JOS - UNSOED (Jurnal Online Soedirman - Universitas Jenderal Soedirman)
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Teknik Alat Berat Kajian Teoritis Produktivitas Alat Berat Mechanical
No full textKajian teoritis ini menganalisis produktivitas alat berat mekanis dalam proyek konstruksi, mensintesis literatur yang ada untuk mengembangkan kerangka konseptual komprehensif. Produktivitas didefinisikan sebagai tingkat output per unit waktu, dipengaruhi oleh kapasitas alat, waktu siklus, efisiensi kerja, kondisi material dan medan, serta manajemen proyek. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis model matematis untuk berbagai alat seperti excavator, dump truck, dan bulldozer, mengakui variasi rumus dan faktor efisiensi antar sumber. Pembahasan mencakup faktor-faktor penentu efisiensi, identifikasi hambatan, dampak metode kerja, dan pengaruh eksternal. Strategi optimasi teoritis, termasuk kombinasi alat, pemeliharaan lanjutan, pelatihan operator, tata letak lokasi, dan integrasi teknologi, diuraikan. Kajian ini juga menyoroti implikasi ekonomi dan peran data waktu nyata. Hasilnya mengkonsolidasikan data empiris yang beragam ke dalam pemahaman teoritis yang lebih umum, menjembatani kesenjangan antara produktivitas teoritis dan aktual. Studi ini memberikan landasan konseptual yang kuat untuk penelitian empiris di masa depan dan panduan terstruktur bagi praktisiKajian teoritis ini menganalisis produktivitas alat berat mekanis dalam proyek konstruksi, mensintesis literatur yang ada untuk mengembangkan kerangka konseptual komprehensif. Produktivitas didefinisikan sebagai tingkat output per unit waktu, dipengaruhi oleh kapasitas alat, waktu siklus, efisiensi kerja, kondisi material dan medan, serta manajemen proyek. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis model matematis untuk berbagai alat seperti excavator, dump truck, dan bulldozer, mengakui variasi rumus dan faktor efisiensi antar sumber. Pembahasan mencakup faktor-faktor penentu efisiensi, identifikasi hambatan, dampak metode kerja, dan pengaruh eksternal. Strategi optimasi teoritis, termasuk kombinasi alat, pemeliharaan lanjutan, pelatihan operator, tata letak lokasi, dan integrasi teknologi, diuraikan. Kajian ini juga menyoroti implikasi ekonomi dan peran data waktu nyata. Hasilnya mengkonsolidasikan data empiris yang beragam ke dalam pemahaman teoritis yang lebih umum, menjembatani kesenjangan antara produktivitas teoritis dan aktual. Studi ini memberikan landasan konseptual yang kuat untuk penelitian empiris di masa depan dan panduan terstruktur bagi praktisi.
 
Urgensi Laboratorium Pendidikan Agama Islam: Studi Kasus Madrasah Aliyah di Kabupaten Cilacap
No full textThis study is to find out the urgency of the Islamic Religious Education laboratory in Madrasah Aliyah, especially in the development of knowledge and in religious practice activities, so that in learning Islamic Religious Education in the laboratory, students have experience in the actualization of Islamic Religious Education. This research method is a qualitative study by conducting observations and interviews with the head of the Madrasah and also the Head of the Laboratory to determine the condition of the Islamic Religious Education laboratory in Madrasah Aliyah in Cilacap Regency. The results of the study are still many Madrasah Aliyah that do not have an Islamic Religious Education laboratory in Cilacap Regency. So that in the implementation of Islamic Religious Education practices, it is not carried out in the laboratory but more theory in class and practice of fiqh worship in the mosque or prayer room near the madrasah. The implication is that Madrasah Aliyah is an Educational Institution that focuses on Islamic Religious Education competency, it is time to have an Islamic Religious Education laboratory such as the Al-Quran Laboratory, Hadith Laboratory, Fiqh Worship Laboratory, Islamic Science Laboratory, Multimedia Da'wah Laboratory, and so on. To bridge the gap between theoretical learning in class and practice. So as to form a generation of Muslims who are able to understand and practice Islamic teachings well
Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Criminal Liability: The Indonesian and Malaysian Approaches to Defence of Infancy
