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A model canopy for spray drift measurements in orchards
Get PDFEine Modellanlage bietet den Vorteil, die Abdrifteigenschaften von Sprühgeräten unter standardisierten Bedingungen und unabhängig von der Saison vergleichen zu können.Ein Modul aus Stahl, bespannt mit einem Netz, wurde in Anlehnung an den Weinbau-Prüfstand EvaSprayViti entwickelt, um eine Obstanlage zu simulieren. Die Auswahl des Netzes wurde anhand von Vorversuchen zur Tropfen- und Winddurchlässigkeit vorgenommen. Ein Netz mit der Maschenweite 1,38 mm × 1,38 mm, konnte die Charakteristik einer natürlichen Laubwand am besten nachstellen und wurde so zur Bespannung der sechsreihigen Modellanlage verwendet.Es wurden Abdriftmessungen mit unterschiedlichen Gebläsetypen in der Modellanlage und in Obstanlagen durchgeführt. Die erreichten Abdriftminderungswerte zeigten weitestgehend eine gute Übereinstimmung. Das Abdriftverhalten der Sprühgeräte konnte in der Modellanlage realistisch abgebildet werden. Ebenso konnte der Effekt von unterschiedlicher Düsen und reduzierter Arbeitsdruck in der Modellanlage aufgezeigt werden. Weitere Messungen an anderen Standorten sind erforderlich, um die Reproduzierbarkeit aufzuzeigen.A model canopy offers the advantage of being able to compare drift characteristics of sprayers under standardized conditions and independently from the season.A steel structure covered with a net similar to the EvaSprayViti viticulture test stand was developed to mimic a common orchard. The selection of the net was made on the basis of preliminary tests on droplet and wind permeability. A net with mesh size of 1.38 mm by 1.38 mm was found best suited to reproduce the characteristics of a natural foliage and was used to cover the six-row model layout.Drift measurements were carried out with different types of sprayer design in the model system and in orchards. The drift reduction values showed a good congruence. The drift behaviour of the sprayers could be realistically reproduced in the model system. The effect of different nozzles and reduced working pressure could also be shown in the model canopy. Further measurements at other locations are required to demonstrate reproducibility
Viability of Moringa oleifera seeds stored at different temperatures and recent status of Moringa oleifera collections in seed banks worldwide
Get PDFRapid decline in seed viability of Moringa oleifera Lam. due to storage severely reduces its capability to germinate. This study aimed to evaluate the viability of moringa seeds stored at various temperatures through seed germination on a selected medium and provide insights into its conservation in seed banks. The research consisted of two experiments. (1) Optimization of moringa seedgermination using different media: A) sand 100%; B) mixed sand, soil, manure, rice husk charcoal (1:1:1:1); C) mixed sand, soil, and manure (1:1:1); D) mixed soil, manure, rice husk charcoal (2:1:1); and E) soil 100%. (2) Determination of moringa seed viability stored at various temperatures (-35, 5, 20, and 25 °C) every three months for 24 months. The information on the moringa seed banks was compiled via a literature review. Germination variables (percentage, rate, time, and index) were observed and recorded. The best germination medium for moringa seeds was medium B. Storage temperature at 5 °C was the most suitable temperature to maintain viability, indicated by the highest germination percentage, rate, and index, and the shortest germination time of only 6 days. There are moringa seed collections of 11 seed banks published online
Neues aus der Deutschen Genbank Obst (DGO): Die Versuchsstation für Obstbau in Schlachters als neuer DGO-Partner der Netzwerke Apfel und Birne
Get PDFSingle berry development – a new phenotyping and transcriptomics paradigm
Get PDFMost present knowledge on berry development has been obtained from a random sampling of hundreds of berries to average their diversity of the experimental plot. According to recent studies, such heterogeneous samples formed from non-synchronized berries of mixed developmental stages are unsuitable for detecting fast physiological and molecular changes. Thus, it is necessary to revisit the physiological and transcriptional bases of berry ripening. Here we report the in-depth study of the late-ripening program in three genotypes. Berry expansion during the second growth phase was characterized on-vine through image analysis. Hundreds of sampled berries were individually analyzed for primary metabolites to calculate their respective accumulation rates with high precision. These primary individual fluxes and the growth kinetics allowed us to distinguish targeted developmental stages further investigated through RNA profiling. Single berry monitoring evidenced sharp developmental phases during which specific genes or pathways are quickly switched ON or OFF. The comparison between Syrah and the two microvines showed phenotypic differences in late-ripening stages in vines grown in the field (Syrah) and microvines (MV032 and MV102) grown in the greenhouse. This study shows that new high-throughput single berry phenotyping methods are required to compare unambiguous developmental stages in physiological or genetic studies
The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum in viticulture is not always positive: a systematic review
