E-Journal Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran / E-Jurnal Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran
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Correlation between Personal Hygiene, Household Hygiene, and Atopic Dermatitis in Elementary School Children in Indonesia
Get PDFAtopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by persistent itching and reddening of the skin. In general, infants and children are more susceptible to atopic dermatitis. Many factors are associated with atopic dermatitis, one of which is personal hygiene. Personal hygiene is a condition or practice to maintain or improve personal health by keeping the body and the environment clean. Personal hygiene can influence the surrounding environment, such as by influencing the household hygiene. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between personal hygiene, household hygiene, and atopic dermatitis incidence among children who attended Pertiwi Elementary School Medan. This was a cross-sectional study with correlational analysis designed conducted at Pertiwi Elementary School Medan from July to December 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using the Chi-Square test with p = 0.05 considered significant. Results showed that 28 children (39.4%) had atopic dermatitis, with more girls affected than boys (n=19, 67.9% vs. n=9, 32.1%). The overall household hygiene and cleanliness were good. There is a significant relationship between personal hygiene, household cleanliness, and the incidence of atopic dermatitis (p<0.05). Hubungan Personal Hygiene, Rumah Tangga, dan Dermatitis Atopik pada Anak Sekolah Dasar di IndonesiaDermatitis atopik merupakan suatu penyakit radang kulit kronis yang ditandai dengan munculnya rasa gatal secara terus-menerus dan timbul ruam kulit yang memerah. Pada umumnya bayi dan anak-anak yang lebih rentan terhadap dermatitis atopik. Faktor-faktor yang dikaitkan dengan dermatitis atopik ini salah satunya yaitu personal hygiene. Personal hygiene adalah kondisi atau praktik yang digunakan orang menjaga atau meningkatkan kesehatan dengan menjaga diri mereka dan lingkungan mereka bersih. Faktor ini dapat mempengaruhi berbagai cakupan yang lebih luas seperti dalam kehidupan rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan personal hygiene dan tingkat kebersihan dalam rumah tangga dengan kejadian dermatitis atopik pada anak-anak di SD Swasta Pertiwi, Medan. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain analitik korelasi dengan pendekatan cross-sectional yang dilaksanakan di SD Swasta Pertiwi Medan dari bulan Juli–Desember 2019. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan uji chi-square dengan p=0.05 dianggap bermakna. Pada penelitian didapatkan hasil sebanyak 28 orang menderita dermatitis atopik lebih banyak perempuan 19 orang (32,1%) dibanding dengan pria 9 orang (67,9%). Hasil penelitian bahwa personal hygiene dan kebersihan dalam rumah tangga secara keseluruhan dikategorikan baik. Terdapat hubungan antara personal hygiene dan kebersihan dalam rumah tangga dengan kejadian dermatitis atopik (p<0.05)
Correlation Between Blood Glucose and Estradiol Levels in Women in Reproductive Age
Get PDFType 2 Diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by an increase in blood sugar caused by decreased insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells and/or impaired insulin function (insulin resistance). This study aimed to determine the specific levels of estradiol hormone in reproductive age women with diabetes mellitus in different age groups. This was an analytical study in September at Royal Prima Hospital, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Twenty women participated in this study after informed consent and were divided into two age groups: 40–45 years old and 46–50 years old. Blood samples were collected after 10-12 hours of fasting to assess blood sugar and estradiol hormone levels. Data were then analyzed using the dependent t-test dependent and compared. No significant difference in blood sugar level was found between the two age groups (p-value=0.113, p-value> 0.05) that there were no significant differences in blood sugar levels between the two age groups. The estradiol hormone level in the age group 40-45 years was lower than in the age group 46–50 years, and the difference was significant (p-value =0.000, p-value0.05) sehingga tidak ada perbedaan kadar gula darah yang bermakna antara kedua kelompok tersebut. Kadar hormon estradiol pada kelompok usia 40–45 tahun memiliki kadar estadiol lebih rendah dibanding dengan kelompok usia 46–50 tahun. Tidak terdapat korelasi antara DM tipe 2 dan hormon estradiol yang bermakna pada penelitian ini.. Simpulam, bahwa usia bukan merupakan faktor penyebab utama peningkatan dan penurunan kadar gula darah dan DM tipe 2 tidak berhubungan dengan hormon estradiol
