Wirkung von verschiedenen Schlepperkabinen nach EN 15695-1 liegen derzeit nur vorläufige Ergebnisse aus Tastversuchen vor. In wissenschaftlicher Hinsicht belastbare Daten sind nicht verfügbar. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wurde ein Projekt durch das Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL) und durch die Sozialversicherung für Landwirtschaft, Forsten und Gartenbau (SVLFG) – unter der Beteiligung des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung (BfR) – initiiert. Aufgrund der Expertise und der vorhandenen technischen Einrichtungen (Maschinen und Labore) wurden die entsprechenden Untersuchungen durch das Institut für Anwendungstechnik im Pflanzenschutz am Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Bundesforschungsanstalt für Kulturpflanzen, durchgeführt. Im Rahmen des Projektes sollten Daten erhoben werden, welche eine fundierte Überprüfung der Managemententscheidung zur Schutzwirkung der genannten Kabinen nach EN 15695-1 ermöglichen. Der Artikel beschreibt die für die Datengenerierung entwickelte Methodik.Only preliminary results from tactile tests are currently available on the exposure-reducing effect of different tractor cabs according to EN 15695-1. Scientifically reliable data are not available. To close this gap, a project was initiated by the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) and by the Social Insurance for Agriculture, Forestry and Horticulture (SVLFG) – with the participation of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Due to the expertise and the available technical facilities (machinery and laboratories), corresponding tests were carried out by the Institute for Application Techniques in Plant Protection at the Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants. As part of the project, data was collected to enable a well-founded review of the management decision on the protective effect of the different type of cabins mentioned in EN 15695-1. The current paper gives an overview about the methodology developed for gathering the data
Postharvest performance of 17 apple accessions grown in NE Spain after long-term cold storage
Get PDFIn this work, 17 accessions from the Apple Germplasm Bank of the EEAD-CSIC were harvested and stored in a cold room for six months, at low temperature (1-1.5 °C) and controlled relative humidity (85-90%). The objective of this study was to evaluate differences among accessions at biochemical level between harvest and after long-term cold storage, defining their suitability for storage. Basic fruit quality parameters and antioxidant compounds were evaluated, and individual sugars and major organic acids were determined. A PCA was carried out explaining 70% of the total variability. ‘Evasni’ presented the best performance in postharvest after cold storage. The concentrations of organic acids and phenolic compounds, in general, decreased after long-term conservation. Triploid accessions with presence of russeting highlighted for their higher content in bioactive compounds even after cold storage. Nevertheless, the russeting seemed to be related to cell damages and increased chilling injuries such as browning or dehydration. Spanish accessions ‘Reneta’ and ‘Solafuente’ and other non-Spanish bred cultivars showed their suitability for conservation with no chilling injuries after long-term cold storage. The present work highlighted the interest of native accessions and non-Spanish cultivars to be considered in future breeding programs thanks to their best marketability and consumer accept-abilit
Studies on the botanical origin and the residues of pesticides in corbicular pollen loads and bee bread of bee colonies in the proximity of apple orchards in South Tyrol
Get PDFBlütenpollen stellt die Hauptproteinquelle von Honigbienenvölkern dar. Sie sammeln ihn von verschiedenen Pflanzen, abhängig von der Umgebung (z. B. wild-wachsende oder in Hausgärten vorzufindende Pflanzen sowie landwirtschaftliche Kulturen) und der Jahreszeit. In landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen können Honigbienen eine besondere Rolle einnehmen, vor allem z. B. bei Kernobst, wo die entomophage Bestäubung eine wichtige Rolle spielt. In intensiv bewirtschafteten Kulturen sind Bienen und andere Bestäuber oft Pflanzenschutzmitteln ausgesetzt. Verschiedene Studien haben die Exposition über Pollenhöschen und Bienenbrot untersucht und einige hatten dabei zuletzt auch die botanische Zusammensetzung der Pollenhöschen bestimmt. Wir versuchten im Rahmen dieser Studie die sich im Bienenbrot ansammelnden Rückstände von bienengefährlichen Pflanzenschutzmitteln von März bis Oktober zu bestimmen und gleichzeitig die Dynamik der eingetragenen Rückstände über Pollenhöschen von März bis Juni zu erfassen. Einige der Proben von Pollenhöschen wurden auch palynologisch bestimmt.Im Zeitraum von März bis Juni 2016–2020 wurden an drei verschiedenen Standorten in Südtirol Pollenhöschen mithilfe von 2 Bienenvölkern je Standort gesammelt. Zusätzlich wurden ab Kalenderwoche 11 im März alle drei Wochen