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Experiences with electrophysical desiccation in early potatoes from Rhineland-Palatinate
Get PDFDie elektrophysikalische Sikkation bei Frühkartoffeln wurde als mögliche nicht-chemische Option zur Reduktion des Herbizideinsatzes untersucht. An drei Standorten in Rheinland-Pfalz wurden in drei Versuchsjahren (2020–2022) das XPower-Gerät (Zasso®) mit zwei Fahrgeschwindigkeiten und in Kombinationen mit chemischen und nicht-chemischen Verfahren der Kartoffelsikkation geprüft. Zudem wurden die Auswirkungen von N-Düngung- und Bewässerung auf die Wirkung der elektrophysikalischen Sikkation untersucht. Bei der Geschwindigkeit von 3 km h-1 trat ein höherer Grad an Blatt- und Stängelnekrosen auf, während die Blatt- und Stängelnekrosen bei 6 km h-1 dem Niveau bei der chemischen Sikkation glichen. Die Knollen waren in 14 Tage nach der Sikkation schalenfest. Die häufiger, aber noch für die Vermarktung in vertretbarem Anteil, auftretenden Nabelendnekrosen in den elektrophysikalischen Varianten konnten durch erhöhte Fahrgeschwindigkeit und einer Bewässerung vor der Sikkation signifikant reduziert werden.Electrophysical desiccation of early potatoes was tested as a non-chemical tool to reduce herbicide use. Therefore, the XPower device (Zasso®) was tested at three sites (Rhineland-Palatinate) in three trial years (2020–2022) with two driving speeds and in combinations with chemical and non-chemical desiccation tools. In addition, the role of N-fertilization and irrigation on the efficacy of electrophysical desiccation was analyzed. At 3 km h-1 driving speed, a higher level of leaf and stem necrosis was obtained compared to 6 km h-1 driving speed. The level of leaf and stem necrosis was comparable to chemical desiccation. The peel of the tubers was hardened in all desiccation treatments 14 days after desiccation. The occurrence of heel end necrosis in the electrophysical treatment was significantly reduced by increasing the driving speed and irrigation prior to desiccation
Moving towards grapevine genotypes better adapted to abiotic constraints
Get PDFVitis spp., both in their cultivated and wild forms, have been growing in a large diversity of environments for thousands of years. As a result, they have developed many adaptive mechanisms controlled by a range of regulatory processes. The cultivated species, Vitis vinifera, is quite well adapted to semi-arid conditions and its cultivation can be used to produce crops on marginal lands. However, this is threatened by climate change, which is associated with increased temperature and CO2 atmospheric content, changes in water availability and an increased likelihood of extreme events, such as heat waves and early spring frosts. Indirect effects of climate change on solar radiation and soil minerals are also expected. Consequently, cultivated grapevines will presumably face more abiotic constraints occurring concomitantly or successively over one or more growing cycles. In addition to climate change, worldwide viticulture must reduce the use of pesticides. Adapting to climate change and reducing pesticide use are challenging, and increase the need to create new grapevine varieties that are more resistant to diseases and better adapted to abiotic constraints. For this purpose, the adaptive mechanisms of wild and cultivated Vitis spp. must be exploited. While major advances have already been made in exploiting wild alleles for disease resistance, the polygenic nature of adaptation to abiotic factors has slowed down research progress. To tackle this limitation, ambitious integrative strategies need to be undertaken from collection and characterization of genetic resources, investigations on genetic architecture and identification of underlying genes (including those involved in epigenetic regulation), to the implementation of new breeding technologies and the development of genomic selection. An update on the state-of-the-art regarding these aspects is presented
Basic drift values in the authorisation procedure for biocidal products (PT 18)