Antihyperglycemic Effectiveness Test of 96% Ethanol Extract of Soursop Leaves on Mus musculus Induced by Streptozotocin
No full textAnnona muricata L. is widely known throughout Indonesia as having great potentials as an antidiabetic agent. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic effectiveness of ethanol extract 96% from soursop leaves and to compare its effects to metformin and insulin aspart injection as antidiabetic agents. This was a cross-sectional experimental study with random sampling approach which was performed at Phytochemistry and Biopharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasannudin University, Indonesia, from February 17 to March 3, 2020. Twenty-four Mus musculus subjects induced by streptozotocin were divided into six groups, which received 96% ethanol extract from Annona muricata in various doses. The extract was produced using the maceration process. The fasting blood sugar level was measured using the point of care testing (POCT) method, and data collected were then analyzed using a univariate approach. Results showed that the average fasting blood glucose level (FBG) was decreasing with increasing doses (5 g/kgBW=127 mg/dL, 10 g/kgBW =114 mg/dL, and 15 g/kg BW=97.75 mg/dl with a p-value of 0.000 based on repeated ANOVA. When compared to the positive control 1 (metformin), the decrease in FBG level in this control group (70.67 mg/dL) was better than in the group that received ethanol extract from Annona muricata L. In subjects in positive control 2 (insulin aspart), the average FBG level remained high, which was 473 mg/dL. Hence, 96% ethanol extract of Annona muricata L. can effectively lower fasting blood glucose in Mus musculus. Uji Efektivitas Antihiperglikemik Ekstrak Ethanol 96% Daun Sirsak pada Mus musculus yang diinduksi dengan Streptozotocin Tanaman sirsak menyebar di pelosok Indonesia serta banyak dimanfaatkan masyarakat sebagai obat herbal untuk berbagai macam penyakit, diantaranya sebagai antidiabetes. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efektivitas antihiperglikemik ekstrak ethanol 96% daun sirsak pada mencit yang diinduksi dengan streptozotocin dan membandingkan efeknya dengan metformin dan insulin aspart. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan desain cross-sectional dan teknik sampling secara acak yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Fitokimia dan Biofarmasi Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Hasanuddin pada 17 Februari–3 Maret 2020. Sebanyak 24 ekor mencit yang diinduksi streptozotocin dibagi menjadi enam kelompok yang menerima ekstrak etanol 96% dari daun sirsak dalam berbagai dosis. Pembuatan ekstrak menggunakan proses maserasi dan untuk mendapatkan gula darah puasa (GDP) menggunakan metode point of care testing (POCT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kadar GDP menurun dengan peningkatan dosis pada dosis 5 g/kgBB=127 mg/dL, 10 g/kgBB=114 mg/dL, 15 g/kgBB=97,75 mg/dL dengan nilai p=0,000 berdasar atas uji ANOVA. Jika dibanding dengan kontrol positif 1 (metformin) penurunan nilai GDP jauh lebih baik pada kelompok kontrol 70,67 mg/dL lebih baik dibandingkan pada kelompok yang mendapat ekstrak etanol dari daun sirsak. Pada subjek kontrol positif 2 (insulin aspart) nilai kadar GDP tetap tinggi, yaitu 473 mg/dL. Simpulan, ekstrak ethanol 96% daun sirsak efektif menurunkan kadar glukosa darah puasa pada mencit
Semi-quantitative Digital Analysis for Human Papillomavirus Detection from Environmental Specimens
Get PDFBackground: Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been detected in urban wastewater, indicating that the virus can reach the sewer and, eventually, other water environments. This study aimed to develop a semi-quantitative assay for HPV DNA detection from environmental specimens using the PCR gel electrophoresis method.Method: This was an experimental descriptive qualitative study conducted from July to November 2019 in a standard molecular laboratory and non-laboratory administration room without air conditioner. Three brands of PCR reagents and different annealing temperatures were compared to identify the best condition for conventional PCR of plasmid DNA containing the HPV L1 gene. The semi-quantitative data were obtained from densitometry digital analysis using an imaging software. The optimized protocol was then applied on DNA serial dilutions to seek for the lower limit of detection (LLOD) value and the linear range of the assay. To evaluate the robustness of the assay, the protocol was further applied to spiked specimens of wastewater. Finally, several wastewater samples were tested for the presence of HPV DNA using this protocol.Results: A broad linear range and HPV L1 gene detection ability were observed with an LLOD of less than 2pg plasmid DNA in field condition. Although the assay successfully detected HPV DNA from several spiked wastewater samples, certain wastewater could interfere with the assay and gave false negative result.Conclusion: A semi-quantitative conventional PCR method to detect HPVDNA from environmental samples has been established and proven to be robust in field condition with non-optimum cold chain