Bienenbrot-Proben von Völkern, welche neben den Pollenhöschen sammelnden Völkern standen, gezogen. Insgesamt konnten an 185 Proben von Pollenhöschen und 250 Proben aus Bienenbrot Rückstandsuntersuchungen durchgeführt werden. Dabei wurden in 84,3 % der Pollenhöschen und 76,4 % der Bienenbrot-Proben Rückstände von bienengefährlichen Pflanzenschutzmitteln festgestellt.Pollen is the primary source of protein for honeybee colonies. Foragers collect pollen from different plants depending on the availability of the surrounding environment, which varies seasonally in wild and urban areas or agricultural landscapes. In agricultural systems, honeybees can play a particular role as pollinators, especially where entomophagous pollination is important, such as in pome fruits. In intensively managed agricultural systems, honeybees and other pollinators are often exposed to pesticides. The exposure to pesticides via corbicular pollen load or bee bread has been analysed in several studies; previously, some studies also included the analysis of the botanical origin of the chemically analysed corbicular pollen load samples. In this study, we tried to focus on the accumulation of pesticide quantities in bee bread portions in the hives from March to October and simultaneously the dynamics behind the incoming pesticide residues on the daily collected corbicular pollen load samples from March to June. In addition, palynological analyses were performed on some corbicular pollen loads.From 2016 to 2020, we collected corbicular pollen loads from two honeybee colonies from March to June in three different apiaries in South Tyrol. Every three weeks, starting with calendar week 11 in March, we took bee bread samples from other colonies in the same apiary, next to those which were used for corbicular pollen load collection. We performed chemical residue analyses on 154 corbicular pollen load and 217 bee bread samples. In 84.3% of the corbicular pollen load samples and in 76.4% of bee bread samples, we found contamination with pesticide active substances (PAS) used in plant protection products harmful to bees (according to the Italian etiquette). On 152 samples of the corbicular pollen loads, we also performed palynological analyses to determine the botanical origin of the pollen samples. In the case of some samples, even if most of them belonged to species not grown in agricultural fields, the quantity of active substances harmful to bees detected on them was higher than 1 mg/kg, as in the case of chlorpyrifos-methyl. On the example of chlorpyrifos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-ethyl (the latter was used only until 2016 and was then mostly replaced by chlorpyrifos-methyl for the period 2017-2020), it was possible to show in which amounts these active substances were present in corbicular pollen loads and bee bread samples of colonies placed near apple orchards in South Tyrol over a period of five years
A rapid method to monitor parasitoid infestations in Drosophila suzukii populations
Get PDFParasitoide Wespen tragen zur Kontrolle von Insektenpopulationen bei und sind daher ein wichtiger Baustein zur biologischen Bekämpfung invasiver Schädlinge. Während der Ausbreitung von invasiven Schädlingen in neue Gebiete folgen ihnen häufig Parasitoide aus ihren Heimatregionen nach. Die Überwachung der einheimischen und der adventiven Parasitoidpopulationen und die Auswertung ihres Erfolgs bei der Reduzierung von Schädlingspopulationen im Freiland ist aufwändig, und beruht meist auf langwierigen Parasitierungs- und Schlupfversuchen. Wir haben eine schnelle und kostengünstige Methode zum Nachweis von Parasitoiden bei der invasiven Kirschessigfliege, Drosophila suzukii, entwickelt. Sie basiert auf dem Amplifizieren der Hymenoptera-spezifischen 28S rRNA Sequenz von DNA oder RNA aus Fliegenpuppen, welche den Nachweis von Parasitoiden bis auf Artniveau ermöglicht.Parasitoid wasps are efficient natural enemies of other insects. They are in focus as an important biological pest management element to control invasive pest species. While spreading into new areas these invasive pests are often followed by their natural parasitoids from their home regions. The monitoring of native and adventive parasitoids, and their success in controlling the pest populations in the field, is cumbersome and relies mainly on hatching experiments. Here, we present a rapid method to detect parasitoid infestations in the invasive agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii. We specifically amplified a hymenopteran 28S rRNA sequence from DNA or RNA extracted from fly pupae. This allowed the determination of parasitoid infestations at the species level
Urban agriculture as cultural heritage
