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Blends of wood chips from oak and cherry: impact on the general phenolic parameters and sensory profile of a white wine during the aging process
Get PDFToday, there is a restricted knowledge about the potential impact of the use of different wood chip species on the white wine aging process. This lack of knowledge is even greater when wood species are used in blends of different species. Thus, the aim was to carry out a comparative analysis of the impact of different blends of wood chip species, involving oak and cherry wood, on different phenolic and color parameters, browning potential index and sensory profile of a white wine during the aging process. During the aging time studied, the use of wood chips induced an increase of wine phenolic content and color intensity, particularly in wines aged in contact with cherry wood chips alone or in blends with oak wood chips. A similar tendency was also detected for browning potential index. Regarding the sensorial results, the use of different wood chip species has an impact on the increase of "woody aroma" for the wines aged with oak wood chip species and also an increase of "body" and "astringency" descriptors for the wines aged with oak chips alone or blended with cherry chips. This work advances our understanding of the impact of different wood chip species separately or by the use of blends on white wine quality
Forcing vine regrowth to delay ripening and its association to changes in the hormonal balance
Get PDFThe quality and typicality of wines, strongly depends on the management techniques used for grapevine cultivation. Actually, the increment in the average world temperature due to climate change induces not only bigger irrigation necessities, but also earlier grape-ripening processes, which take place in warmer days and shorter nights. Thus, with the aim of delaying grape ripeness of at least two months, a technique has been proposed based on forcing vine regrowth. This technique consists on forcing vine regrowth from the formed latent buds after cutting the green shoots between the second and the third node; lateral shoots, leaves, and primary clusters are also removed. In this study, a forcing treatment was carried out at three different phenological stages (G, I and J). Depending on the phenological stage of vines during the forcing treatment, we wanted to determine the berry ripening delay and to explore how this mechanical pruning interacts with the hormonal balance to modulate bud growth just before shoot decapitation (Control) and later, within the following 7 and 14 days after cutting the green shoots. Forcing treatments carried out at stages G, I and J succeeded to delay ripening 18, 27 and 45 days respectively, as compared to unforced plants. Vine yield was significantly reduced in all treatments as compared to control plants, resulting in a high level of acidity in berries which might be associated with the loss of flowers, a reduction in the fruit set percentage or a combination of both. Endogenous cytokinin (CK) content in control latent buds decreased during the vine vegetative cycle. Contrarily, abscisic acid (ABA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) increased, while minor changes were found in the concentration of gibberellins (GAs), salicylic acid (SA) and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxilic acid (ACC). Moreover, a clear modification of the hormonal balance was found in latent buds 7 and 14 days after forcing regrowth. CK content significantly increased while ABA rapidly decreased after pruning in all treatments. Thus, vine regrowth from the formed latent buds might have been upregulated by CK and promoted by the absence of ABA
NIRS-based detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing weeds in crop plants after harvest – PA-NIRSort
Get PDFMonViA - Development of a concept for a na-tional trend monitoring of the earthworm community
Get PDFThe therapeutic properties of Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.): Reviewing novel findings and medical indications
Get PDFMelissa officinalis, a perennial plant in the family Lamiacae, known as lemon balm, is a popular herb with multiple therapeutic properties. Significant content of active compounds (including rosmarinic acid) is reported to be responsible for the broad health effects of lemon balm. Melissa officinalis has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antidepressant activities. It can be used in the treatment of sleep disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and obesity as well as in ophthalmology, gynaecology, oncology, gastroenterology and cardiology. This review includes literature on the chemical composition of Melissa officinalis and the possibilities of its use in medicine as well as functional food. Furthermore, the side effects and the contraindications to the usage of this herb were summarized
Mineral P and K fertilization effect on crop yield response as a function of soil nutrient supply under the cultivation conditions of organic farming in Germany