ANGKA KEJADIAN, LENGTH OF STAY, DAN MORTALITAS PASIEN ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY DI ICU RSUP DR. HASAN SADIKIN TAHUN 2018
No full textAngka kejadian acute kidney injury (AKI) di ICU tergolong tinggi dengan penyebab utama adalah sepsis dan menjadi salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi lama rawat dan mortalitas pasien di ICU. Angka kejadian, lama rawat, dan mortalitas AKI pada ICU di Indonesia belum diketahui. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui angka kejadian AKI, lama rawat dan mortalitas pasien AKI di ICU RSUP dr Hasan Sadikin pada tahun 2018. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dilakukan pada 148 pasien yang dirawat di ICU RSUP dr. Hasan Sadikin Tahun 2018. Diagnosis AKI ditentukan melalui kriteria KDIGO dengan melihat peningkatan kreatinin serum dan penilaian urine output. Penelitian ini dilakukan mulai September 2019 sampai Februari 2020. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh sebanyak 61 pasien (41,2%) dengan diagnosis AKI, mayoritas pasien didiagnosis AKI tahap 3 yaitu sebanyak 32 pasien (53%). Sebanyak 14,8% pasien mendapatkan renal replacement therapy (RRT. Rerata lama rawat pada pasien AKI di ICU, yaitu 9,4±7,2 hari dan mortalitas sebesar 77%. Simpulan, angka kejadian AKI di ICU RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung tergolong tinggi, yaitu 41,2% serta mortalitas yang juga tinggi, yaitu 77%. Frequency, Length of Stay, And Mortality of Patients with Acute Kidney Injury at ICU Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital BandungIncidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) among patients treated in Intensive Care Units (ICU) is relatively high, mainly due to sepsis. The presence of AKI affects the patient’s length of stay (LOS) in the ICU as well as the mortality of ICU patients. In Indonesia, no data is available for the incidence of AKI in ICUs and the LOS and mortality rate of ICU patients with AKI. This study aimed to determine AKI incidence in ICU patients and the length of stay and mortality rate of ICU patients with AKI in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in 2018. This was a descriptive study conducted on 148 patients treated at the ICU of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital 2018. The diagnosis of AKI was confirmed using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria by observing the increase in creatinine serum and assessing the urine output. Data were collected during the period of September 2019 to February 2020 for analysis. Results showed that among 61 patients (41.2%) diagnosed with AKI, the majority were diagnosed with stage 3 AKI (n=32; 52.5%). A total of 14.8% of patients received RRT therapy. The mean LOS of AKI patients in ICU was 9.4±7.2 days and the mortality rate was 77%. Thus, the incidence of AKI in the ICU of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital is relatively high (41.2%) with a high mortality rate (77%).Angka kejadian Acute kidney injury (AKI) di ICU tergolong tinggi, terutama yang disebabkan oleh sepsis, dan menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi Length of Stay (LOS) dan mortalitas pasien di ICU. Sementara di Indonesia, angka kejadian AKI di ICU belum diketahui, demikian juga LOS dan mortalitas pada pasien AKI yang dirawat di ICU juga belum diketahui. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui angka kejadian AKI, length of stay dan mortalitas pada pasien AKI di ICU RSUP dr Hasan Sadikin. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik yang dilakukan pada 148 pasien yang dirawat di ICU RSUP dr. Hasan Sadikin tahun 2018, diagnosis AKI ditentukan melalui kriteria KDIGO dengan melihat peningkatan serum kreatinin dan penilaian urine output . Pada penelitian ini diperoleh hasil sebanyak 61 pasien (41,2%) didiagnosis AKI, mayoritas pasien didiagnosa AKI tahap 3 yaitu sebanyak 32 pasien (52,5%). Sebanyak 14,8% pasien mendapatkan terapi RRT. Sedangkan 85,2 % pasien tidak mendapatkan terapi RRT. Rata-rata LOS pada pasien AKI di ICU yaitu 9,4±7,2 hari dan mortalitas pasien AKI sebesar 77 %. Simpulan pada penelitian ini adalah angka kejadian AKI di ICU RSUP dr Hasan sadikin tergolong tinggi yaitu 41,2% serta mortalitas yang juga tinggi yaitu 77 %
