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On St. John’s Wort and Approaches to Promoting Its Cultivation, Breeding, and its Pharmaceutical Use
No full textDas Echte Johanniskraut (Hypericum perforatum) zählt zu den ökonomisch wertvollsten Arzneipflanzen und erreicht laut zuletzt veröffentlichten Daten eine jährliche Nachfrage von etwa 580 Tonnen bei einem Preis von bis zu 9.000 € pro Hektar Anbaufläche. Gemeinsam mit dem Sonnenhut (Echinacea purpurea) weist es die höchste Wertschöpfung unter den Arzneipflanzen auf. Diese wirtschaftliche Bedeutung ist auf die evidenzbasierte Wirksamkeit seiner Inhaltsstoffe zurückzuführen, die eine Grundlage für die breite Anwendung von Johanniskrautpräparaten in der modernen Medizin bildet.Gleichzeitig machen sich jedoch Herausforderungen wie die sich verändernden klimatischen Bedingungen, wirtschaftliche Schwankungen und personelle Engpässe zunehmend bemerkbar. Dies unterstreicht die dringende Notwendigkeit, den Anbau von Arzneipflanzen in Deutschland zu fördern und weiterzuentwickeln. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden daher verschiedene Ansätze untersucht, um diese Herausforderungen zu adressieren, die nachhaltige Produktion von Johanniskraut zu sichern und neue Anwendungen mit Bedeutung für die öffentliche Gesundheit sowie ökonomisches Potenzial zu erschließen.Kern der Arbeit ist ein detailliertes phänotypisches Screening verschiedener Akzessionen der Gattung Hypericum mit Schwerpunkt auf Hypericum perforatum, um für die Züchtung geeignete genetische Ressourcen aufzudecken. Dabei konnten besonders interessante Akzessionen identifiziert werden, die vorteilhafte Ausprägungen unterschiedlicher Merkmale aufweisen. Da ein kontinuierliches Monitoring wertgebender Merkmale für die digitalisierte Pflanzenproduktion unerlässlich ist, wurden erfolgreich zwei „Computer-Vision“ Modelle für die Pflanzen- und Blütenerkennung entwickelt. Diese Werkzeuge werden die Möglichkeiten zur Echtzeitüberwachung und Quantifizierung der Pflanzenentwicklung bei Hypericum spp. erweitern und personelle Engpässe im Selektionsprozess abmildern. Um die Züchtungsziele im Hinblick auf sekundäre Metaboliten zu konkretisieren, wurde das Potenzial von H. perforatum-Extrakten zur Reduktion von β-Amyloid in Alzheimer-Modellen untersucht.Während in vielen Nutzpflanzenarten unterschiedliche Techniken zur genetischen Manipulation adaptiert sind, gibt es bei Hypericum perforatum große Schwierigkeiten bei der Übertragung der etablierten Transformationstechniken. Zur Überwindung dieser Situation wurde die Anwendbarkeit von zellpenetrierenden Peptiden an in vitro Kulturen von H. perforatum getestet und war erfolgreich. Dieser Ansatz eröffnet insbesondere für Pflanzen mit antimikrobiellen sekundären Inhaltsstoffen neue Perspektiven zur transienten Genmanipulation, da die üblichen Herausforderungen wie toxische Effekte auf Transformationssysteme umgangen werden können. Darüber hinaus bietet er auch Potenzial für die Anwendung in stabilen Transformationstechniken und anderen biotechnologischen Verfahren.Die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Arbeiten tragen wesentlich zur Verbreiterung der wissenschaftlichen Basis im Bereich der Arzneipflanzenforschung bei und bieten Perspektive und direkten Nutzen für Züchtungsprogramme, Pflanzenproduzenten und weiterführende wissenschaftliche Projekte.St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is one of the most economically valuable medicinal plants, with a reported annual demand of approximately 580 tons and a cultivation value of up to €9,000 per hectare. Along with Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), it represents the highest economic yield among medicinal plants. This economic significance is primarily based on the evidence-based efficacy of its bioactive compounds, which serves as the foundation for the widespread use of St. John’s Wort preparations in modern medicine.However, challenges such as changing climatic conditions, economic fluctuations, and labor shortages are increasingly affecting cultivation. This highlights the urgent need to promote and further develop the cultivation of medicinal plants in Germany. To address these challenges, this study investigated various approaches aimed at ensuring the sustainable production of H. perforatum while exploring new applications with potential benefits for public health and economic value.The core of this work is a detailed phenotypic screening of various accessions of the genus Hypericum, focusing on H. perforatum, to identify genetic resources suitable for breeding. Particularly promising accessions were identified and exhibit advantageous characteristics across a range of traits. Given the necessity of continuous monitoring of valuable traits for digitized plant production, two "computer vision" models were successfully developed for plant and flower recognition. These tools enhance the capabilities for real-time monitoring and quantification of plant development in Hypericum spp. and help alleviate labor shortages in the selection process. To refine breeding objectives regarding secondary metabolites, the potential of H. perforatum extracts to reduce β-amyloid in Alzheimer’s models was also investigated.While various