No full textThe minimum age at which children can be held criminally liable is a central issue in juvenile criminal justice because it reflects how the law defines childhood, liability, and the state’s obligations toward child offenders. This study examines how Indonesia and Malaysia design and apply the defence of infancy and how these choices influence the treatment of children in conflict with the law. The study aims to analyse the conceptual foundations, mechanisms, and practical consequences of the minimum age for establishing criminal liability in both jurisdictions. This study relies entirely on secondary data drawn from legislation, judicial decisions, academic literature, and official documents. Indonesian materials include the Juvenile Justice System Law of 2012 and several illustrative judgments, such as Decision Number 23/Pid.Sus-Anak/2025/PN Lbp, Decision Number 127/Pid.Sus/2012/PN.Bi, and Decision Number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2022/PN.Sbr. Malaysian sources include the Child Act of 2001, the Malaysian Penal Code, and case law such as Child v Public Prosecutor [2020] MLJU 13944. The findings show that Indonesia adopts a fixed statutory minimum age of twelve accompanied by diversion and restorative justice mechanisms, while Malaysia applies the doctrine of doli incapax, granting absolute immunity to children under ten and a rebuttable presumption for those aged ten to twelve, with greater reliance on institutional rehabilitation. These differences shape how liability is assessed and how children are processed, rehabilitated, and reintegrated into society. Based on these observations, the study suggests that Malaysia could benefit from expanding restorative practices, while Indonesia requires stronger and more consistent implementation of its existing restorative framework
Grey Zone Escalation: How China’s Hybrid Warfare is Reshaping Taiwan’s Security
No full textAbstractGrey-zone conflict and hybrid warfare have become increasingly prominent forms of strategic competition in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in cross-strait relations. Unlike conventional conflicts marked by open warfare, grey-zone strategies operate below the threshold of war through ambiguous, incremental, and multi-domain coercive actions. In the context of Taiwan, China's pressure extends beyond military demonstrations to include information operations, cyberattacks, economic coercion, and maritime activities aimed at undermining political stability and weakening overall security resilience. This evolving environment suggests that Taiwan's security challenges have become more complex. This study examines two key issues: (1) how China's grey-zone strategy and hybrid warfare shape Taiwan's national security policies, and (2) the dominant forms of China's hybrid warfare tactics within grey-zone operations and their implications for Taiwan's security stability. The author employs a qualitative, descriptive-analytical approach, focusing on Taiwan. Moreover, data were collected through document-based research and media tracking, official statements, credible international news sources, and relevant academic literature. The data were analysed using Miles and Huberman's qualitative data analysis framework, which comprises data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification, to ensure a comprehensive analysis. The findings suggest that China's grey-zone escalation has driven significant adjustments in Taiwan's security policy, shifting from a primarily conventional defense orientation toward a broader framework of comprehensive security and national resilience. This shift is reflected in Taiwan's increasing emphasis on cybersecurity, counter-disinformation measures, and critical infrastructure protection. Moreover, information operations, cyber pressure, and military exercises emerge as the most dominant hybrid tactics employed by China. These tactics intensify the complexity of Taiwan's security environment, affecting both national defense priorities and socio-political resilience. In conclusion, China's grey-zone and hybrid warfare strategies function not only as coercive instruments but also as mechanisms that gradually reshape Taiwan's security agenda.
Keywords: Cross-Strait Relations, Grey Zone Strategy, Hybrid Warfare, Taiwan's Security, Cybersecurity
AbstrakFenomena konflik grey-zone dan hybrid warfare semakin menonjol sebagai bentuk kompetisi strategis di kawasan Indo-Pasifik, khususnya dalam hubungan lintas selat (cross-strait relations) antara Cina dan Taiwan. Berbeda dengan konflik konvensional yang ditandai dengan perang terbuka, strategi grey-zone beroperasi di bawah ambang perang melalui tindakan koersif yang bersifat ambigu, bertahap, dan multidomain. Dalam konteks Taiwan, tekanan China tidak hanya terbatas pada demonstrasi kekuatan militer, tetapi juga mencakup operasi informasi, serangan siber, koersi ekonomi, serta aktivitas maritim yang bertujuan melemahkan stabilitas politik dan ketahanan keamanan Taiwan. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa tantangan keamanan Taiwan telah bergeser menuju “era normal baru” yang semakin kompleks. Penelitian ini menganalisis dua isu utama, yaitu: (1) bagaimana strategi grey-zone dan hybrid warfare China membentuk kebijakan keamanan nasional Taiwan, serta (2) bentuk-bentuk taktik hybrid warfare China dalam operasi grey-zone terhadap Taiwan dan implikasinya terhadap stabilitas keamanan Taiwan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif-analitis dengan berfokus pada Taiwan. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi dokumentasi dan media tracking, yang mencakup dokumen kebijakan, pernyataan resmi, sumber berita internasional, serta literatur akademik yang relevan. Data dianalisis menggunakan kerangka analisis kualitatif Miles dan Huberman yang meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, serta penarikan dan verifikasi kesimpulan untuk menghasilkan analisis yang komprehensif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa eskalasi strategi grey-zone China mendorong penyesuaian signifikan dalam kebijakan keamanan Taiwan, dari orientasi pertahanan konvensional menuju kerangka keamanan komprehensif berbasis ketahanan nasional. Perubahan ini tercermin dalam meningkatnya perhatian Taiwan terhadap keamanan siber, kebijakan kontra-disinformasi, dan perlindungan infrastruktur kritis. Selain itu, operasi informasi, tekanan siber, dan latihan militer muncul sebagai taktik hibrida paling dominan yang digunakan China. Taktik tersebut memperbesar kompleksitas ancaman keamanan Taiwan, baik pada aspek pertahanan nasional maupun ketahanan sosial-politik. Dengan demikian, strategi grey-zone dan hybrid warfare China berfungsi tidak hanya sebagai instrumen tekanan, tetapi juga sebagai mekanisme yang secara gradual membentuk ulang agenda keamanan Taiwan
PROTEKSI sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Perilaku Seksual Berisiko Remaja di SMKN 1 Takalar
No full textRemaja merupakan kelompok usia yang rentan terhadap permasalahan kesehatan reproduksi akibat keterbatasan pengetahuan, stigma sosial, serta akses informasi yang belum optimal. Kondisi ini berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya risiko perilaku seksual berisiko, kehamilan tidak diinginkan, dan penyakit menular seksual. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya edukasi kesehatan reproduksi yang inovatif, kontekstual, dan mudah diakses oleh remaja. Program pengabdian masyarakat ini mengangkat topik kesehatan reproduksi remaja melalui implementasi PROTEKSI (Pendidikan Reproduksi Terpadu dan Edukasi Seksual melalui Inovasi) di SMKN 1 Takalar sebagai respons terhadap rendahnya pemahaman remaja dan tingginya ketergantungan pada sumber informasi yang kurang terverifikasi. Metode pengabdian masyarakat yang digunakan adalah Community-Based Intervention (CBI) dengan melibatkan siswa, guru, orang tua, tenaga kesehatan, serta pemanfaatan media edukasi berbasis aplikasi digital. Evaluasi dilakukan menggunakan desain pre-test dan post-test untuk mengukur perubahan tingkat pengetahuan remaja pada berbagai aspek kesehatan reproduksi. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan proporsi responden dengan tingkat pengetahuan kategori baik pada hampir seluruh aspek yang diukur, terutama pada pengetahuan anatomi dan fisiologi, menstruasi dan fertilisasi, penyakit menular seksual dan praktik aman, serta perilaku seksual berisiko remaja. Program PROTEKSI bertujuan meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran remaja terhadap kesehatan reproduksi melalui pendekatan edukatif berbasis komunitas dan teknologi digital. Metode CBI terbukti mendukung efektivitas program dengan menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang partisipatif. Hasil kegiatan ini penting sebagai dasar pengembangan model edukasi kesehatan reproduksi remaja yang berkelanjutan dan dapat direplikasi di sekolah lain
Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis pada Pasien Imunokompromi dengan Anemia dan Melena: Laporan Kasus
No full textLatar Belakang: Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis merupakan bentuk oral candidiasis yang relatif jarang dan sering menyerupai lesi oral berpotensi ganas. Kondisi imunosupresi akibat penyakit sistemik dapat menjadi faktor predisposisi penting terjadinya infeksi ini. Tujuan: Mendeskripsikan diagnosis, tata laksana, dan luaran klinis chronic hyperplastic candidiasis pada pasien dengan anemia dan melena. Kasus: Seorang pasien laki-laki usia 69 tahun datang dengan keluhan lemas dan tinja berwarna hitam. Pasien memiliki riwayat anemia, melena, nefrolitiasis, serta transfusi darah berulang. Pemeriksaan intraoral menunjukkan plak putih persisten dan eritema luas pada dorsum lidah yang tidak dapat dihilangkan sepenuhnya dengan swab. Tata Laksana dan Luaran: Pasien mendapatkan terapi sistemik untuk anemia dan melena, disertai terapi antifungal topikal nystatin dan edukasi kesehatan rongga mulut. Evaluasi intraoral serial menunjukkan perbaikan progresif dengan resolusi klinis lesi pada hari keempat perawatan. Simpulan: Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis perlu dipertimbangkan pada pasien imunokompromi dengan kelainan sistemik. Diagnosis dini dan terapi antifungal yang tepat, disertai kontrol kondisi sistemik, memberikan luaran klinis yang baik.