Perubahan Waktu Reaksi terhadap Stimulus Visual pada PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung Setelah Bertugas Selama 24 Jam
Get PDFWaktu reaksi dibutuhkan oleh dokter anestesi karena harus berpikir dan bertindak cepat serta tepat dalam situasi kritis mengancam jiwa pasien. Jaga malam selama 24 jam dapat meyebabkan kelelahan dan gangguan tidur sehingga waktu reaksi menjadi lebih lambat. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui perubahan waktu reaksi terhadap stimulus visual pada PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FK Unpad setelah bertugas selama 24 jam di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Penelitian ini berlangsung pada bulan Oktober–November 2019 merupakan pretest and posttest control group design dilakukan pada 58 peserta dengan menilai waktu reaksi sebelum bertugas dan setelah bertugas selama 24 jam diperiksa menggunakan metode Ruler Drop. Analisis data menggunakan Uji Wilcoxon karena data distribusi tidak normal berdasar atas hasil Uji Kolgomorov Smirnov. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh median waktu reaksi setelah bertugas selama 24 jam menjadi lebih lama dibanding dengan sebelum bertugas. Nilai median waktu reaksi sebelum bertugas adalah 0,20 detik (range 0,10–0,25 detik), sedangkan waktu reaksi setelah bertugas selama 24 jam adalah 0,23 detik (range 0,17–0,32 detik), dengan rerata lama jam tidur selama bertugas 24 jam adalah 2,32±1,552 jam. Simpulan, waktu reaksi lebih lama pada peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FK UNPAD setelah bertugas selama 24 jam. Change in Visual Stimulus Reaction Time of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Residents after a 24-Hour ShiftA good reaction time is crucial for anesthesiologists when doing their work because their quick thinking and action are critical in life-threatening situations. A 24-hour shift may cause fatigue and sleep disturbances, lowering cognitive function and reaction time necessary for patient care. This study aimed to assess changes in the visual reaction time of the Anesthesiology and Intensive Care resident doctors FK Unpad after 24-hour shift in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, Indonesia. This pretest and posttest control study was performed July–October 2019 on 58 subjects by evaluating the reaction time before and after a 24-hour shift using the ‘ruler drop’ method. Data were analyzed with Wilcoxon test after data were proven to be non-normally distributed based on the results of the Kolgomorov Smirnov test. The median visual reaction time after a 24-hour shift was observed to be slower that before the shift , with 0.20 seconds reaction time before the shift (range 0.10–0.25 seconds) and 0.23 seconds after the shift (range 0.17–0.32 seconds). The average sleep time among the residents who work in the 24-hour shift was 2.32±1,552 hours. Hence, the visual reaction time is slower after 24-hour shift among residents of Anesthesiology and Intensive CarePerubahan Waktu Reaksi terhadap Stimulus Visual pada PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung Setelah Bertugas Selama 24 Jam Lukman Hidayat, Iwan Abdul Rachman, Iwan Fuadi Departemen Anestesiologi dan Terapi IntensifFakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran/RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung Abstrak Waktu reaksi dibutuhkan oleh seorang dokter anestesi karena harus berpikir dan bertindak cepat serta tepat dalam situasi kritis mengancam jiwa pasien. Jaga malam selama 24 jam dapat meyebabkan kelelahan dan gangguan tidur sehingga menurunkan fungsi kognitif dan waktu reaksi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perubahan waktu reaksi terhadap stimulus visual pada PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FK UNPAD setelah bertugas selama 24 jam di RSUP Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Penelitian ini berlangsung pada bulan Oktober–November 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pretest and posttest control group design dilakukan pada 58 peserta penelitian dengan menilai waktu reaksi sebelum bertugas selama 24 jam dan setelah bertugas selama 24 jam yang diperiksa menggunakan metode Ruler Drop. Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon karena data distribusi tidak normal berdasarkan hasil uji Kolgomorov Smirnov. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh median waktu reaksi setelah bertugas selama 24 menjadi lebih lama dibanding dengan sebelum bertugas. Nilai median waktu reaksi sebelum bertugas adalah 0,20 detik (range 0,10-0,25 detik), sedangkan waktu reaksi setelah bertugas selama 24 jam adalah 0,23 detik (range 0,17-0,32 detik), dengan rata-rata lama jam tidur selama bertugas 24 jam adalah 2,32±1,552 jam. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah waktu reaksi lebih lama pada peserta PPDS Anestesiologi dan Terapi Intensif FK UNPAD setelah melakukan bertugas selama 24 jam. Kata kunci: Fungsi kognitif, gangguan tidur, kelelahan, metode ruler drop, waktu reaksi Change in Reaction Time Towards Visual Stimulus in Resident Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Dr.Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung After A 24-Hour Night Shift AbstractAn anesthesiologist’s reaction time is crucial as their work quick thinking in critical and life-threatening situations. A 24-hour night shift may cause fatigue and sleep disturbances, lowering cognitive function and reaction time, which are both necessary in caring for patients. This study aims to visually discover changes in reaction time of UNPAD Faculty of Medicine’s Anesthesiology and Intensive Care residents after a 24-hour work shift in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. The study took place in July - October 2019. This is a pretest and posttest control study conducted in 58 research subjects by evaluating reaction time before and after a 24-hour shift, examined using the ‘ruler drop’ method. Data analysis used Wilcoxon test because data distribution was not normal based on Kolgomorov Smirnov test. Results of this research were median reaction time after a 24-hour shift was slower compared to before.The median reaction time before a 24-hour shift was 0.20 seconds (range 0.10-0.25 seconds), whereas after was 0.23 seconds (range 0.17-0.32 seconds), with an average of 2,32±1,552 hours of sleep in those 24-hour shifts. This study concludes that reaction time is slower in UNPAD Faculty of Medicine’s Anesthesiology and Intensive Care residents after a 24-hour shift. Keywords: Cognitive function, fatigue, sleep disturbance, reaction time, ruler drop method.
Association between Rainy Season and Diarrhea in 13- to 24-Month-Old Toddlers
Get PDFDiarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children under five year and is considered a prevailing problem in many developing countries, including in Indonesia. Diarrhea is a multifactorial disease and season is suggested as one of the attributing factors of this disease. This study aimed to identify the association between the rainy season and diarrhea in 13- to 24-month-old toddlers. This was a cross-sectional analytical observational study on medical records of 13- to 24-month-old-toddlers with infectious diarrhea who visited Penjaringan I Sub-district Public Health Center, North Jakarta, Indonesia from 2016 to 2019 that included three cycles of the rainy and dry seasons. Data collection was performed in March 2020 and 286 medical records were included in the study. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables was analyzed using chi-square. Of the total cases, 83 cases occurred in rainy season and 203 cases occurred in dry season (p=0.291). Diarrhea was seen in girls aged13–16 months. There is no significant association between rainy season and diarrhea.Hubungan Musim Hujan dengan Diare pada Balita Usia 13–24 Bulan Diare merupakan penyebab kematian balita nomor dua di dunia yang masih menjadi masalah pada banyak negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia. Diare adalah sebuah penyakit multifaktorial. Musim merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi diare melalui dampaknya pada lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui hubungan musim hujan dengan kejadian diare pada usia 13–24 bulan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan metode potong lintang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Maret 2020 di Puskesmas Kelurahan Penjaringan I, Jakarta Utara, dengan menggunakan rekam medis periode tahun 2016–2019, yang meliputi masing-masing tiga siklus musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Sampel penelitian adalah usia 13–24 bulan yang didiagnosa dengan diare infeksi. Hubungan antara variabel independen dan dependen diuji menggunakan chi-square. Dari 286 rekam medis yang digunakan, 83 kasus terjadi sewaktu musim hujan dan 203 kasus terjadi sewaktu musim kemarau (p=0,291). Kejadian diare paling tinggi pada perempuan kelompok usia 13–16 bulan. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara musim hujan dengan kejadian diare
Risk Factors of Dementia in Elderly of Bandung City, Indonesia: A Community-Dwelling Study