techniques for genetic manipulation have been adapted for many crop species, H. perforatum poses significant challenges for the application of established transformation techniques. To overcome these limitations, the applicability of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) was tested on in vitro cultures of H. perforatum and proved successful. This approach offers new perspectives for transient gene manipulation, particularly for plants with antimicrobial secondary metabolites, as it bypasses common issues such as the toxic effects on transformation systems. Furthermore, it holds potential for applications in stable transformation techniques and other biotechnological methods.The findings of this work make a significant contribution to expanding the scientific foundation of medicinal plant research. They also provide valuable perspectives and direct benefits for breeding programs, plant producers, and further scientific projects
Difference of the key softening-regulated factors in relation to cell wall metabolism during fruit ripening of three apple cultivars
Full text linkIn this study, the changes of cell wall compositions and related-enzyme activity and gene expression were assessed with fruit softening in three apple cultivars with different softening characteristics. The fruit of ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) and ‘Gala’ apple softened rapidly, and showed a rapid decrease in the content of CSP and hemicellulose and a fast increase in WSP content, which were concomitant with a swift up-trend in cell wall enzyme activity and gene expression. In contrast, ‘Fuji’ fruit retained the harder flesh with little changes in the content of cell wall component and lower activity and gene expression of cell wall enzymes during the whole storage. Comprehensive pathway analysis indicated that both WSP and β-Gal factors had stronger direct effect and were interacted with each other through stronger indirect effect on ‘Gala’ fruit softening. The β-Gal factor showed the strongest direct effect and had stronger indirect effect on other factors during fruit softening in ‘GD’ apple. And the strongest direct role of CSP factor was mainly affected by the indirect role of β-Gal, and the direct role of β-Gal was also indirectly affected by CSP factor during storage of ‘Fuji’ fruit. Based on above results, the β-Gal may be the most crucial enzyme involved in cell wall degradation, and the changes of WSP, CSP and hemicellulose contents had more correlations with fruit softening with different storage-ability of apple
Effect of pH on the diversity, trophic taxa and life history of rhizosphere soil nematode communities of tea tree (Camellia sinensis)
Full text linkNematodes are one of the most abundant animals in soil and are often used as indicator organisms of soil biodiversity and function. In this study, we analyzed the effects of pH on nematode community diversity, trophic taxa and life history in the rhizosphere soil of tea tree with different pH values using high-throughput techniques. The results showed that the nematode diversity in the rhizosphere soil showed a decreasing trend with the decrease of soil pH value of tea tree. Secondly, it was found that the abundance of bacterial feeders nematodes showed a significant increasing trend with increasing soil pH, while fungal feeders and plant feeders nematodes showed a decreasing trend. Pathway ratio analysis of nematodes showed that the nematode pathway ratio (NCR) increased from 0.49 to 0.92 with increasing soil pH. Abundance analysis of nematodes with different life histories revealed a significant increasing trend in the abundance of cp-1 life history nematodes with increasing soil pH, whereas the opposite was observed for cp-2 and cp-3 life histories. The abundance of different feeder nematodes was further analyzed by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and this result also verified the above high-throughput sequencing results. In conclusion, soil pH significantly affected the nematode community structure in the rhizosphere soil of tea tree, and a decrease in soil pH resulted in the predominance of cp-2 and cp-3 life history nematodes, which prompted soil microorganisms to switch from bacterial-dominated energy pathways to fungi, which in turn affected tea tree growth
Exogenous application of double-stranded RNA to reduce grapevine Pinot gris virus titre in in vitro grown Vitis vinifera
Full text linkA method of delivering short synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to stimulate RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated control for grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) in grapevines was developed and evaluated in this study. The dsRNA molecule targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of the GPGV genome was designed and produced by a twostep polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach followed by in vitro transcription of the amplicon. A significant decrease in virus titre was observed seven days after dipping shoot tips of GPGV-infected tissue culture (TC) plantlets into a solution of GPGV-RdRp-dsRNA followed by re-introduction to TC. The effect was more pronounced in shoot tips dipped in the GPGV-RdRp-dsRNA solution for 24 hours than in tips dipped for two hours. This study represents the first successful demonstration of dsRNA-mediated control in TC plantlets for GPGV and offers a promising avenue to provide virus-free material to nurseries, contributing to the overall health and sustainability of the viticulture industry
