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Current situation and characterization of the Eurasian wild grapevine in Asturias region (Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula)
Full text linkThis work shows the location and study of relic populations of the Eurasian wild grapevine Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi in the Asturias region (NW of the Iberian Peninsula). The comprehensive study includes the description of their habitats, of the main botanical supporters of these lianas and of the parasitic species causing them biological stress, the ampelographic description of the populations, wine elaboration from bunches of female vines and a genetic study based on 240 nuclear SNP data. The results obtained have allowed to verify the abundance of this genetic resource in the eastern and central areas of the region. The species that support this liana were different depending on the position (alluvial, colluvial or coastal) of the populations. Several ampelographic differences have been confirmed between male and female individuals. The erineum strain of Colomerus vitis (Pagenstecher) (Acari, Eryophidae) and mildews were the most frequent parasitic species found in the populations. Berries presented a low sugar content, and wines a low alcoholic content and a high total polyphenol index and colour intensity. Feral Vitaceae were found accompanying some of the sylvestris populations mainly in riverbanks and colluvial positions. The genetic study showed a clear distinction of the sylvestris vines from the most common grape varieties in the region, even though one of the sylvestris has a compatible parent-offspring relationship with the variety ‘Camaraou Noir’. The progressive reduction of this subspecies as a consequence of the human activities, plagues and diseases highlights the importance of regulating its conservation in order to avoid its extinction
Participatory urban green knowledge on the first symposium on urban green in Braunschweig – water in garden and city
Full text linkDas Gartennetzwerk Braunschweig veranstaltete im Jahre 2022 seinen ersten Braunschweiger Stadtgrüntag. Der Stadtgrüntag soll die Akteure des Gartennetzwerkes über wichtige Fragen der Funktion des Stadtgrüns informieren und Verständnis für Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten verschiedener Akteure schaffen. Der erste Stadtgrüntag widmete sich dem Thema Wasser in Garten und Stadt und untersuchte in Vorträgen und einer anschließenden Exkursion den Wasserkreislauf in der Stadt.In 2022, the Garden Network Braunschweig organized its first Urban Green Day. The Urban Green Day is intended to inform the actors in the garden network about important questions relating to the function of urban green plants and spaces and to create an understanding of the interactive options of various actors. The first Urban Green Day was dedicated to the topic of water in garden and city and examined the water cycle in the city in lectures and a subsequent excursion
Low antimony concentration promoted growth, glucosinolates metabolism and biological activity of two Brassica species
No full textAntimony (Sb), a common rare heavy metal, is found naturally in soils at low concentrations. This study aimed to understand the effect of low Sb concentrations on plant growth and metabolism. To this end, canola (Brassica napus L. var. napus) and turnip roots (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa) were treated with Sb at low concentrations (8 mg/kg soil) to explore the effect Sb on their growth, photosynthesis, glucosinolate metabolism, redox status, and biological activity. Our results revealed that Sb significantly promoted growth by 1.34 and 1.14-fold in B. napus and B. rapa compared to control conditions. This increase can be explained by the observed increase in photosynthesis as indicated by increased chlorophyll content. Low Sb concentration significantly improved total glucosinolate accumulation, through improved amino acid production, namely alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. There were increases in myrosinase activity, which stimulated glucosinolate hydrolysis to yield health-promoting sulforaphane. In contrast, a low level of ineffective sulforaphane nitrile was detected. Sb also improved antioxidant metabolites (tocopherol) and enzymes (CAT, POX, SOD) in both species but to a bigger extent in B. napus by 1.98, 2.77, 2.46, and 2.05 fold, respectively. In conclusion, although high Sb concentrations are toxic, low Sb concentrations can promote biomass and bioactive compound accumulation in Brassica spp
rDNA analyses indicate that the introduced cryptic species Fomitiporia mediterranea is the causal agent for the dieback of grafted mop head acacias (Robinia pseudoacacia \u27Umbraculifera\u27)