Get PDFBiozidprodukte sind sehr vielfältig. Daher werden Biozidprodukte in 4 Hauptgruppen und 22 Produkttypen unterteilt. Der Produkttyp 18 umfasst Produkte zur Bekämpfung von Insekten, Akarizide und Mittel gegen andere Arthropoden. Eine Überschneidung der Produkte zum Pflanzenschutz liegt vor, jedoch unterliegen Biozide einer eigenen Verordnung, der Biozidverordnung. Zudem ist im Gegensatz zum Pflanzenschutz nicht bekannt, wie und wo die Biozidprodukte angewendet werden, welchen Umwelteinfluss diese Produkte ausüben und welche Maßnahmen zur Minimierung des Umwelteintrages vorgenommen werden können. Es liegen somit keine wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zur Risikobewertung von Biozidprodukten vor. Im Auftrag vom Umweltbundesamt führte das JKI großangelegte Messungen zur Abdrift an verschiedenen Anwendungsbereichen, wie Einzelbaum, Allee und Waldrand, und mit verschiedenen Geräten, wie Sprühkanone, Hubschrauber und UAV, zur Bekämpfung des Eichenprozessionsspinners durch. Heraus kam eine Liste von empfohlenen Abdrifteckwerten für drei Anwendungsbereichen in Kombination mit fünf Geräten. Anfang 2022 wurden diese Abdrifteckwerte von den Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Kommission anerkannt und werden in Zukunft in die Risikobewertung von Biozidprodukten für die Bekämpfung des Eichenprozessionsspinners einfließen.Biocidal products are very diverse. Therefore, biocidal products are divided into 4 main groups and 22 product types. Product type 18 includes products for the control of insects, acaricides and agents against other arthropods. There is an overlap of products for plant protection, but biocides are subject to their own regulation, the Biocidal Products Regulation. In addition, in contrast to plant protection, it is not known how and where the biocidal products are used, what environmental impact these products have and what measures can be taken to minimise the environmental impact. Thus, there is no scientific knowledge available for the risk assessment of biocidal products. On behalf of the Federal Environment Agency, the JKI carried out large-scale measurements of drift at various application areas, such as solitary tree, avenue and forest edge, and with various devices, such as cannon sprayer, helicopter and UAV, for the control of the oak processionary moth. The result was a list of recommended basic drift values for three application areas in combination with five devices. At the beginning of 2022, these basic drift values were recognised by the member states of the European Commission and will in future be included in the risk assessment of biocidal products for the control of the oak processionary moth
The The use of GFV and GSR temperature-based models in emerging wine regions to help decision-making regarding choices in grape varieties and wine styles. Application to Brittany (France)
Get PDFViticulture and wine production are facing climate change. While it can be a challenge in some regions, it is an opportunity for others. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology to assess climatic characteristics and potential for viticulture of new areas, through spatial analyses of data from temperature-based grapevine models (the Grapevine Flowering Veraison model -GFV and the Grapevine Sugar Ripeness model -GSR) during current and future periods. A deadline for veraison was set on the 1st of September for dry wine and on the 15th of September for sparkling wine. Different sugar levels were targeted for the production of different wine styles (170 g·L-1 for sparkling wine, 190 g·L-1 and 200 g·L-1 dry white and red wines, respectively) on the 15th of October. The methodology was applied over the region of Brittany (France) to assess the potential to produce different wine styles from 6 grapevine varieties (‘Sauvignon blanc’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Chenin’, ‘Pinot noir’, ‘Cabernet franc’ and ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’). Observed data from the Météo-France weather stations network and an 8-km gridded climate model data from the 2014 EUROCORDEX simulation set (CNRM-CM5/RCA4 climate model) were used over the past (1950-2020) and future periods (2031-2060 and 2071-2100) under two GHG emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5). Climatic conditions of this region seem to be increasingly suitable in the future depending on climate scenario, time period projections and targeted types of wine. The methodology can be applied to any emerging winegrowing region with the ability to adjust variety choices, time lines and sugar levels thresholds as desired to meet the needs of a specific region
