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Genetic inter-relationships among Chinese wild grapes based on SRAP marker analyses
Get PDFSequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to assess genetic inter-relationships among 39 grape genotypes. These included 22 indigenous Chinese grape species/varieties, the north American V. riparia and the European V. vinifera L. \u27Thompson seedless\u27 and \u27Pinot noir\u27. Of the 72 SRAP primer combinations tested, 25 primers generated 135 reliable bands, with an average of 5.52 bands per primer pair. Further analysis shows that 106 of 135 bands were generated by 25 polymorphic primer pairs, with a polymorphism efficiency of 79 %. The similarity coefficients of SRAP polymorphism varied from 0.463 to 0.981 among the genotypes analysed. A dendrogram analysis divided the 39 Vitis accessions into 21 groups with similarity coefficients of 0.83. It reveals broadly similar genetic relationships among the genotypes examined to those previously determined using classical taxonomic methods. Our results define V. heyneana subsp. ficifolia and V. baihensis as subspecies of V. heyneana and V. bashanica, respectively. We question the placement of V. davidii var. cyanocarpa and V. davidii var. ningqiangensis as varieties in V. davidii
Shikimic acid concentration in white wines produced with different processing protocols from fungus-resistant grapes growing in the Alps
Get PDFShikimic acid (SHA) has been used for years as variety marker in fraud control, especially for \u27Pinot Noir\u27, \u27Pinot Gris\u27 and \u27Pinot Blanc\u27 with very low amounts. Until now no data for the hybrid grapes \u27Bronner\u27, \u27Helios\u27, \u27Johanniter\u27, \u27Muscaris\u27, \u27Solaris\u27 and \u27Souvignier Gris\u27 from the Viticultural Institute of Freiburg (Germany) were published. These white varieties with resistance against downy and powdery mildew are increasingly planted in some Alpine Italian regions. Data obtained from white wines of different vintages and vineyards in Trentino by HPLC showed that \u27Johanniter\u27 had the highest average content of SHA, while \u27Solaris\u27 and \u27Muscaris\u27 had much lower levels. These data are compared with previously published data for Italian wines of 19 white varieties and new data for \u27Müller-Thurgau\u27 and \u27Yellow Muscat\u27 wines.For a subset of 10 grape batches the influence of four different winemaking protocols on the amount of SHA was investigated. Increasing levels were found in the expected order from direct pressing to pressing of crushed-destemmed grapes (+28 %), short maceration of crushed-destemmed grapes before pressing (+37 %) and a 7-day skin-contact fermentation (+107 %)
Molecular characterization of table grape varieties preserved in the Rancho de la Merced Grapevine Germplasm Bank (Spain)
Get PDFA collection of 317 table-grape accessions preserved in the Vitis Germplasm Bank at the Rancho de la Merced (IFAPA, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain) were genotyped at 20 microsatellite loci. A total of 264 different genotypes were obtained. Among them, 66 are presented for the first time. Twenty-one accession names are considered new synonyms, fourteen homonyms and 48 can be considered as "denomination mistakes" in the Rancho de la Merced collection
Analysis of salinity tolerance of Vitis vinifera \u27Thompson Seedless\u27 transformed with AtNHX1
Get PDFSeveral transgenic plant species expressing AtNHX1, coding for a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter from Arabidopsis thaliana, have shown their ability to cope with salinity. The aim of this study was to analyze the response of Vitis vinifera cv. \u27Thompson Seedless\u27 transformed with AtNHX1 to salt stress, using soil substrate or hydroponic media, and to compare the response with untransformed \u27Thompson Seedless\u27 and allegedly tolerant \u27Criolla\u27 cultivars: \u27Pedro Giménez\u27 and \u27Criolla Chica\u27. \u27Thompson Seedless\u27 embryogenic calli were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying AtNHX1 under the control of CaMV 35S promoter. Transgenic and untransformed plants were grown in a greenhouse under hydroponics or in pots with soil, and were subjected to increasing concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) up to 150 mM for a period of 7 weeks. Growth and toxicity symptoms were less affected in transgenics as compared to the untransformed grapevines, and transgenic lines had higher shoot length, leaf area and dry weights at the end of the experiment. Root concentrations of Na in transgenics were similar or lower than that observed in untransformed genotypes. Growth impairment and toxicity symptoms were observed in all genotypes under both conditions, but effects were more severe in plants growing with hydroponic culture. Potassium content and shoot to root dry weight ratio decreased with NaCl in hydroponics but not in pots. \u27Criolla\u27 cultivars grew less than the other genotypes, although \u27Pedro Giménez\u27 always exhibited highest shoot/root ratios