Get PDFFor more than 70 years, the scientific literature has demonstrated that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have positive effects on plant growth and stress tolerance. However, AMF have only been widely implemented in agricultural systems in the last decade. Recent reviews indicate AMF are key to the sustainability of viticulture. To explore the universality of the positive effects of AMF inoculation on grapevines, we created a database of the results from 30 publications that performed 169 experiments comparing the development of grapevine plants inoculated with AMF against control vines. We calculated inoculation dependence, as ID = ((mean of inoculated treatment – mean of control)/mean of inoculated treatment) * 100), to compare the effects of AM inoculation on the growth of grapevine plants between different experiments. In most studies, the experimental conditions differed significantly from commercial conditions, since 75% of the studies were conducted under greenhouse conditions and 71.8% of studies compared the growth of inoculated plants with plants growing in a sterilized substrate. High variability was observed in the ID of different response variables, be-tween the various rootstocks tested, and between different species compositions of AMF inoculum, demonstrating that the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation in vineyard growth are highly context dependent. This study demonstrates further research is required to characterize the effects of AMF under field conditions. Moreover, this work indicates that specific trials are needed to determine the effect of particular mycorrhizal strains on individual rootstocks under specific growing conditions before the use of AMF can be recommended to vine-growers
Urban agriculture in the green infrastructure: report of the 12th Expert Symposium on Urban Green
Get PDFDas 12. Fachsymposium Stadtgrün beschäftigte sich mit Fragen der Verbindung der urbanen Landwirtschaft mit der grünen Infrastruktur. Daraus resultiert ein Mehrwert in Form einer produktiven, urbanen, grünen Infrastruktur, die multifunktional entwickelt werden soll und mit der Sicherstellung der zukunftsfähigen landwirtschaftlichen Produktion in der Stadtregion einhergeht. Die Nutzbarkeit der vielfältigen Ökosystemleistungen des Stadtgrüns sollte durch die produktive grünen Infrastruktur nicht eingeschränkt, sondern ergänzt werden. Bei der vorhandenen Flächenkonkurrenz im städtischen Raum gilt es, Wege zu diesem Miteinander zu suchen.The 12th Expert Symposium on Urban Green discussed questions of the relationship between urban agriculture and green infrastructure. This connection results in added value in form of a productive, urban, green infrastructure that is to be developed in a multifunctional manner and with the assurance of sustainable agricultural production in the city region. The usability of the diverse ecosystem services of urban green should not be restricted by the competition for land from the productive green infrastructure, but complemented. It is important to look for ways to achieve this togetherness
Concentrational study of nutrients related to chelators assisted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) from artificially cadmium-contaminated soil
Get PDFThe present study investigates the appliance of cadmium (Cd) noxiousness and damage to nutrient concentration in sunflower hybrids, FH-533 and Hysun-33, as well as the role of natural and synthetic chelator’s oxalic acid (OA) and ethylene triamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) respectively in reducing the Cd toxicity in sunflower plant. Sunflower, known as heavy metal phytoextractor, was grown in soil artificially contaminated with soluble salt CdCl2 at 250 ppm and 450 ppm. Pot experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with three replicates for cadmium metal, chelating agents and sunflower hybrids at seedling, vegetative and reproductive stages. Application of Cd of 250 ppm and 450 ppm imposed the negative effect on shoot and root dry biomass by directly or indirectly disturbing the nutrient uptake. Maximum growth and nutrient uptake were observed when chelators (EDTA and OA) were applied alone respectively. In Cd contaminated soil the application of EDTA proved helpful in ameliorating the toxic effect of Cd250 on nutrient content of both sunflower hybrids as compared to Cd450, the Hysun-33 showed better results in terms of K, Ca, Fe, Zn, P, N as compared to FH-533, so it can be cultivated on Cd adulterated soil for better yield. The presented results offer a novel solution for optimization of sunflower cultivation on soil affected by Cd, as well as for increased health-promoting nutrients of sunflower
Morphological characteristics and antioxidant properties of Allium ursinum L. wild growing in the northwestern part of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Get PDFAllium ursinum L. (ramson) has been used for centuries as a food and medicinal herb. Generally, the phenology, morphology, as well as health benefits of Allium ursinum plants have been scientifically validated; however, the knowledge about geographic variation in morphological characteristics and antioxidant properties of Allium ursinum are fairly scarce. The aim of this study, therefore, was to reveal the habitat preferences of Allium ursinum in different geographical regions of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and to evaluate its morphological characteristics of stems, leaves and bulbs and its antioxidant properties. Morphological characteristics as well as antioxidant properties of Allium ursinum plants including total phenolics and flavonoids contents, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were determined. In this study, the high abundance of Allium ursinum plants was recorded at five different locations: Laktaši, Kozara, Prnjavor, Kneževo and Drinić. The results of this study revealed that Allium ursinum prefers forest habitats and that their morphological characteristics and antioxidant properties are strongly dependent on both geographical location and habitat conditions. We hereby suggest that Allium ursinum can be considered a valuable source of phenolic compounds with relevant antioxidant activity