Enhancing the germination of seeds and the seedling growth and development of Pistacia khinjuk stocks via a seed dormancy breaking method
Full text linkThe behaviour of individuals with adaptations that will ensure survival is of critical importance for the continuation of species during periods when environmental factors reach challenging levels for living beings. In seed plants, this behaviour is achieved through dormancy, in which vital functions are reduced to a minimum. Seed dormancy is not germinating of seeds despite favorable environmental conditions due to internal and external factors. The impermeable and hard seed coat prevents or delays germination in wild Pistacia seeds, causing problems in the production of rootstocks in the desired numbers. In the present study, dormancy-breaking methods including treatment with sulfuric acid, Gibberellic acid (GA3), 6-Furfurylaminopurine (kinetin), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and their combination, were tested on P. khinjuk seeds stored at 4°C and 25°C for 6 months after harvest. The seeds were then allowed to germinate for 45 days in sand-filled seedling trays. The germinated seeds were transferred to pots, and the contents of dry and fresh weight, total soluble sugar and protein, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid of the seedlings were measured after 28 days of the growth and development. It was found that the highest germination rate, dry and fresh weight, total soluble sugar and protein and chlorophyll a,b contents were obtained from seeds that treated with scarification+GA3+BAP and stored at 25°C for 6 months
A Concept Study for Feature Extraction and Modeling for Grapevine Yield Prediction
Full text linkYield prediction in viticulture is an especially challenging research direction within the field of yield prediction. The characteristics that determine annual grapevine yields are plentiful, difficult to obtain, and must be captured multiple times throughout the year. The processes currently used in grapevine yield prediction are based mainly on manually captured data and rigid statistical measures derived from historical insights. Experts for data acquisition are scarce, and statistical models cannot meet the requirements of a changing environment, especially in times of climate change. This paper contributes a concept on how to overcome those drawbacks, by (1) proposing a deep learning driven approach for feature recognition and (2) explaining how Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) can be utilized for yield prediction based on those features, while being explainable and computationally inexpensive. The methods developed will be influential for the future of yield prediction in viticulture
Changes in secondary metabolites and essential oil contents in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in response to drought stress
Full text linkWater stress is one of the foremost stress factors affecting the production of secondary metabolites in plants. The aim of the researchwas to evaluate the response of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) to water stress in terms of bioactive compounds and essential oil con-stituents in a semi-arid region (Thrace region, Türkiye). Black cumin seeds were subjected to six irrigation regimes (I0, I25, I50, I75, I100,I125). The total phenolic contents of extracts decreased significantly by about 0.39-0.59-fold under irrigation regimes from I75 to I125, compared to the drought stress conditions (I0). Irrigation regimes, except over-irrigation (I125) and low water deficit (I75) conditions, had no significant effect on the antioxidant activity. The highest flavonoid content recorded under the over-irrigation regime was 406.6±4.6 mg QE g-1. The effect of irrigation on essential oil content was statistically significant. The lowest thymoquinone content was obtained under the drought stress conditions (I0), while the highest thymoquinone content was obtained from the high-water deficit conditions (I25). Based on principal component analysis, carvacrol and 4-terpineol were the most determinant compounds involved in adaptation to drought stress, and the most determinant component for low water stress was thymoquinone, which had the highest rate in the study
Weinblattmetabolite als Resistenzmarker für eine Plasmopara viticola Widerstandsfähigkeit
No full textDer Falsche Mehltau der Weinrebe ist eine der bedeutendsten Erkrankungen der europäischen Weinrebe Vitis vinifera Linné subsp. vinifera. Er wird durch den obligat biotrophen Oomyceten Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni, (1888) hervorgerufen, welcher Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts ungewollt nach Europa eingeführt wurde. Amerikanische Weinreben sind weitestgehend resistent gegen den Falschen Mehltau und könnten auf die eine oder andere Art zum Schutz der anfälligen Reben auch gegen P. viticola beitragen.