Kata kunci: Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis, imunokompromi, anemia, melen
Exclusive Breastfeeding and the Risk of Complicated Pneumonia in Toddlers: A Literature Review
No full textPneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2019) reports that pneumonia accounts for approximately 14% of all infant deaths, with more than 740,000 deaths per year. In Indonesia, the prevalence of pneumonia in infants remains high, including in West Nusa Tenggara Province, which recorded 32,128 cases in 2023, with 4,183 cases in West Lombok Regency. One protective factor believed to reduce the risk of pneumonia is exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life. Breast milk contains various immunological components such as secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lactoferrin, lysozyme, and oligosaccharides, which play a role in protecting against lower respiratory tract infections (Lyons et al., 2020; Moraes-Pinto et al., 2021). This literature review was compiled using a narrative literature review method using relevant national and international sources, including journals from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and official WHO and UNICEF reports. The literature reviewed was published between 2015 and 2024, focusing on the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers. The analysis was conducted descriptively and thematically, reflecting the content of previous studies. Based on the study results, exclusive breastfeeding has been shown to have a significant protective effect against the incidence of pneumonia. Infants who are not exclusively breastfed have a two to five times higher risk of developing lower respiratory tract infections (Popovsky, E.Y. and Florin, T.A., 2021). A global study by Victora et al. (2016) found that exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of severe pneumonia by up to 64% and has the potential to prevent 820,000 child deaths annually. However, the incidence of complicated pneumonia is also influenced by other factors such as nutritional status, basic immunizations, exposure to cigarette smoke, and home environmental conditions (Dean & Florin, 2018; Saunders, 2017). Exclusive breastfeeding plays a crucial role in preventing pneumonia in toddlers through immunological mechanisms and protection of the respiratory mucosa. However, because pneumonia is a multifactorial disease, the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding needs to be supported by improved nutritional status, immunization coverage, and environmental improvements. Comprehensive promotive and preventive efforts are needed to reduce the incidence of pneumonia and its complications in the community
Effectiveness of Bay Leaf Ethanol Extract (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.) in Inhibiting The Growth of Staphylococcus aureus: Study in Vitro
No full textNormal flora in the oral cavity mostly consists of commensal bacteria, but under certain conditions, these bacteria can develop into pathogens and cause infections, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria can cause various diseases in the oral cavity such as abscesses, stomatitis, and gingivitis, especially when the immune system is weak. Treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus often requires the use of antibiotics, but improper use can trigger antibiotic resistance. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum w) contain antibacterial activity in secondary metabolite compounds, namely essential oils, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. This study aims to determine the effect of 70% ethanol extract of bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum w) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This study was an experimental laboratory study with a post-test only control group design. This study was divided into 5 treatment groups consisting of 3 treatment groups and 2 control groups. S.aureus was grown on Muller Hinton Agar media. Each treatment group was given bay leaf ethanol extract with concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% and a control group consisting of a positive control using chlorhexidine and a negative control group using sterile aquadest. All petri dishes were put into an incubator for 24 hours at 37oC, then their diameters were measured. Data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and continued with the Mann Whitney-U posthoc test. The results showed an increase in the concentration of the inhibition zone for each extract concentration. The average diameter of the positive control inhibition zone was 22.20 mm; 100% concentration 15.10 mm; 75% concentration 13.85 mm; 50% concentration 11.40 mm, and negative control 0.00 mm. The Kruskal-Wallis test results showed significant differences. The Mann Whitney-U posthoc test showed significant differences for all groups except the negative control. Bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum W.) can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100%
Analisis Kandungan Bahan Kimia Obat Allopurinol Dalam Jamu Asam Urat Yang Beredar Di Kota Batam Secara Kromatografi Lapis Tipis
