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Interaction between selenium and sulfur promotes alteration in the internal quality traits in green and red lettuce
Get PDFThe interaction between selenium (Se) and sulfur (S) was investigated in green and red lettuce grown in a hydroponic system contain-ing a basal mineral complement at contrasting levels of Se and S. The experiment aimed to evaluate the impact of Se and S supplementation on the quality traits of the lettuce, including soluble sugars, organic acids, total protein and nitrate (NO3−) to result in better lettuce yield with improving quality. The Se and S concentrations determined in the lettuce leaves showed complex dependence on the various levels of selenate (SeO42−) and sulfate (SO42−) supplied via the foliar application and the nutrient solution, respectively.
The foliar application of Se resulted in a synergistic interaction between both elements. With elevated Se and S (Se2/S2), Se accumulation was enhanced drastically in red lettuce, and in green lettuce, the S concentration increased significantly. Regarding carbohydrate accumulation, including water-soluble sugars, a lower Se dose under adequate S conditions enhanced glucose levels significantly by 3.2 and 2.1-fold in green and red lettuce, respectively. A synergistic interaction between Se and S was found following higher Se and S treatment (Se2/S2), resulting in a significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in glucose and fructose concentrations. However, higher S strikingly increased the accumulation of the reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) by 5.3 and 3.0-fold for glucose and 3.7 and 5.6-fold for fructose in green and red lettuce, respectively. Meanwhile, sucrose increased by 2.0-fold in red lettuce and remained unaltered in green lettuce. A low nitrate level (NO3−) was maintained in response to adequate or elevated S and Se levels. Se levels (Se1 and Se2) did not affect total protein concentration under contrasting sulfate/selenate. However, potential effects in terms of protein accumulation were associated with an adequate or increased S concentration. The data suggest that lower Se and sufficient S doses significantly increase glucose levels in both pigmented lettuce cultivars. Additionally, the synergistic interaction between Se and S could benefit the final nutritional value and quality of lettuce, especially for nitrate, where Se and S enrichment can ensure low nitrate levels
Do we need to consider grape phyllosphere microbiome in breeding schemes?
Get PDFThe aerial surface of the plant (phyllosphere) is the habitat of complex microbial communities. These communities may have profound effects on host plant health and its performance traits. When breeding new cultivars, i.e. the aerial component of a grape plant, one can simply ignore the phyllosphere in breeding schemes if its composition is mainly dependent on the environment. It is considered an important component if the genotype is the main driver of the phyllosphere composition. In order to answer this question, we have analysed several factors influencing the structure of the phyllosphere microbial community. Using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), we explored the microbial diversity at genus level for both bacteria and fungi present in the phyllosphere of leaves and grape berries. We analysed it on different grape taxonomic level (between five Vitis species or a set of Vitis vinifera cultivars chosen to represent the three genetic pools of the species), for different years and on five commercially important varieties of Vitis vinifera that were sampled from three different French terroirs. Our results indicated the presence of complex microbial diversity and assemblages in the phyllosphere. A significant effect of several factors (organ, grape species, growing year and terroir) on taxa abundance was observed with varying degrees of effect. At a given location, genotypes have an impact on microbial assemblage in the phyllosphere of leaf and berries, most pronounced on fruits but the effect of terroir was much stronger than the cultivar identity when the leaf phyllosphere of five grapevine varieties grown in different agro-climatic zones was compared. Limitations of the study as well as implied consequences of this work will be discussed
Complete chloroplast genome sequencing of Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris – wild ancestors of cultivated grapevines
Get PDFWild grapevine – Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris – ancestors of cultivated grapevines are the main players in understanding the molecular bases of the grapevine domestication process. The goal of the presented research was to assess the genetic diversity of wild grapevine samples from several regions encompassing Europe (Spain, France, Germany, Hungary, Greece), the Mediterranean basin (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco), and South Caucasus (Georgia), using a complete chloroplast DNA sequencing. The results suggest the existence of three different chloroplast DNA haplotypes, reflecting the geographical distribution of the analyzed samples. This study represents the first report focused on analysis of a wide range of wild grapevine samples (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris), applying next-generation technologies, and tracing the grapevine ancestry
Chemical profiles and biological activities of acetone extracts of nine Annonaceae plants
