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An overview of NMR applications in metabolite profiling of small molecules for plant metabolism studies
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A time-course study on essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) under drought stress
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High resolution mapping and identification of candidate genes for the BaMMV/BaYMV-resistance gene rym13 and Ryd3 involved in BYDV-tolerance of barley
Get PDFDie Gelbmosaikvirose der Gerste, verursacht durch Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) und Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) und die Gelbverzwergung der Gerste, verursacht durch Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) führen zu erheblichen Ertragsverlusten. Aufgrund der Übertragung durch den bodenbürdigen Plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis im Falle der Gelbmosaikvirose bzw. durch Blattläuse (Gelbverzwergung) ist die Züchtung resistenter bzw. toleranter Sorten die einzige ökologisch und ökonomisch sinnvolle Möglichkeit hohe Ernteverluste zu verhindern.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die hochauflösende Kartierung und die Identifikation von Kandidatengenen für das BaMMV Resistenzgen rym13 sowie das BYDV Toleranzgen Ryd3 durchgeführt.
Für die Kartierung von rym13 wurde eine hochauflösende Kartierungspopulation, bestehend aus 5.191 F2 Pflanzen, erstellt. Durch Verankerung der flankierenden Marker in bereits veröffentlichten genomischen Ressourcen für Gerste in Kombination mit der Verwendung von next-generation-sequencing Techniken (GBS, WGS) konnte das resistenzgentragende Intervall verkürzt und co-segregierende Kandidatengene identifiziert werden. Die Analyse der phänotypischen und genotypischen Daten ergab außerdem eine unabhängige Vererbung der BaMMV und BaYMV- Resistenz in der widerstandsfähigen Elternlinie ‘Taihoku A’. Nach Kartierung in einer unabhängigen Validierungspopulation stellten sich zwei Gene als vielversprechende Kandidaten für rym13 heraus.
Zur Feinkartierung von Ryd3 wurde die Anzahl der F2 Pflanzen der Kartierungspopulation von Lüpken et al. (2014) auf 7.427 Pflanzen erhöht. Nach Verankerung der Marker in der Referenzsequenz der Gerste (Mascher et al. 2017) konnte das toleranzgentragende Intervall auf 104,14 mio bp eingeschränkt werden. Auf Grund der großen Anzahl an Genen in diesem Intervall sind hier weiterführende Analysen notwendig, um Ryd3 zu isolieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde im Rahmen der Arbeit eine TILLING-Population erstellt und steht nun für weitere Experimente zur Verfügung.
Zusammenfassend stellt diese Arbeit eine essenzielle Grundlage für die Isolation von rym13 und Ryd3 dar.Barley yellow mosaic disease, caused by Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), and barley yellow dwarf, caused by Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), are important diseases of barley causing high yield losses. As BaMMV and BaYMV are transmitted by the soil-borne plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis and BYDV by aphids, the only environmently sound way to prevent these yield losses is breeding for resistant/tolerant cultivars.
In this thesis, high resolution mapping and candidate gene analysis for the BaMMV/BaYMV resistance gene rym13 and the BYDV tolerance conferring gene Ryd3 was conducted. For rym13, a high resolution mapping population based on 5,191 F2 plants was established and marker saturation was conducted by mapping the flanking markers to published genomic resources of barley. Using these genomic resources in combination with next-generation-sequencing-techniques led to a fast saturation of the resistance harbouring interval and identification of candidate genes. Analysing phenotypic and genotypic data revealed an independent inheritance of the BaMMV and BaYMV resistance in the cultivar ‘Taihoku A’. Two candidate genes for rym13, co-segregating with BaMMV resistance in an independent population, were identified.
Regarding Ryd3, the former mapping population established by Lüpken et al. (2014) was extended to 7,427 F2 plants. After mapping the co-segregating markers to the published reference genome of barley, the interval related to tolerance was shortened to 104.14 mio bp. This interval harbours a number of candidate genes. For further investigations to unravel the mechanism of tolerance, a TILLING population was established in the course of this thesis.
This study lays the foundation for subsequent isolation and validation of rym13 and Ryd3
Rapid analysis of the bioactive components in Saxifraga stolonifera, an edible and medicinal herb with anti-tumor effects, by HPLC-DAD, ESI/MSn
Get PDFSaxifraga stolonifera is an edible and herbaceous plant, which has been demonstrated to have anti-tumor effects in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this paper is to determine the main bioactive components inS. stolonifera, and their distribution in different parts of S. stolonifera and in S. stolonifera that was cultivated in different places in China using a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and electrospray ionization/ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn). Four main components were identified and three were quantified. The contents of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid and bergenin had significant differences not only between the roots and stems-leaves of the plant, but also among different cultivated varieties of S. stolonifera. The experiment showed that the method used here exhibited good repeatability and recovery. Therefore, the results provide reliable data for research and development in the future on the level and distribution of the three bioactive components of S. stolonifera
Plants as a source of natural high-intensity sweeteners: a review
Get PDFThe plants described in this review are a source of natural highintensity sweeteners, which can be used in food and by the pharmaceutical industry in the future. Most of the plants are still not approved for use, even though they are traditionally used in countries where they appear naturally. Ten of the herein described intense sweeteners are characterized by a much higher sweetness in relation to sucrose. The highest values were received for miraculin, obtained from Synsepalum dulcificum (400,000 times sweeter than sucrose, induced by citric acid); thaumatin (1,600 to 3,000 times sweeter), monatin (1,200 - 3,000) and pentadin (500 to 2,000 times sweeter). Some of these substances can also modify the taste, like changing sour into sweet taste (miraculin and neoculin). The most widely used sweeteners are steviol glycosides and thaumatin, which have been admitted for use as a sweetener in the European Union, while in the US, they have the GRAS status (thaumatin as a food enhancer). Mogroside obtained from Siraitia grosvenorii (called Luo Han Guo) is not approved for use in the EU, but was granted GRAS status in the US by the FDA. This gives a chance that it will soon be approved as a novel food or food additive in the European Union