Get PDFBackground: Multiple organ degenerative processes are parts of a normal biological process in aging. One of the geriatric syndromes is cognitive disorders that range from a mild cognitive impairment to dementia. The aim of this study was to analyze factors contributing to the occurrence of dementia in the elderly.Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted using secondary data on 306 elderly people who visited the Integrated Health Post (Pos Pembinaan Terpadu, Posbindu) from June to August 2016 in Bandung City, Indonesia. Nine variables were included in this study: age, gender, education level, marital status, occupation, living arrangements, social participation, comorbidity, and dementia. The dementia status was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination and Mini Cog Assessment instruments. Data were then analyzed statistically using Chi-Square, Fisher Exact, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, as well as using the multivariate logistic regression.Results: Around 35.3% (95%CI=30%–40.6%) of respondents had dementia. There were relationships between dementia and age (p=0.035), level of education (p=0.000), and social participation (p=0.001). Social participation was the most dominant risk factor of dementia (OR=2.703;95%CI=1.491-4.902).Conclusions: Age, education level, and social participation are risk factors that contribute to dementia. The elderly who has less than two times per week of social participation has a 2.7 times higher risk for having dementia compared to the elderly who has more than two times per week of social participation
Proportion of TLR-9 Gene Polymorphisms at rs352139 (G1174A) in HIV/AIDS Patients in West Java, Indonesia
No full textBackground: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the main cause of the immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). TLR-9 gene encodes a toll-like receptor-9 that plays a key role in innate immunity. This study aimed to describe the proportion of TLR-9 polymorphisms at rs352139 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.Methods: This was a descriptive study involving a total of 96 patients with HIV/AIDS treated in a tertiary hospital in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia in 2013. TLR-9 gene polymorphisms at rs 352139 were examined using a mass screening platform and the genotypes proportion was presented in percentage and compared with other populations.Results: The average age of the HIV/AIDS patients recruited was 30 years (SD+6.1) and the baseline mean of CD4+ count was 318.02 mm3 (Normal was 1,500 mm3) (SD+273.1). The proportion of polymorphisms at rs352139or G1174A presented a wild type genotype GG (42.7%), GA (44.9%), and AA (12.4%), resulting in a total proportion nucleotide change of 57.3%.Conclusion: A total proportion of nucleotide change or polymorphisms is higher than the wild type. A further cohort study is of great interest to associate the rs352139 polymorphisms with a decrease in CD4+cells in HIV/AIDS patients, confirming a rapid disease progression.
Larvicidal Activity of Citrus aurantifolia Decoction against Aedes aegypti Larvae
Get PDFBackground: Infected female Aedes mosquito is the primary vector of virus transmission for dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Natural phytochemical larvicide is becoming a complementary way for vector control management. The citrus plant extract has natural chemical reactions against mosquito larvae. This study aimed to identify the larvicidal activity of Citrus aurantifolia leaves decoction against larvae of Aedes aegypti as an effort to discover natural phytochemical repellant.Methods: This was an analytic experimental study using twenty-five Aedes aegypti larvae. The larvae were placed in translucent cups containing different concentrations of C. aurantifolia leaves decoction. The cups were filled with Abate as positive controls and water as negative controls. The experiment was repeated for three consecutive days, and the mortality of larvae was monitored for 48 hours as described in the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for laboratory and field testing for mosquito larvicides (WHOPES).Results: C.aurantifolia decoction significantly decreased the number of larvae. The highest mortality was shown in 30% concentration with a total of 224 dead larvae. Probit analysis showed LC50 was 38.5% and 6.6% at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. The highest rate of killing the larvae was taken at LC60 with 91.6% for 24 hours and LC65 64.4% for the 48 hours; thus LC90 could not be determined. The significance of the decoction concentration was analyzed by one way ANOVA preceded with Post-hoc test (p-values 0.000).Conclusions: Decoction of C.aurantifolia leaves has proved to have larvicidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti and could be used as phytochemical larvicides in controlling vector of DHF