Daher beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit dem „Metabolite profiling“ von Resistenzmarkern (RM) aus dem Spektrum der flüchtigen Sekundärmetabolite von anfälligen und resistenten Reben. Es wurden in Freiland- und Gewächshausversuchen zehn Genotypen mit unterschiedlicher Resistenz gegen P. viticola analysiert. Darunter befanden sich drei verschiedene Vitis Arten (V. vinifera, V. riparia, V. labrusca) und einige Hybridreben. In einem zweijährigen Versuch wurden die konstitutiven Marker von jeweils drei Entwicklungsstadien (BBCH6, BBCH8 und BBCH9) ermittelt. Außerdem wurden induzierte Marker analysiert. Des Weiteren wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Blattposition und dem Auftreten von RM untersucht. Hierbei wurden mit den verwendeten Metabolomics-Methoden auch Marker für die Blattposition identifiziert. Für das „Metabolite profiling“ wurden die Weinblätter mittels HS-SPME-GC-EI-MS analysiert und anschließend mit non-targeted und targeted Analysenmethoden ausgewertet.
Der Vergleich der Metabolitprofile zeigte, dass das Entwicklungsstadium den stärksten Einfluss auf das Metabolitprofil hat und der Einfluss der Blattposition so gering ist, dass er vernachlässigt werden kann.
Es konnten 41 konstitutive RM ermittelt werden. Die identifizierten Metabolite stammten aus den Stoffklassen der green leaf volatiles (GLV), Norisoprenoide, Benzoat-Derivate, Monoterpenoide, einem Furan und einem Sesquiterpen. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass GLV, Norisoprenoide, Benzoat-Derivate und 2-Ethylfuran fast ausschließlich in den resistenten Genotypen in höherer Konzentration vorlagen als in den Anfälligen. Monoterpenoide und das Sesquiterpen α-Calacoren lagen hauptsächlich in anfälligen Genotypen von V. vinifera in höherer Konzentration vor als in resistenten Genotypen. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass Monoterpenoide verstärkt im Entwicklungsstadium BBCH6 in signifikant höheren Konzentrationen in V. vinifera ermittelt wurden. Wohingegen das Sesquiterpen α-Calacoren niemals im BBCH6, sondern erst in den späteren Entwicklungsstadien in signifikant erhöhter Konzentration in V. vinifera ermittelt wurde. GLVs traten als RM in den resistenten Genotypen wie V. labrusca auf und dann erst in späteren Entwicklungsstadien, hauptsächlich im Entwicklungsstadium BBCH9.
Für die konstitutiven RM aus den Gruppen der Norisoprenoide, Benzoat-Derivate und Furan wurde keine Abhängigkeit des Entwicklungsstadiums beobachtet. Allerdings wurden drei weitere Metabolite als RM ermittelt, die eine starke Korrelation zum Entwicklungsstadium aufwiesen. Sie traten zunächst in BBCH6 in signifikant höheren Konzentrationen in V. vinifera und in BBCH9 in signifikant höheren Konzentrationen in V. labrusca auf. Diese RM mit wechselnder Korrelation waren die beiden Monoterpenoide Geranylaceton und α-Terpineol, sowie das GLV (Z)-3-Hexenal. Nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Auftreten der konstitutiven RM und Entwicklungsstadium bisher noch nicht beschrieben worden. Es ist eine neue Erkenntnis dieser Arbeit, dass Monoterpenoide als RM in Reben hauptsächlich in BBCH6 auftreten und GLV sowie Sesquiterpene hauptsächlich in BBCH9 als RM ermittelt wurden; wohingegen Norisoprenoide, Benzoat-Derivate und Furan zu allen getesteten Entwicklungsstadien als RM auftraten. Des Weiteren traten Monoterpenoide und das Sesquiterpen α-Calacoren artspezifisch häufiger in V. vinifera als konstitutive RM auf, wohingegen das Furan 2-Ethylfuran niemals in V. vinifera als RM in Erscheinung trat. Benzoat-Derivate und GLVs wurden am häufigsten in V. labrusca stämmigen Genotypen als RM detektiert. Norisoprenoide traten am häufigsten, aber nicht ausschließlich in V. riparia als RM in Erscheinung. Nach besten Wissen und Gewissen ist der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Auftreten von Norisoprenoiden als RM und der Artspezifität zu V. riparia eine neue Erkenntnis dieser Arbeit. Dennoch soll hier kurz erwähnt werden, dass diese Artspezifität sich ausschließlich auf die Eingruppierung als konstitutive RM bezieht. Monoterpene sind auch Bestandteil des Metabolitprofils von V. labrusca und Norisoprenoide sind wichtige Geschmacksträger in Qualitätsweinen.