A test method to assess operator safety using Closed Transfer Systems
Get PDFClosed transfer systems (CTS) are devices for the contactless transfer of plant protection products (PPP) into pesticide application equipment (PAE). They are intended to protect the operator against contamination with undiluted PPP during filling of the sprayer. CTS are universal and can be mounted on a wide range of different types and sizes of PAE. They are able to transfer the PPP from container of diverse sizes, enable also partial draining and containers can be easily rinsed after complete emptying. At the moment there is no reliable information about the contribution of CTS to operator safety. For this reason a test method was established in order to compare the operator´s contamination after the dosing process using CTS and conventional filling into the PAE. Aim of the project was to quantify the dermal exposure at different parts of the operator´s body. Instead of PPP a mixture of water and a fluorescent tracer (Pyranin) was used. It was filled into 10-Litercontainers and sealed. The operator was equipped with Personal Protective Clothing which was washed after the filling process in order to determine the amount of contamination on different parts of the body by using fluorometry. The different filling processes were performed by 3 different persons with 5 repetitions per setting using an attached field crop sprayer (RAU D2) with a CTS mounted on the induction hopper and also on the dome shaft. The results show that CTS can significantly help to minimize operator exposure in comparison to conventional filling and that the test procedure established is able to fulfil the defined aims of testing CTS.Closed transfer systems (CTS) are devices for the contactless transfer of plant protection products (PPP) into pesticide application equipment (PAE). They are intended to protect the operator against contamination with undiluted PPP during filling of the sprayer. CTS are universal and can be mounted on a wide range of different types and sizes of PAE. They are able to transfer the PPP from container of diverse sizes, enable also partial draining and containers can be easily rinsed after complete emptying. At the moment there is no reliable information about the contribution of CTS to operator safety. For this reason a test method was established in order to compare the operator´s contamination after the dosing process using CTS and conventional filling into the PAE. Aim of the project was to quantify the dermal exposure at different parts of the operator´s body. Instead of PPP a mixture of water and a fluorescent tracer (Pyranin) was used. It was filled into 10-Litercontainers and sealed. The operator was equipped with Personal Protective Clothing which was washed after the filling process in order to determine the amount of contamination on different parts of the body by using fluorometry. The different filling processes were performed by 3 different persons with 5 repetitions per setting using an attached field crop sprayer (RAU D2) with a CTS mounted on the induction hopper and also on the dome shaft. The results show that CTS can significantly help to minimize operator exposure in comparison to conventional filling and that the test procedure established is able to fulfil the defined aims of testing CTS
Performance of propyzamide against black grass as a strategy to minimize selection pressure of ACCase inhibitors