New findings and actions in the recovery of old Mediterranean grapevine varieties
Get PDFIn this work, we report new findings related to the recovery of grapevine diversity in the Comunitat Valenciana (Eastern Spain): accessions of old varieties at risk of disappearance, new genotypes, synonymies, homonymies, and some foreign old varieties. In addition, the in vitro establishment of some rescued varieties has been carried out as a complement to ex-situ conservation, as well as to provide material for biotechnological applications
Nitrate control and quality in hydroponic lettuce by using cow dung extract and nutrient solution
Get PDFHydroponically grown lettuce poses a high nitrate risk, raising concern about its quality. Therefore, this work was employedto determine the accumulation of nitrate in lettuce leaf and the phytochemical properties of hydroponic lettuce. Treatmentsconsidered as four different levels of aerated cow dung extracts (CD), viz., CD1 = 50 g.L-1, CD2 =100 g.L-1, CD3 =150 g.L-1 and CD4 =200 g.L-1 and four strengths of standard nutrient solution (S), viz, S1 = 30% of standard nutrient solution, S2 = 40% of standard nutrient solution, S3 = 50% of standard nutrient solution and S4 = 60% of standard nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out in a deep flow technique in semigreenhouse. In the case of cow dung extract, the highest total fresh weight (112.05 g/plant) was recorded from CD3 while the lowest in CD1 and for nutrient solution, the highest fresh weight (116.0 g/plant) was recorded from S4 while the lowest in S1. In the event of, nitrate and ascorbic acid content were statistically higher in CD4 followed by CD3 and the lowest in CD1. In case of nutrient solution, the nitrate content was highest in S4 and the lowest in S1. The highest fresh weight and almost all the parameters were found to be the best in CD3S4 and the lowest in CD1S1. Therefore, the analysis showed that CD3S4 would be the most preferable treatment combination for producing quality lettuce with the lower content of nitrate
A method for acoustic storage pest detection and its challenges
Get PDFInsekten im Getreide sind ein Problem, nicht nur, weil sie das Getreide fressen, sondern weil sie durch Massenvermehrung mit ihrem Stoffwechsel dazu führen, dass Wärme und Feuchte und damit ein guter Lebensraum für Schimmel entsteht, der das Getreide unbrauchbar macht. So droht die Kontamination mit Mykotoxinen. Daher ist es wichtig, Insektenbefall frühzeitig zu erkennen und zu bekämpfen. Mit dem "Beetle Sound Tube" wurde ein System zur akustischen Früherkennung von Insekten in Getreide entwickelt, mit dem es möglich ist auch sehr geringen Insektenbefall akustisch zu erfassen und den Lagerhalter per E-Mail zu benachrichtigen. Das System befindet sich während der Lagerperiode dauerhaft im Getreide und überwacht das Getreide auf Insektengeräusche. Während der Entwicklung dieses akustischen Monitoringsystems ergaben sich unterschiedliche Herausforderungen bei der Analyse der sehr leisen Insektengeräusche in einer Umgebung mit vielfältigen Hintergrundgeräuschen. Auch anfallendes Datenvolumen und Analysegeschwindigkeit mussten optimiert werden, um Befall „just-in-time“ erfassen zu können. Das Akustik-Röhrensystem wurde für Silos, Flachläger und big bags entwickelt und ist damit für viele Lagerformen geeignet.Insects in grain can cause serious problems, not only because they feed on the grains. Mass reproduction also causes additional moisture and heat due to the insects\u27 metabolism. This leads to favourable conditions for moulds, which can cause major losses and the formation of mycotoxins. It is therefore important to detect and treat an infestation at an early stage. The "Beetle Sound Tube" system was developed as an acoustic early detection system for insects in grain, which makes it possible to detect even very low levels of infestation and inform the storekeeper by e-mail. The acoustic system remains in the grain during the storage period, and permanently records insect sounds. Challenges were encountered in the development of this acoustic monitoring system, such as analysing very quiet insect sounds in a noisy agricultural environment. In addition, the amount of data collected and the speed of analysis had to be optimised to achieve just-in-time detection of insects. The acoustic tube system was developed for silos, flat stores and big bags and is therefore widely applicable