Es konnten 24 induzierte RM ermittelt werden. Dabei stellte sich entgegen der ursprünglichen Erwartung heraus, dass die meisten induzierten RM (19 von 24) in der pilzwiderstandsfähigen Züchtung Regent auftraten und nur sechs in der resistenten V. labrusca-stämmigen Hybride Blaue Isabella und in V. riparia.
Für alle ermittelten RM wurde nach Publikationen zur Bioaktivität recherchiert. Für die RM 2-Ethylfuran, einem Isomeren-Mix aus (Z)- und (E)-Ocimen sowie β-Cyclocitral wurde bereits eine inhibierende Wirkung auf P. viticola publiziert. Dagegen wurden 20 Verbindungen hier zum ersten Mal mit einer Resistenzantwort auf eine P. viticola Infektion in Verbindung gebracht. Dabei handelt es sich um die sieben Norisoprenoide Theaspiran, (E)-β-Damascon, (E)-β-Damascenon, Dihydroedulan I, Megastigmatrienon, Sulcaton und Carvomenthenal A, die 2 GLVs Nonanol und (Z)-3-Hexenylacetat, sowie die zehn Terpenoide p-Cymen, p-Cymol, D-Limonen, Alloocimen, β-Myrcen, β-Citronellol, Hotrienol, (Z)-Rosenoxid, Geraniumoxid und α-Calacoren.Downy mildew of grapevine is one of the most important diseases of the European grapevine Vitis vinifera Linné supsp. vinifera. It is caused by the obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni (1888), which was unintentionally introduced into Europe at the end of the 19th century. American grapevines are largely resistant to downy mildew and may contribute in one way or another to the protection of susceptible vines also against P. viticola.
Therefore, this work deals with the metabolite profiling of resistance markers (RM) from volatile secondary metabolites of susceptible and resistant grapevines. Ten genotypes with different resistance to P. viticola were analysed in field and greenhouse trials. Among them were three different Vitis species (V. vinifera, V. riparia, V. labrusca) and some hybrid vines. In a two-year trial, the constitutive markers of three developmental stages (BBCH6, BBCH8, BBCH9) were determined. In addition, induced markers were analysed in a third year. Furthermore, the relationship between leaf position and the occurrence of RM was investigated. The used metabolomic methods were also applied to identify markers for leaf position. For metabolite profiling the grape leaves were analysed using HS-SPME-GC-EI-MS and then were evaluated using non-targeted and targeted analytical methods.
The comparison of the metabolite profiles showed that the developmental stage has the strongest influence on the metabolite profile and the influence of the leaf position is so small that it can be neglected.
A total of 41 constitutive RMs were identified. The metabolites identified came from the substance classes of green leaf volatiles (GLV), norisoprenoids, benzoate derivatives, monoterpenoids, a furan and a sesquiterpene. It was elaborated, that GLV, norisoprenoids, benzoate derivatives and 2-ethylfuran were almost exclusively present in higher concentrations in resistant genotypes. Monoterpenoids and the sesquiterpene α-calacorene were mainly detected in higher concentrations in the susceptible genotypes of V. vinifera. Furthermore, it could be shown, that monoterpenoids were detected in significantly increased concentrations at the developmental stage BBCH6 in the susceptible V. vinifera. In contrast, the sesquiterpene α-calacorene was never detected in BBCH6. It was only found in significantly increased concentrations in the later developmental stages of V. vinifera. GLVs are RM in the resistant genotypes such as V. labrusca and occur here exclusively at the later developmental stages, mainly at BBCH9.