Get PDFDer Beitrag verdeutlich, dass urbane Agrikultur kein modernes Phänomen ist, sondern in bestimmten Formen auf mitunter lange Traditionen zurückblicken kann. Urbane Agrikultur kann daher als kulturelles Erbe angesprochen und entwickelt werden. Diesen Ansatz greifen vereinzelt supranationale Institutionen wie UNESCO und FAO auf, deren Erbe-Formate erläutert und kritisch beurteilt werden. Zudem wird verdeutlicht, wie lokale Initiativen urbane Agrikultur als kulturelles Erbe aufgreifen, um Städte nachhaltig zu entwickeln.The article makes clear that urban agriculture is not a modern phenomenon, but in certain forms can look back on sometimes long traditions. Urban agriculture can therefore be addressed and developed as cultural heritage. This approach is occasionally taken up by supranational institutions such as UNESCO and FAO, whose heritage formats are explained and critically assessed. In addition, it is illustrated how local initiatives take up urban agriculture as cultural heritage in order to support a sustainable development
Neglected cultivars for the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region (East Georgia): ampelography, phenology, and agro-climatology
Get PDFGeorgia is an important source of grapevine intra-specific variability for viticulture. This biodiversity can be a suitable tool to face the challenge of climate change. Nevertheless, it is important to take into account the interaction between the interest genotype and the local environment, whose climate is changing due to global heating. In this work, we put in relation the phenotypic behavior of some neglected Georgian cultivars (‘Tabidziseuli’, ‘Daisi’, ‘Qvelouri’, ‘Bazaleturi Colikouri’) from the Mtskheta-Mtianeti Georgian region to the agro-climatology of the region itself. The phenological phases and the vegetation length of these four grape varieties were described, as well as their principal ampelographic characters. The impact of global heating on the agro-climatology of the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region has also been established, by comparing the sum of active temperatures (>10°C) of multi-years (1948-2017) with those calculated for the future scenario (2020-2050, temperature increase by 2°C). Based on this comparison, three agro-climatic zones have been confirmed within the region: dry subtropical, mountain and high mountain. The scenario of temperature increase by 2°C in the next three decades will cause the sum of active temperatures to reach 3900-4000°C in the dry subtropical zone, 3400-3500°C in the mountain zone and 1900-2000°C in the high mountain zone. Considering the vegetation length of the cultivars analyzed, it can be expected a shift of the most suitable sites for viticulture from the dry subtropical zone to the mountain area. High mountain seems not to be suitable for the cultivation of the studied cultivars. Given this environmental variability within the region, the increase in temperature will not suppress viticulture in Mtskheta-Mtianeti, if the real temperature does not exceed the level predicted by scenario
Highly efficient system for the micropropagation and acclimatization of pineapple in vitro plants (Ananas comosus L. Merr, var. MD2)
Get PDFThe low acclimatization efficiency of pineapple seedlings obtained by in vitro culture has been one of the main limitations to massively scale micropropagation protocols. Various factors may be affecting the successful establishment of in vitro plants to ex vitro conditions, related to the plant and/or the environment and the management of seedlings. The objective of this study was to establish an efficient micropropagation and acclimatization system for the MD2 variety, with a high in vitro multiplication rate and a high greenhouse and field survival of pineapple in vitro plants. In the multiplication phase, the axillary buds were isolated and placed on a semisolid medium and three induction treatments with different concentrations of BAP (1.0, 3.0, 5.0 mg/L) and ANA (2.0 mg/L), were evaluated. After the third subculture, multiple shoots were transferred to a temporary immersion system (BIOMINT). During acclimatization and nursery phases, six treatments with different substrate compositions wereevaluated. The induction treatment IT3 (BAP 5.0 mg/L and ANA 2.0 mg/L) was selected for a significantly high multiplication rate. AT4 treatment (Soil + Coconut fiber + perlite 1:1:1) showed the highest survival rate (95%) and allowed the obtaining of well-developed plants. This system constitutes a valuable technology to introduce in vitro plants to the pineapple production scheme on a commercial scale
Grapevine genetic resources of Armenia: molecular fingerprinting and phylogenetic relationship among wild and cultivated grapevine