Get PDFVor dem Hintergrund zunehmender Herbizidresistenzen wurde von den Pflanzenschutzdiensten Baden-Württemberg und Rheinland-Pfalz zwischen 2015 und 2017 insgesamt 15 vergleichbare Versuche zur Überprüfung der Wirkungssicherheit von Propyzamid im Vergleich zu ACCase-Hemmern gegen Ackerfuchsschwanz (Alopecurus myosuroides) in Winterraps durchgeführt.In Abhängigkeit vom Resistenzgrad zeigte das DIM-Präparat Select 240 EC (Clethodim) im Vergleich zum FOP-Mittel Targa Super (Quizalofop-P) eine höhere Wirkungssicherheit. Die Propyzamid-haltigen Produkte Kerb Flo (Propyzamid) und Milestone (Propyzamid+Aminopyralid) erzielten eine vergleichbare Ungraswirkung. Bei günstigen Rahmenbedingungen (Herbstanwendung, Resistenzstandorte) wurden im Vergleich zu den ACCase-Hemmern deutlich bessere oder zumindest mit vergleichbare Wirkungen erzielt. In zwei von drei Jahren lagen die Spätanwendungen der Propyzamid-haltigen-Produkte im Frühjahr im Wirkungsgrad um 10-20 % niedriger verglichen mit den frühen Behandlungen im Herbst. Frühe Anwendung vorausgesetzt, erzielen Propyzamid-Ungrasherbizide unter unterschiedlichsten Standort- und Witterungsbedingungen eine hohe Wirkungssicherheit gegen Ackerfuchsschwanz. Daher bewerkstelligen sie nicht nur die Ungraskontrolle auf Resistenzstandorten, sondern sind bei regelmäßigem Einsatz geeignet den Selektionsdruck zu verringern und der Resistenzentwicklung entgegen zu wirken.As herbicide resistance is increasing, plant protection services in Baden-Wuerttemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate conducted 15 comparable herbicide trials in order to determine the efficacy of propyzamide products against black grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) in comparison to ACCase-inhibitors from 2015 to 2017.Depending on the resistance level, the efficacy was more stable for the DIM-herbicide Select 240 EC (clethodim) compared to FOP-herbicide Targa Super (quizalofop-P). Products containing propyzamide such as Kerb Flo (propyzamide) and Milestone (propyzamide+aminopyralid) reached a comparable black grass control. Under favourable conditions (autumn application, resistant black grass population), performance was often considerably better, but at least similar to ACCase-inhibitors. In two out of three years, a late application in early spring reduced the efficacy of black grass control by 10-20 % compared to an early propyzamide herbicide) application in autumn.Given that application conditions were suitable, propyzamide herbicides provided reliable black grass control under various field and weather conditions. Therefore, their use should not only be concentrated on fields with herbicide resistant populations, but should be recognized as a management tool within crop rotation in order to lower selection pressure and reduce herbicide resistance development
Remediation of an ALS resistant Apera spica-venti population - a three-factorial long-term experiment
Get PDFAnhand eines mehrjährigen Versuches soll eine Fläche, mit hohem Besatz an Windhalm (Apera spica-venti), in der Region Hannover saniert werden. Der Windhalm auf der Fläche ist ALS-resistent. Die Fruchtfolge war und ist Winterraps- Winterweizen-Winterweizen. Der Versuch wurde 3-faktoriell aufgebaut. Einen ersten Faktor stellte die Bodenbearbeitung (einmaliger Einsatz eines Pfluges/ Mulchsaat) dar. Die Anwendung von Kerb Flo (Propyzamid) (mit Kerb Flo/ ohne Kerb Flo) in Rapsjahren wurde als zweiten Faktor in den Versuch integriert. Als dritter Faktor wurde die Behandlung mit 9 verschiedenen Getreideherbiziden in Jahren mit Getreideanbau angelegt. Anhand der Versuchsergebnisse stellte sich heraus, dass ein einmaliges Pflügen den Windhalmbesatz in den darauffolgenden 3 Jahren deutlich senkte. Der Besatz nahm jedoch mit den Jahren wieder zu. Der Einsatz von Kerb Flo hatte einen positiven Effekt auf die Anzahl der Windhalmrispen im folgenden Getreidejahr vor allem in der Grubbervariante. Auch aufgrund des Wirkstoffwechsels (Kerb Flo, HRAC: K) war die Anwendung von Kerb Flo positiv zu bewerten. Die Getreideherbizide zeigten unterschiedliche Wirkungen. Dabei hatte das Herbizid Broadway (Florasulam und Pyroxsulam, HRAC: B) in der Wirkung am schlechtesten abgeschnitten, wodurch nochmals die ALS Resistenz bestätigt wurde. Die beste Lösung im Bereich der Anwendung von Getreideherbiziden, auch hinsichtlich der Resistenzsituation, war die Anwendung des Bodenherbizides Herold SC (Diflufenican und Flufenacet) im Herbst.A multi-year experiment, was started to remediate a field with a high population of wind bent grass (Apera spica-venti), in the region of Hanover. The wind bent grass on this field is ALS resistant. The crop rotation is winter rape-winter wheat-winter wheat. The experiment consisted of 3-factors. The first factor presented the tillage (ploughing once/mulch drilling). The application of Kerb Flo (propyzamide) in years when rape was grown (with Kerb Flo / without Kerb Flo) was integrated into the experiment as a second factor. The third factor was the treatment with 9 different cereal herbicides in years of cereal cultivation. The results show, that ploughing once significantly reduced the population of wind bent grass in the subsequent 3 years. However, the population increased again afterwards. The