Full text linkEin epidemisches Auftreten des Polsterförmigen Feuerschwamms (Fomitiporia punctata, Agaricomycotina, Fungi) wurde in den vergangenen Jahren auf verschiedenen Laubgehölzen (Wisteria floribunda, Platanus acerifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia) im innerstädtischen bzw. innenstadtnahen Teil von Karlsruhe (Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland) beobachtet. Zahlreiche gepfropfte rund 40 Jahre alte Kugelrobinien (R. pseudoacacia \u27Umbraculifera\u27) sind krank oder sind bereits abgestorben. Eine rDNA-Analyse (Marker: ITS) auf der Basis von Frisch- und Herbarmaterial zeigte, dass es sich mitnichten um F. punctata sondern um den eingewanderten morphologischen Doppelgänger Mittelmeer-Feuerschwamm (F. mediterranea) handelt. Diese Art war bisher in Deutschland überwiegend auf Wein (Vitis vinifera) bekannt. Die Symptome bei Kugelrobinien werden, u. a. anhand von Stammquerschnitten, detailliert beschrieben und illustriert. Eine Verbreitungskarte der beiden Pilzarten wird für Karlsruhe erstellt. Der Fund (Herbarbeleg) von F. mediterranea auf C. avellana von 1988 aus Rheinland-Pfalz ist der Erstnachweis der Art in Deutschland. Die Frage, wann ungefähr die Art nach Deutschland einwanderte ist Gegenstand der Diskussion.An epidemic spread of the Elbowpatch crust (Fomitiporia punctata, Fungi) has been observed in recent years on deciduous woody plants (Wisteria floribunda, Platanus acerifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia) in Karlsruhe (Germany). Numerous grafted mop head locust trees (R. pseudoacacia \u27Umbraculifera\u27) are diseased or already dead. An rDNA analysis (marker: ITS) showed that it was by no means F. punctata but the morphological lookalike F. mediterranea, which probably migrated to Central Europe. This species was previously known in Germany mainly on Vitis vinifera. The symptoms caused by the fungus on locust trees are described and illustrated in detail. A distribution map of the two species for Karlsruhe is being drawn up. The discovery (of a herbarium specimen) of F. mediterranea on Corylus avellana collected in 1988 in Rheinland-Pfalz is the first record of the species in Germany. The question of when abouts the invasive species migrated to Germany is the subject of discussion
Characterisation of the Phytophthora infestans resistance in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) using the gene pool of the Julius Kühn Institute
No full textDie Produktion der Kartoffel, als eine wichtige Nahrungsquelle, hat vor allem durch die Kraut- und Knollenfäule jährlich hohe Ertragseinbußen. Trotz intensiver Forschungs- und Züchtungsarbeit gibt es bis heute keine zugelassene Sorte, die eine dauerhafte Resistenz trägt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde herausgearbeitet, welche wilden Verwandten der Kulturkartoffel Resistenzen gegen die Krautfäule tragen und wie diese für die Züchtung zugänglich gemacht werden können. Diese Literaturrecherche ergab, dass 85 Arten ein Resistenzpotential aufwiesen und davon ca. die Hälfte noch nicht näher charakterisiert ist. Zudem wurde erläutert, mit welchen neuen Methoden die Kartoffelzüchtung in Zukunft schneller und effizienter ablaufen kann.Ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Charakterisierung des JKI Kartoffelgenpools auf seine Krautfäuleresistenz. Dabei zeigte sich bei einer Untersuchung der Stämme auf verschiedene Resistenzgene aus Wildarten, dass einzelne pre-breeding Stämme bis zu vier dieser Resistenzgene tragen. Als weitere Untersuchungen wurden zwei genomweite Assoziationsstudien durchgeführt. Bei ersterer wurden fünf QTL auf den Chromosomen 1, 7, 10 und 11 detektiert, bei der zweiten waren es zwei Marker-Merkmalsassoziationen auf den Chromosomen 9 und 11.Abschließend wurde untersucht, wie weit die Menge einer organischen Stickstoffdüngung den Befall mit Krautfäule bei Sorten und pre-breeding Stämmen beeinflussen kann. Hier ergab sich, dass dieser Einfluss vernachlässigbar ist. Allerdings waren die Stämme im Gegensatz zu den Sorten in allen Düngestufen kaum bis gar nicht befallen, sodass diese ein großes Potential für die Resistenzzüchtung darstellen.Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit können in der Kartoffelzüchtung genutzt werden, um künftig Sorten mit einer möglicherweise langfristigen Krautfäuleresistenz zu züchten.The production of potato, as an important source of food has high annual yield losses due to late blight. Despite intensive research and breeding work, there is still no approved cultivar that bears a durable resistance. In the present study it was determined which wild relatives of the cultivated potato carry resistance to late blight and how this can be made accessible for progress in potato breeding. Based on this literature search, 85 species were found to have a resistance potential and about half of them are not yet further characterised. In addition, it was explained which new methods could be used to make potato breeding faster and more efficient in the future.Another aim of this work was to characterise the JKI potato gene pool for late blight resistance. An examination of the pre-breeding clones for various resistance genes from wild relatives revealed that individual clones carry up to four of these resistance genes. As further investigations, two genome-wide association studies were performed. In the first, five QTL were detected on chromosomes 1, 7, 10 and 11, in the second, two marker-trait associations were detected on chromosomes 9 and 11.Finally, it was analysed whether the amount of organic nitrogen fertilisation can influence late blight infestation in cultivars and pre-breeding clones. It was shown that the influence is marginal. Overall, however, in contrast to the cultivars, the clones were hardly or not at all infected at all fertilisation levels, so that they carry great potential for resistance breeding.The results of this work can be used in potato breeding to develop cultivars with a possibly durable late blight resistance