Get PDFArmenia is characterized by a high diversity of cultivated (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. Vinifera) and wild (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris) grapes. The country has played a leading role in the centuries-lasting history of grapevine cultivation in the Near East. Varying climatic conditions and the existence of wild grapes lead to the formation and promotion of viticulture and winemaking, as evidenced by nearly 450 autochthonous varieties. Hundreds of unique indigenous cultivars are still preserved in old vineyards and abandoned gardens, though most of them are threatened by extinction. Wild grapes, thriving along riverbanks, climbing the rocks and embracing the trees can be found in Vayots Dzor, Tavush, Syunik provinces and in Artsakh. With the main goal to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among Armenian wild grapes and indigenous cultivars, and evaluating the possible contribution of wild grapes to the genetic makeup of indigenous cultivars, we analyzed 79 unique cultivars and 111 putative wild plants, collected from different viticulture regions, with 24 nSSR markers. The genetic diversity analysis conducted for wild grapes and indigenous cultivars unfolded the allelic richness of wild and cultivated gene pools and surprisingly for us revealed the absence of significant differences for all genetic parameters between the two subspecies. Moreover, the results registered for the number of different alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), and Shannon’s information index (I) have shown comparatively high values for wild grapes, while the observed negative value of Fixation index (F) for indigenous cultivars mirrored an abundance of heterozygote genotypes presuming random mating. The neighbour-joining (NJ) cluster analysis indicated a clear separation between the two subspecies vinifera and sylvestris and formed two main clusters. Applied non-hierarchical horizontal clustering using Structure software assigned the 190 genotypes into two clusters. The delta K criterion (ΔK) suggested K = 2 as the optimal uppermost hierarchical level of structure. Obtained results were comparable with the NJ cluster analysis and confirmed the divergence of sylvestris from vinifera, indicating a clear separation between the two subspecies. Meanwhile, results highlighted the role of gene flow between wild grapes and cultivars through observed overlaps and admixed ancestry values. Grapevine genetic resources of Armenia can contribute to overcoming biotic and abiotic stresses and better adaptation to climate change
Two main distinct evolutionary stories describe the Italian grapevine assortment
Get PDFA dataset of high-quality 7k SNP profiles of 1,038 unique Eurasian grapevine varieties was used to infer the most likely grapevine migration events, a spatial ancestry estimation, and a model about the origin of Eurasian grapevine germplasm. The comparison of putative gene flow scenarios from Caucasus throughout Europe aided to fit the more reliable spreading routes around the Mediterranean Basin. The same dataset was also used to assess the population genetic diversity, structure, and relatedness of Italian varieties. These data suggested a different history between Northern and Southern Italian grapevines, appearing clearly split into two different clusters. Interestingly, the Italian genotypes were shown to be distinguishable from all the other Eurasian populations for the first time. The same SNP panel was used to determine parental relationships, identifying the main parents of traditional Italian and closely related cultivars. The parentage network suggested that Italian germplasm largely originated from a few key parents distributed into several geographical areas of genetic influence, with more or less large overlaps. These key cultivars are ‘Bombino bianco’, ‘Garganega’/‘Grecanico’, ‘Mantonico bianco’, ‘Orsolina’/‘Coccalona nera’, ‘Muscat à petits grains blanc’, ‘Malvasia odorosissima’, ‘Sangiovese’, ‘Sciaccarello’, ‘Visparola’ and ‘Vulpea’. The pedigree reconstruction by fullsib and second-degree relationships highlighted the pivotal role of some cultivars, such as ‘Visparola’, until now scarcely known. A hypothetic migration of this variety from Southern to Northern Italy along the Eastern side, as well as ‘Sangiovese’ migration from Southern to Central Italy along the Western side might be supposed. Moreover, ‘Muscat à petits grains blanc’, mainly through its offspring ‘Malvasia odorosissima’, furnished a consistent contribution to the development of many aromatic grapes grown in the Northern-Western part of the Italian Peninsula. These results represent the most complete study of grapevine Italian population genetics that has been carried out until now on the Italian germplasm
Dissecting foliar physiology and chemical properties with integrated highthroughput phenotyping and molecular markers in grape improvement
Get PDFAn advanced phenotyping protocol using a hyperspectral spectrometer to better understand foliar chemical composition and physiological processes in relation to grapevine yield, quality, biotic and abiotic resistance was initiated with in-house and public spectral resources. The initial result for foliar pigments calibration was promising for classification and measurements to support breeding. We demonstrated the potential of adapting public spectral resources in supporting modern phenotyping in programs with limited resources and when combined with our current effort in deploying marker-assisted selection, the dual innovations provide new information to fast-tracking grapevine research and trait improvement