JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)

Julius Kühn-Institut

JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)
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    7850 research outputs found

    Insights into molecular breeding of Russian Dandelion

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    Suppression of the northern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla by soil bacteria

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    The effect of habitat connectivity on colonisation of forest fragments with rodents

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    Actors’ post-harvest maize handling practices and allied mycoflora epidemiology in southwestern Ethiopia: Potential for mycotoxin-producing fungi management

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    Maize plays a key role in household food security in Ethiopia, but its benefit has been limited with high post-harvest losses. This study was initiated to assess post-harvest practices and associated fungi pathogen epidemiology along the maize supply chain in southwestern Ethiopia. The study was conducted in five purposively selected districts and a three-stage sampling procedure was employed for selection of the target groups. In total, 342 participants from different actors were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Maize samples were collected every month from 63 randomly selected actors for mycological analysis during six months storage period. Post-harvest loss was estimated to be 31% and loss during storage was identified as a critical loss point. Comparing all biological agents, loss due to fungal pathogens in the store ranked on top. Moisture content at loading stage could not increase the shelf life of the commodity. Germination tests showed a significant (P < 0.01) decrease as storage duration increased, while mould incidence on cobs and kernels significantly (P < 0.05) increased. In total, seven fungal genera were isolated, characterized and identified, with Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus being predominant. Most of the post-harvest practices are not effective in reducing post-harvest losses. Especially, farmers’ traditional storage structures can be influenced by external climatic conditions and make the grains liable to develop mould during the rainy season. This research, therefore, highlights the need to design, develop or modify existing storage technologies that reduce post-harvest loss due to mycotoxin-producing fungal pathogens. Furthermore, post-harvest drying to obtain optimum moisture content is also crucial to reduce losses

    Development and validation of a quick assay for the total glucosinolate content in horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) using glucose strips and a blood glucose meter.

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    A quick assay to determine the total glucosinolate content of fresh horseradish roots in less than 10 minutes is described. The method involves the following steps: 1. Maceration of horseradish root with 4% phosphoric acid to avoid enzymatic degradation of endogenous glucosinolates, 2. neutralization of the extract and determination of free glucose using a commercial blood glucose meter, 3. enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucosinolates by exogenous myrosinase, 4. detection of released glucose, again using a blood glucose meter, and 5. calculation of the glucosinolate content on the basis of the difference between the two glucose values determined. The newly developed assay (‘ITC quick test’) was compared with a standard high-performance liquid chromatographic method for glucosinolate analysis

    The phytomedical challenges in the life of Otto Appel: An overview of his scientific work on the occasion of his 150th birthday

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    Otto Appel (1867–1952) war ein leidenschaftlicher Phyto­mediziner, der sich in jungen Jahren als Wissenschaftler und später als Organisator des Pflanzenschutzdienstes in Deutschland besondere Verdienste erwarb. Anlässlich seines 150. Geburtstages soll hier an seine wissenschaftlichen Leistungen erinnert werden. Otto Appel war in vielerlei Hinsicht seiner Zeit voraus und hat mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden Lösungen für einige der drängendsten phytopathologischen Probleme der Landwirtschaft erarbeitet, die bis heute Gültigkeit haben. Nach dem Studium der Pharmazie und Botanik sowie kurz­fristigen Forschungsaufenthalten in mikrobiologischen Arbeitsgruppen in Würzburg und Königsberg kam Otto Appel am 1. Juni 1899 an die Biologische Abteilung für Land- und Forstwirtschaft des Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamtes in Berlin. Sein Hauptaugenmerk galt der Gesundheit von Kartoffeln und Getreide, den für die Ernährung der Bevölkerung bedeutendsten Kulturen. Insgesamt war sein Arbeitsspektrum aber wesentlich breiter. Otto Appel entwickelte Verfahren zur gesunden Lagerung von Kartoffeln sowie zur Saatgutbehandlung von Getreide. Er beschrieb zahlreiche Schaderreger und überarbeitete die Gruppe der Fusarien von Grund auf neu. Intensiv untersuchte Otto Appel die Biologie der verschiedenen Schad­erreger, um Ansatzpunkte für ihre Bekämpfung zu ent­wickeln. Die von Otto Appel etablierten Pflanzenschutzverfahren haben die landwirtschaftliche Praxis nachhaltig geprägt und zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Nahrungsmittelsicherheit und -qualität in Deutschland und weit darüber hinaus geführt.Otto Appel (1867–1952) was a passionate plant patho­logist. In his younger years he earned special merits as a scientist and later as an organizer of the plant protection service in Germany. In memory of his 150th birthday, his scientific contributions and achievements in plant patho­logy will be recalled. Otto Appel was a pioneer of his time in many respects. Using appropriate scientific approaches he developed solutions for specific problems in plant pathology, some of which are still valid today. After studying pharmacy and botany followed by two short-term research stays in microbiology at the universities of Würzburg and Königsberg, Otto Appel arrived at the Biological Department of Agriculture and Forestry of the Imperial Health Office in Berlin on June 1, 1899. His main focus was on the plant health of potatoes and cereals, the most important food crops in Germany during that time, but his overall work experience was much broader. He developed methods for the healthy storage of potatoes and seed treatments of cereals to combat fungal diseases. He described fungal pathogens and developed procedures for a standardized culture of Fusarium allowing precise identification. Furthermore, Otto Appel studied in detail the biology of various pathogens in order to identify targets for their control. Overall, the phytopathological achievements made by Otto Appel significantly shaped agricultural practice and enhanced food safety and quality in Germany and beyond