Factors influencing the acceptance of pesticide-free farming systems by farmers
Full text linkPesticides have been an integral part of modern agriculture, aiding farmers in their fight against pests and increasing crop yields (Damalas, 2009). However, the widespread use of pesticides has resulted in numerous negative consequences, including environmental degradation, health hazards and increased resistance among pest populations (Godfray et al., 2010; Hawkins et al., 2019; Powles & Yu, 2010; Riyaz et al., 2022). In particular, pesticide residues in food are becoming an increasingly critical issue for consumers (Nitzko et al., 2022). As a result, there has been a growing interest in pesticide-free farming practices that focus on natural methods of pest control as for instance established in organic farming approaches (Stehle & Schulz, 2015).Agriculture without synthetic chemical pesticides is a new concept in plant cultivation with the aim of achieving the highest possible yields through the use of mineral fertilisers while at the same time reducing environmental impacts by avoiding the use of chemical plant products (Zimmermann et al., 2021). By avoiding pesticides entirely, this concept has the potential to make a significant contribution to the reduction of pesticides targeted by the EU and to avoid the problems of pesticide residues in food and loss of biodiversity. However, the adoption of pesticide-free farming is still limited (Christensen et al., 2011; Finger & El Benni, 2013; Möhring & Finger, 2022). In this context, pesticide-free agriculture is understood as more than the mere substitution of chemical plant protection measures by non-chemical (e.g. technical) measures. Rather, pesticide-free agriculture is a system-level approach that aims to redesign the farming system to incorporate both new technologies and agroecological practices (Jacquet et al., 2022; Zimmermann et al., 2021). Comprehensive information on the drivers, barriers and challenges faced by farmers is needed for the widespread uptake of pesticide-free farming systems.In this paper, we examine the acceptance of pesticide-free farming from the farmers\u27 perspective. Specifically, we investigate the factors that influence farmers\u27 decision-making regarding the adoption of pesticide-free farming practices and the challenges they face. We also explore the role of knowledge and experience in shaping farmers\u27 acceptance of pesticide-free farming. In addition, we are evaluating possible scenarios for the implementation of pesticide-free farming systems. To do this, we use a qualitative approach, interviewing both conventional farmers and farmers who already farm partially without pesticides.The research paper is part of the research project Agriculture 4.0 without chemically synthetic pesticides. Through our research, we aim to provide insights into the factors that influence the acceptance of pesticide-free farming practices among farmers. We hope that our findings will inform policy decisions and promote the adoption of sustainable farming practices that benefit both farmers and the environment
Cultivated wilt plant mixtures – Description of their botanical appearance as a basis for the assessment of possible ecological potentials
Full text linkFörderinstrumentarien des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes haben zu einer starken Zunahme der Maisanbaufläche, insbesondere in Gebieten mit einer hohen Dichte von Tiermastanlagen, geführt. Auch mit mehrjährig angebauten Wildpflanzenmischungen wird Biomasse zur Vergärung in Biogasanlagen erzeugt. So kann CO2-neutral Energie gewonnen werden, und gleichzeitig Biodiversität gesteigert, das Habitatangebot verbessert und die Resilienz der Landschaft erhöht werden. Die vorgelegte Arbeit beschreibt die botanische Situation auf den im „Projekt GrünSchatz“ kartierten Wildpflanzenflächen während der drei kartierten Standjahre. Mit Hilfe von Zeigerwerten nach Landolt werden die entstehenden Standortbedingungen beschrieben. Potentiale bieten diese Kulturen unseren Ergebnissen zufolge aufgrund ihrer hohen Wärme- und Trockenheitstoleranz, der Fähigkeit Bodenfeuchtkapazität zu halten sowie Stickstoff zu binden und Humus zu akkumulieren. Die Erhöhung der Artenvielfalt geht mit einem für landwirtschaftliche Kulturen ungewöhnlich hohem Blütenangebot einher.Promotional measures of the Renewable Energy Act have led to a strong increase in maize cultivation area, especially in areas with a high density of animal fattening farms. Biomass for fermentation in biogas plants can also be produced with perennially cultivated wild plant mixtures. In this way, energy can be produced in a CO2-neutral way, and at the same time biodiversity can be increased, habitat availability improved and the resilience of the landscape is enhanced. The presented work describes the botanical situation on such a wild plant area during the three stand years mapped. With the help of pointer values according to Landolt, the resulting biotopes are described. According to our results, these crops offer potential due to their high heat and drought tolerance, the ability to retain soil moisture capacity as well as to bind nitrogen and accumulate humus. The increase in biodiversity is accompanied by an – for agricultural crops – unusually high blossom supply