For the constitutive RMs from the classes of norisoprenoids, benzoate derivatives and furan, no dependence of the developmental stages and their occurrence was observed. However, three other metabolites were identified as RMs that showed a strong correlation with the developmental stage. They appeared initially in BBCH6 in significantly increased concentrations in susceptible V. vinifera, but in BBCH9 they showed significantly increased concentrations in the resistant V. labrusca genotypes. These RMs with changing correlation were the two monoterpenoids geranyl acetone and α-terpineol, as well as the GLV (Z)-3-hexenal. To the best of my knowledge, the correlation between occurrence of the constitutive RMs and the developmental stages has not been described before. It is a new finding of this work that monoterpenoids occur as RMs in grapevines mainly at BBCH6 and GLV as well as sesquiterpenes were found as RMs mainly at BBCH9. Norisoprenoids, benzoate derivatives and furan occurred as RMs at all developmental stages tested. Furthermore, monoterpenoids and the sesquiterpene α-calacorene occurred species-specifically more frequently in V. vinifera as constitutive RMs, whereas the furan 2-ethylfuran never appeared as a RM in V. vinifera. Benzoate derivatives and GLVs were most frequently detected as RMs in V. labrusca genotypes. Norisoprenoids appeared most frequently, but not exclusively, as RMs in V. riparia. To the best of my knowledge, the correlation between the occurrence of norisoprenoids as RMs and species specificity to V. riparia is a new finding of this work. Nevertheless, it should be briefly mentioned, that this species specificity refers exclusively to the classification as a constitutive RM. Monoterpenes are also part of the metabolite profile of V. labrusca as well as norisoprenoids are important flavour compounds in quality wines.
24 induced RMs were determined. Contrary to the original expectation, most of the induced RMs (19 out of 24) occurred in the fungus-resistant cultivar Regent and only six induced RMs in the resistant V. labrusca hybrid Blue Isabella and in V. riparia.
For all RMs identified, it was searched for reports on bioactivity in publications. For the RMs 2-ethylfuran, an isomer mix of (Z)- and (E)-ocimene as well as β-cyclocitral, an inhibitory effect on P. viticola has already been published. Still, 20 compounds have been associated here for the first time with a resistance response to P. viticola infection. These are the seven norisoprenoids theaspirane, (E)-β-damascone, (E)-β-damascenone, dihydroedulan I, megastigmatrienone, sulcatone, and carvomenthenal A, the two GLVs nonanol and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and the ten terpenoids p-cymenene, p-cymene, D-limonene, alloocimene, β-myrcene, β-citronellol, hotrienol, (Z)-rose oxide, geranium oxide and α-calacorene
Assessing pollen beetle dynamics in diversified agricultural landscapes with reduced pesticide management strategies: Exploring the potential of digital yellow water traps for continuous, high-resolution monitoring in oilseed rape
Full text linkThe European Farm to Fork strategy strives to reduce pesticide use and risk by 50% by 2030, preserving agricultural productivity, biodiversity, and human health. Novel research on crop diversification and new field arrangements, supported by digital technologies, offers sustainable innovations for pest control. This study evaluates digital yellow water traps, equipped with a camera and associated artificial intelligence model for continuous pollen beetle monitoring in diversified agricultural landscapes. Data were collected in oilseed rape from three harvest years (2021-2023) at the experimental site patchCROP, a landscape experiment established to study the effects of spatial and temporal crop diversification measures on yield, ecosystem services, and biodiversity. In patchCROP, crops were planted in smaller, 0.5 ha (72 × 72 m) squares called "patches" with different pesticide management strategies and were compared to surrounding commercial fields. The digital yellow water traps and AI were evaluated and found to be useful for gauging pollen beetle immigration into the crop. Across all years, higher insect pest pressure was recorded in the patches compared to commercial fields but did not necessarily compromise yields. Implementation of pesticide management strategies, including targeted insecticide applications at specific insect pest thresholds, were not associated with reduced yields in patches with flower strips. Future studies should consider examining the role of field size and alternative diversification approaches to fine-tune insecticide reduction strategies at the landscape scale