    Pre-harvest prediction of wheat’s protein content in Northeast Germany for market players based on weather information

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    Auf dem Weizenmarkt sind Schwankungen des Qualitätsmerkmals „Proteingehalt“ für Marktakteure eine große Herausforderung, da vom Handel und nachgelagerten Bereichen eine gleichbleibende Qualität verlangt wird. Als bestimmende Faktoren für die Variabilität des Protein­gehalts gelten auch meteorologische Faktoren, weshalb dem Verständnis ihrer Wirkungsweise eine große Bedeutung zukommt. In diesem Beitrag wird daher der Einfluss der Wetterparameter „Temperatur“, „Niederschlag“ und „Sonnenscheindauer“ auf den Proteingehalt des Weizens untersucht und ein Vorernte-Vorhersagemodell für den Proteingehalt von Weizen im Nordosten Deutschlands entwickelt. Dazu wird ein Random Intercept Modell auf Basis von Wetterinformationen von 16 Wetterstationen des Bundeslandes Mecklenburg-Vorpommern und dazugehörigen Mittelwerten von Proteindaten aus 148.800 Weizenproben aus den Jahren 2004 bis 2015, die von umliegenden Landwirten an den Landhändler geliefert wurden, geschätzt. Das marginale R² beträgt 0,523 und das konditionale R² liegt bei 0,540. Folglich können 52,3% der jährlichen Varianz im Proteingehalt durch die im Modell enthaltenen Variablen erklärt werden. Die Temperatur im Juni hat den höchsten, positiven Einfluss auf den Proteingehalt des Weizens. Die Wirkung der Niederschläge ist negativ. Die Sonnenscheindauer hat einen statistisch signifikanten Einfluss auf die Proteinbildung. Allerdings kann keine einheitliche Wirkungsrichtung der Sonnenscheindauer über alle Frühjahrsmonate ermittelt werden.On the wheat market, fluctuations in the quality characteristic protein content are a major challenge for market operators since trade requires constant protein content. The determining factors for the annual variability of the protein content are meteorological factors. For this reason, understanding of the factors’ mode of action is of importance. In this article, the influence of weather parameters, such as temperature, precipitation and sunshine duration, on the wheat’s protein content is investigated and a pre-harvest prediction model for the protein content of wheat in north-east Germany is developed. For this purpose, a random intercept model based on weather information from 16 weather stations of the German federal state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and protein data from the corresponding mean protein contents of 148,800 protein samples over the years 2004 to 2015 supplied by the surrounding farmers to the land trader, is estimated. The marginal R² is 0.523 and the conditional R² amounts to 0.540. Thus, 52.3% of the annual variance in the protein content can be explained by the variables contained in the model. Temperature in June has the highest positive effect on the protein content of wheat. The effect of precipitation is negative. The sunshine dura­tion has a significant influence on protein formation. However, no uniform direction of action of the sunshine duration can be determined over all spring months

    Genetic diversity among North African faba bean landraces for competitive ability against weeds

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    Die genetische Diversität marokkanischer Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba L.) sollte zur Verbesserung der Konkurrenzkraft von Ackerbohnen gegen Unkraut genutzt werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die detaillierte Evaluierung der Konkurrenzkraft und Produktivität einer Sammlung marokkanischer Ackerbohnen-Landrassen gegenüber dem Modell­unkraut Sinapis alba. Sechzig marokkanische Ackerbohnen-Landrassen und zwei Standards wurden 2011 und 2013 auf Kornertrag und weitere agronomische Merkmale untersucht, mit und ohne Modellunkraut, in einer Spaltanlage unter Feldbedingungen an zwei Orten im Nordwesten Marokkos. Die Landrassen zeigten signifikante genetische Variation für Produktivität und Konkurrenzkraft. Mehrere Landrassen erreichten höhere Werte als die Standards. Der Ertragsverlust durch den Unkrautstress betrug im Mittel 69%, der Unkraut-Konkurrenz-Index betrug im Mittel rund 1,28. Die Landrassen × Unkraut-Interaktion für Ertrag war eine hoch signifikante und bedeutende Variationsursache. Einige Landrassen kombinierten eine hohe Konkurrenzkraft gegen das Modell­unkraut mit überlegener Produktivität.The genetic diversity of Moroccan faba bean (Vicia faba L.) landraces should be exploited to improve the competitive ability of faba beans against weeds. The objective of this study was to in-detail evaluate competitive ability and productivity of a collection of Moroccan faba bean landraces relative to a model weed, Sinapis alba. Sixty Moroccan faba bean landraces and two checks were evaluated in 2011 and 2013 for grain yield and further agronomic traits, with and without model weed stress, under field conditions at two locations in the northwest of Morocco, using a split-plot design. The landraces showed significant genetic variation for producti­vity and competitive ability. Several landraces exhibited higher values compared to the two checks. Yield loss attributable to weed stress was, on average, about 69%; the weed competitive index was, on average, about 1.28. Land­races × weed treatment interaction for yield was a highly significant and marked source of variation. Several landraces were found to combine high levels of both, competitive ability against the model weed and productivity

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