No full textThe high public interest in herbal medicines, particularly those used to relieve joint pain and gout, has encouraged some manufacturers to enhance product efficacy to achieve rapid therapeutic effects. One type of pharmaceutical adulterant (Bahan Kimia Obat, BKO) that is potentially added to herbal medicines is allopurinol. This study aimed to determine whether gout herbal medicines circulating in Batam City contain pharmaceutical adulterants and to analyze allopurinol using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Six brands of gout herbal medicines marketed in Batam City were used as samples. Identification of allopurinol was performed using the TLC method, indicated by the appearance of purple spots under ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The mobile phase used consisted of n-butanol (C₄H₁₀O) and ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH), while ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as solvents, and silica gel GF254 plates were employed as the stationary phase. The TLC analysis showed that none of the gout herbal medicine samples contained allopurinol, as no sample spots exhibited retention factor (Rf) values equal to or close to those of the allopurinol standard under UV 254 nm observation. Therefore, quantitative analysis was not continued because all six samples yielded negative results for allopurinol.Minat masyarakat yang tinggi terhadap jamu, khususnya jamu untuk keluhan nyeri sendi dan asam urat, mendorong sebagian produsen untuk meningkatkan khasiat produknya agar dirasakan bekerja cepat. Salah satu jenis bahan kimia obat (BKO) yang berpotensi ditambahkan oleh produsen pada jamu adalah allopurinol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah jamu asam urat yang beredar di Kota Batam mengandung bahan kimia obat dan bagaimana analisis bahan kimia obat allopurinol menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis. Jamu asam urat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu enam macam merk jamu yang beredar di Kota Batam. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi bahan kimia obat allopurinol dalam penelitian ini adalah uji Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) yang dapat dilihat dari munculnya bercak atau noda berwarna ungu sebagai identifikasi penggunaan allopurinol di dalam jamu. Fase gerak yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi allopurinol adalah n-butanol (C4H10O) dan amonium hidroksida (NH4OH), pelarut yang digunakan adalah amonium hidroksida (NH4OH), natrium hidroksida (NaOH) dan fase diam yang digunakan adalah plat silika gel GF254. Hasil identifikasi pada jamu asam urat yang beredar di Kota Batam secara KLT menunjukkan tidak adanya bahan kimia obat allopurinol pada setiapsampel jamu dilihat pada sinar UV 254 nm sehingga tidak ada harga Faktor Retardasi (Rf) sampel yang sama atau hampir sama dengan harga Rf pembanding allopurinol, sehingga penelitian tidak dilanjutkan ketahap kuantitatif dikarenakan keenam sampel mendapatkan hasil negatif allopurinol
Integrative Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Anxiety Management in Chemotherapy Patients: A Systematic Review
No full textAbstract
Background: Anxiety is a prevalent and debilitating symptom among cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Pharmacological anxiolytics can produce undesirable side‑effects and may interact with cancer treatments. Consequently, research has explored non‑pharmacological interventions—such as mindfulness‑based interventions, cognitive–behavioural and acceptance therapies, relaxation practices, and complementary modalities—to reduce anxiety. This review critically evaluates randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews published between 2016 and 2025 on non‑pharmacological interventions for chemotherapy‑related anxiety.
Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (January 2016–September 2025) identified RCTs and meta-analyses on non-pharmacological interventions for anxiety in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy or survivors. Non-randomized, pharmacological, and pediatric studies were excluded. Two reviewers independently extracted data on samples, interventions, outcomes, and effect sizes. RCT quality was assessed using Cochrane’s risk-of-bias tool.
Results: Twenty-three studies (14 RCTs and nine reviews) met inclusion criteria, evaluating mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), virtual reality (VR), music therapy, relaxation techniques, aromatherapy, gratitude or behavioral activation, Tai Chi/Qigong, hypnosis, acupuncture, and reflexology. MBSR showed the strongest effects, reducing distress (SMD = –1.35) and anxiety (SMD = –1.48) and improving self-efficacy. ACT and CBT achieved small-to-moderate anxiety reductions (SMD = –0.41 and –0.61). VR alleviated anxiety, pain, and stress, while music therapy alone or combined with relaxation significantly reduced anxiety and depression. Aromatherapy and gratitude-based interventions yielded modest benefits, whereas Tai Chi/Qigong (SMD = –0.99) and hypnosis improved anxiety. Guidelines recommend MBIs, yoga, hypnosis, relaxation, music, and lavender oil during treatment, and MBIs, yoga, acupuncture, Tai Chi/Qigong, and reflexology post-treatment.
Conclusions: Non-pharmacological interventions offer promising adjuncts for chemotherapy-related anxiety. Strong evidence supports mindfulness-based therapies, ACT, CBT, VR, music therapy, relaxation, aromatherapy, and gratitude practices. Tai Chi/Qigong and hypnosis show emerging benefits, while evidence for reflexology and acupuncture remains limited. Integration should reflect patient preferences and resource availability. Future research needs standardized outcomes, larger trials, and combined approaches to strengthen evidence and optimize supportive care in oncology