application of Kerb Flo, mainly in plots with cultivator treatment, had a positive effect on the number of wind bent grass plants in the following year of cereal cultivation. In addition, the Kerb Flo application had a positive effect as it caused a rotation in the mode of action (Kerb Flo = HRAC group K). The application of cereal herbicides led to different effects. The herbicide Broadway (florasulam and pyroxsulam, HRAC: B) showed the most reduced efficacy on the wind bent grass population. This once more confirmed the ALS resistance of the wind bent grass on this field. Concerning the cereal herbicides best results were obtained when the soil herbicide Herold SC (diflufenican and flufenacet) was applied in autumn
Efficiency of chemical weed control in maize (Zea mays) in Bavaria
Get PDFFür die Bewertung der chemischen Unkrautregulierung im Maisanbau konnte Daten von 321 Feldversuchen mit 4203 Prüfvarianten im Zeitraum von 1991 bis 2016 herangezogen werden. Im Untersuchungszeitraum erhöhte sich die hierfür zur Verfügung stehende Herbizidausstattung quantitativ und qualitativ. In Bayern treten im Maisanbau im Mittel vier verschiedene Unkräuter je Standort auf. Neben Gänsefuß- (Chenopodium sp.) und Knöterich-Arten (Polygonum sp.) dominieren hierbei Hühnerhirse (Echinochloa crus-galli) und Schwarzer Nachtschatten (Solanum nigrum). Storchschnabel-Arten (Geranium sp.) zeigen seit einigen Jahren eine starke Zunahme in der Befallshäufigkeit. Borstenhirse- (Setaria sp.) und Fingerhirse-Arten (Digitaria sp.) treten im Maisanbau zunehmend häufiger auf. Als schwer bekämpfbar konnten Grüne Borstenhirse (Setaria viridis), Winden-Knöterich (Fallopia convolvulus), Fingerhirsen, Acker-Fuchsschwanz (Alopecurus myosuroides) und Storchschnabel-Arten identifiziert werden. Die während des Untersuchungszeitraums verbesserte Herbizidausstattung zeigte im Trend eine verbesserte Unkrautbekämpfungsleistung. Anwendungen mit einem mittleren Behandlungsindex von 1,5-2,0 erzielten in 50 % der Fälle eine Unkrautwirkung von > 95 %. In der Analyse von Wirkstoffen und Wirkstoffgruppen konnten spezifische Anwendungsvorteile ermittelt werden. Terbuthylazin-haltige Herbizidbehandlungen sind hinsichtlich der Gesamt-Unkrautwirkung und zur Regulierung von Winden-Knöterich und Storchschnabel-Arten vorzüglich. Anwendungen auf der Basis von S-Metholachlor zeigten eine höhere Gesamt-Unkrautwirkung. Triketone als Wirkstoffbasis ermöglichen eine verbesserte Gesamtwirkung und spezifische Wirkung gegenüber Hühnerhirse und Schwarzem Nachtschatten. Herbizidbehandlungen mit gräserwirksamen Sulfonylharnstoffen verfügen über einen absoluten Leistungsvorteil zur Regulierung von Acker-Fuchsschwanz.Aktuelle Entwicklungen zeigen einen Verlust an Herbiziden für den Maisanbau. Unter diesen Bedingungen besteht ein Bedarf für ein integriertes Unkrautmanagement mit sicherer Bekämpfungsleistung und hoher Umweltverträglichkeit. Der Bayerische Pflanzenschutzdienst wird diesen Entwicklungsbedarf mit entsprechenden Feldversuchsprogrammen in Zukunft weiter unterstützen.A total of 321 field trials in the period from 1991- 2016 provided 4203 data sets for different herbicide treatments. In maize in Bavaria we found on average four different weed species at every field sites. Pigweed (Chenopodium sp.), knotweed (Polygonum sp.), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) were found most frequently. The occurrence of geranium species (Geranium sp.) increases rapidly in the last years. Difficult-to-control weeds were green foxtail (Setaria viridis), wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus), crabgrass (Digitaria sp.), black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) and geranium species. Over all treatments, an average herbicide efficiency of 91% was detected. Treatments with an index of 1.5 – 2.0 achieved a weed control efficiency of > 95% in the half of all cases. Herbicide treatment with terbuthylazine as the basic active ingredient provided higher weed control and specific control of wild buckwheat and geranium. S-metholachlor achieved higher over all weed control efficiency. With triketones there is a higher efficiency in control of barnyardgrass and black nightshade. Sulfonylureas with grass weed activity are excellent to control black-grass in maize.Currently there is a risk of losing herbicides for weed control in maize. As a result there is a need of a novel integrated weed management with secure efficiency in weed control and compatibility of environment. The Bavarian Plant Protection Service will support this progress with specific field trial programs in future