Get PDFEntsprechend den experimentellen Erfahrungen im konventionellen Landbau bestehen bei den Grundnährstoffen zwischen den pflanzenverfügbaren Nährstoffgehalten der Bodenkrume und den Ertragsdifferenzen nach zusätzlicher Düngung statistische Zusammenhänge, die sich besonders zum Aufbau von Verfahren der Düngungsbemessung eignen, wenn möglichst viele Versuchsergebnisse und Standorte in die Auswertung eingegangen sind. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse sind jedoch insbesondere vom Ertragsniveau des Anbausystems abhängig. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit alle verfügbaren Feldversuche zusammengefasst, die unter den Bedingungen des ökologischen Landbaus zur Düngung mit mineralischen P- (weicherdige Rohphosphate, Thomasphosphat) und K-Düngemittel (Kalirohsalze, Kaliumsulfat) durchgeführt worden sind.Aus der Zeitperiode 1993–2016 konnten mehrjährige Versuchsergebnisse zum Nährstoff Phosphor von 21 Standorten und 243 Varianten und zum Nährstoff Kalium von 30 Standorten und 201 Vergleichsvarianten aus insgesamt 9 Bundesländern Deutschlands mit Hilfe von Regressions- und Boxplot-Analysen graphisch und tabellarisch ausgewertet werden, um die Beziehungen zwischen den CAL- und DL-löslichen Bodengehalten an P und K und den relativen Ertragsdifferenzen der angebauten Fruchtarten zwischen Standardvarianten ohne und Steigerungsvarianten mit Düngung (0–100 kg P/ha/a; 0–664 kg K/ha/a) möglichst quantitativ darstellen zu können. Für beide Nährstoffe wurden Ergebnisse erzielt, aus denen in Abhängigkeit von steigenden Bodengehalten an Phosphor (0,8–12,3 mg P/100 g) und an Kalium (2,1–29,0 mg K/100 g Boden) jeweils der abnehmende Ertragszuwachs von Mangelernährung bis zum Ertragsmaximum deutlich sichtbar wurde.Die Ertragswirkung der P-Düngemittel war bei hohen pH-Werten des Bodens verschieden. Entgegen den Ergebnissen der P-Steigerungsversuche konnten bei niedriger K-Versorgung des Bodens deutliche Wechselwirkungen sowohl zwischen der Bodenart als auch den Fruchtarten und den Ertragsdifferenzen ermittelt werden. Bei zu niedrigen Bodengehalten an K führt Düngung auf schwereren Böden (L–T) zu höheren Ertragsdifferenzen als auf leichten Böden (S–sL). In der Rangfolge reagieren Klee- und Luzernegras, Hackfrüchte (Kartoffel, Mais, Feldgemüse) und besonders Körnerleguminosen (Ackerbohne, Erbse, Lupine) deutlich empfindlicher auf eine Zusatzdüngung als die Getreidearten.In Anlehnung an das Nährstoffklassifizierungs-System des VDLUFA konnten, durch Zusammenfassung der Ertragsergebnisse zu Gruppen unterschiedlicher Bodennährstoffgehalte, Bereiche an Nährstoffen ermittelt werden, bei denen durch zusätzliche Düngung keine oder nur noch sehr geringe durchschnittliche Ertragsdifferenzen erzielt werden. Diese optimalen Nährstoffgehalte liegen mit ungefähr 2,5–4,5 mg P/100 g und 6,6–10,0 mg K/100 g Boden z.T. deutlich unter den Werten, die für konventionelle Anbaubedingungen angestrebt werden. Bei sehr niedrigen Bodengehalten kommt es in Abhängigkeit von einer hohen Streubreite der Einzelergebnisse zu mittleren Ertragszuwächsen von 9% bei Phosphor- und von 12% nach Kaliumdüngung. Die auf diese Weise experimentell begründeten Gruppen zur Klassifizierung der Bodengehalte können für die Weiterentwicklung von Verfahren zur Düngebedarfsermittlung im ökologischen Landbau Verwendung finden.According to conventional farming knowledge from basal nutrient experiments, statistical relations were found between topsoil plant-available nutrient concentrations and crop yield differences received from additional fertilization which are especially well-suited to establishing fertilization measurement procedures, when as many trial results and sites as possible in the data analysis where included. However, the findings obtained are dependent on the yield level of the cropping system. Therefore, in this paper all available field trials conducted under organic farming conditions were collected with regard to mineral phosphorus (P, soft rock phosphate, Thomas phosphate) and potassium (K, natural potash salts, potassium sulfate) fertilizer application.Within the time period 1993–2016 regression and boxplot graphical and tabular analyses could be used to analyze multi-year trial results comprising 21 sites and 243 P variants and 30 sites and 201 K variants from a total of 9 federal German states. The relations between the available P and K nutrients (extraction with diluted lactate solutions, CAL, DL) and the relative crop yield differences between standard and fertilizer variants (0–100 kg P/ha/a, 0–664 kg K/ha/a) were described as quantitatively as possible. Subject to increasing soil content of P (0.8–12.3 mg P/100 g) and K (2.1–29.0 mg K/100 g), the declining yield increase from nutrient deficit up to yield maximum was clearly visible for both nutrient results.The yield effect of P fertilizers was different at high soil pH values. Contrary to the findings of the P increase trials, distinct interactions between soil type as well as the cultivated crop species and the yield effects were found in the range of low K concentration. On plots with insufficient soil K content fertilization led to higher yield effects on heavy soils (L–T) than on light soils (S–sL). In order of precedence, clover and alfalfa grass mixtures, row crops (potato, maize, field vegetables) and especially grain legumes (field bean, pea, lupine) reacted much more sensitively than cereal crops.According to the nutrient-availability classification system of the VDLUFA, aggregation of the crop yield results into groups of differently available soil nutrient content enabled nutrient ranges to be identified in which only marginal or no mean yield effects were achieved with additional fertilizer application. These optimal nutrient values of 2.5–4.5 mg P/100 g and 6.6–10.0 mg K/100 g soil are located on a markedly lower level compared to estimated values of conventional cultivation systems. Subject to the high range of the individual results within very low soil nutrient contents, mean yield increase of 9% appeared after P and of 12% after K fertilization. These experimentally established groups for classifying soil nutrient content can be used to further development work on fertilizer requirement methods in organic farming systems