Get PDFThis study investigated the chemical components and bioactivities of acetone leaf extracts of nine Annonaceae plants collected in the Binh Chau-Phuoc Buu Nature Reserve, Vietnam. A total of 182 constituents were identified, with linolenic acid, diaeudesmin, germacrene D, 1-octadecenoic acid, 8-(3-octyl-2-oxiranyl)-1-octanol, oleic acid, and phenylmethyl ester being the major compounds. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated using a disc diffusion assay. Eight of the nine extracts, except for the Mitrephora thorelii extract, showed an inhibition effect against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined using DPPH assay, and the cytotoxic activity was deter mined using SRB assay. The results showed that the acetone extracts of Artabotrys hexapetalus, Uvularia grandiflora, Polyalthia luensis, Xylopia pierrei, Sphaerocoryne affinis, Desmos cochinchinensis, Uvaria littoralis, Mitrephora thorelii, and Goniothalamus touranensis had significant activity with IC50 for the DPPH radical scavenging activity ranging from 18.56 to 702.33 μg/mL, and the IC50 for the cytotoxic effects ranged from 5.39 to 251.77 μg/mL. Overall, the results obtained provide experimental evidence for the potential use of these plants in medicine and other related fields
Lecanosticta acicola (Ascomycota) causing brown spot needle blight on Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) in Germany
Get PDFDer Pilz Lecanosticta acicola (Thüm.) Sydow verursacht die Nadelbräune an Bäumen aus der Gattung Pinus und Cedrus. An Kiefern ist er in Deutschland bereits seit 1994 bekannt. Hier wird über seinen ersten Nachweis an Atlas-Zeder in Deutschland berichtet.The fungus Lecanosticta acicola (Thüm.) Sydow causes needle blight on trees of the genera Pinus and Cedrus. On pines, it has been known in Germany since 1994. Here, its first detection on Atlas cedar in Germany is reported
Diagnosing potato wart disease – reliable identification and assessment of resting spores of Synchytrium endobioticum
Get PDFDie Dauersporangien des Kartoffelkrebserregers, Synchytrium endobioticum, stellen aufgrund ihrer Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber chemischer Behandlungen eine besondere Gefährdung in Form von Langzeitkontamination von Resterden und Ackerflächen dar. Sie weisen ein breites Spektrum an Erscheinungsformen mit spezifischen Charakteristika auf und sind deshalb eine besondere Herausforderung bei der sicheren Diagnose von Kartoffelkrebs. Neben der Bewertung als Synchytrium endobioticum stellt die Beurteilung der Vitalität des einzelnen Sporangiums auf Basis mikroskopischer Untersuchungen eine Herausforderung dar. Die Referenzbildsammlung soll eine Entscheidungshilfe und Schulungsmaterial für die Diagnoselabore bieten. Exemplarisch werden Sporangienbilder verschiedener Kategorien bewertet und Besonderheiten hervorgehoben. Die Referenzbildsammlung ist auf der Homepage des Nationalen Referenzlaboratoriums des Julius Kühn-Instituts für registrierte Nutzer abrufbar.Due to their resistance to chemical treatments, the resting spores of Synchytrium endobioticum the causal agent of potato wart disease pose a particular threat in the form of long-term contamination of residual soil and arable land. They show a wide spectrum of characteristic morphological phenotypes and are therefore a particular challenge in the reliable diagnosis of potato wart. In addition to addressing them as Synchytrium endobioticum, assessing the viability of the resting spore based on microscopic examination is challenging. The reference image collection is intended to provide decision support and training material for diagnostic laboratories. Exemplary images of resting spores/sporangium of different categories are evaluated and special characteristics are highlighted. The reference image collection is available on the homepage of the National Reference Laboratory of the Julius Kühn Institute for registered users
Effect of intercrop cultivation in maize stands on arthropods biomasses and diversity
Get PDFIn einem Feldversuch wurden acker- und pflanzenbauliche Effekte von sechs Zwischenfruchtmischungen sowie der Kontrolle ohne Zwischenfrucht im Maisanbau untersucht. Ebenfalls wurde die Arthropodenfauna mit Bodenfallen an drei Terminen im Jahr 2020 erfasst (10.-17.7.; 17.8. – 24.8.; 14.9. – 17.9.). Versuchsziel war es zu überprüfen, ob die auf dem Feld verbleibende pflanzliche Biomasse (dt TM/ha) und ihr Energiegehalt (GJ/ha) einen Einfluss auf die Diversität (Shannon-Weaner-Index) der Arthropodengemeinschaft und ihre Biomasse hat. Es wurde festgestellt, dass sich die Diversität der Arthropodengesellschaft zwischen einigen Varianten signifikant unterschied. Die Differenzen konnten jedoch nicht mit der eingebrachten pflanzlichen Biomasse und Energie oder anderen Faktoren (Anzahl Pflanzenarten in der Saatgutmischung, Winterfestigkeit der Zwischenfrüchte) erklärt werden. Jedoch nahm die Arthropodenbiomasse mit dem Anstieg der pflanzlichen Biomasse und des Energieeintrages zu. Das Ergebnis steht im Einklang mit Literaturbefunden zum Energietransfer im Nahrungsnetz und der unterschiedlichen Ressourcennutzung durch Arthropodenarten. Ebenso wird das Ergebnis im Rahmen mit politischen Ansätzen zur Förderung des Insektenschutzes diskutiert.In a field trial, agronomic and crop effects of six intercrop mixtures and control (without catch crop) were investigated in maize cultivation. Additionally, the arthropod fauna was recorded with ground traps on in three dates in 2020 (10.-17.7.; 17.8. – 24.8.; 14.9. – 17.9.). The experimental objective was to verify whether the plant biomass remaining on the field (dt DM/ha) and its energy content (GJ/ha) have an impact on the diversity (Shannon-Weaner index) of the arthropod community and its biomass. It was found that the diversity of arthropod community differed significantly between some variants. However, the differences could not be explained by the introduced plant biomass and energy or other factors (number of plant species in the seed mixture, winter hardiness of the catch crops etc.). However, arthropod biomass increased as plant biomass and energy input increased. The result is consistent with literature findings on food web energy transfer and differential resource use by arthropod species. Similarly, the result is discussed in the context of policy approaches to promote insect conservation