CHMK Nursing Scientific Journal / Jurnal STIKES Citra Husada Mandiri Kupang
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RASIONALITAS PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PASIEN INFEKSI SALURAN KEMIH DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RSUD SOE
Get PDFAcute respiratory tract infections are infections that occur in the nose, ears, and throat caused by viruses and bacteria. The usual treatment given is antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the rationality of the use of antibiotics in infants with acute respiratory infections non pneumonia at Pasir Panjang Public Health Center in 2018 which includes the right patient, the right type of antibiotic, the right way / route of administration and the right indication.
The method used is systematic sampling. The population in this study were all toddler patients who received antibiotic therapy at Pasir Panjang Public Health Center in 2018 and the sample used was toddler patients who met population characteristics with exclusion criteria were incomplete medical records of toddler patients and pneumonia patients.
The results of this study found that antibiotics used for ARI therapy in outpatients under five in the Pasir Panjang Public Health Center in 2018 are beta-lactam (amoxicillin) antibiotics, macrolide (erythromycin) sulfonamide (cotrimoxazole) groups. The rationality of antibiotic use based on 4T criteria is 100% correct indication, 95% correct dose, 100% right drug, and 100% right patient. The result of the Gyssens method category 0 (right / rational) was 86%, or in other words the use of antibiotics for ARI therapy in the Pasir Panjang Public Health Center was rational. The use of antibiotics is inappropriate namely category II B (inappropriate use of antibiotics interval of administration) by 4%, category II A (inappropriate use of antibiotics) by 10%.
Keywords: Rationality, Antibiotics, Acute Respiratory InfectionInfeksi saluran pernapasan akut adalah infeksi yang terjadi pada hidung, telinga, dan tenggorokan yang disebabkan oleh virus dan bakteri. Pengobatan yang biasa diberikan adalah antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rasionalitas penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien balita infeksi saluran pernapasan akut non pneumonia di puskesmas pasir panjang tahun 2018 yang meliputi tepat pasien, tepat jenis antibiotik,tepat cara/rute pemberian dan tepat indikasi.
Metode yang digunakan adalah systematic sampling. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien balita yang mendapatkan terapi antibiotik di puskesmas pasir panjang tahun 2018 dan sampel yang digunakan adalah pasien balita yang memenuhi karakteristik populasi dengan kriteria eksklusi adalah data rekam medik pasien balita yang tidak lengkap dan pasien pneumonia.
Antibiotik yang digunakan untuk terapi ISPA pada pasien balita rawat jalan di Puskesmas Pasir Panjang tahun 2018 adalah antibiotik golongan beta-laktam (amoxicillin), golongan makrolida (eritromisin) golongan sulfonamid (kotrimoksasol). Rasionalitas penggunaan antibiotik berdasarkan kriteria 4T adalah tepat indikasi sebesar 100%, tepat dosis sebesar 95%, tepat obat sebesar 100%, dan tepat pasien sebesar 100%. Hasil dari metode Gyssens kategori 0 (tepat/rasional) sebesar 86%, atau dengan kata lain penggunaan antibiotik untuk terapi ISPA di Puskesmas Pasir Panjang sudah rasional. Penggunaan antibiotik kurang tepat yaitu kategori II B (penggunaan antibiotik tidak tepat interval pemberian) sebesar 4%, kategori II A (penggunaan antibiotik tidak tepat dosis) sebesar 10%.
Keywords: rasionalitas, anibiotik, infeksi saluran pernapasan akut
 
GAMBARAN KEHAMILAN REMAJA DITINJAU DARI UMUR, PENYEBAB KEHAMILAN DAN KONTAK PERTAMA DENGAN TENAGA KESEHATAN DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SIKUMANA KOTA KUPANG
Get PDFTeenage pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs in women aged 14-20 years in both married and unmarried women. Teenage pregnancy is a health problem that is always increasing throughout the world, including in Indonesia. The survey results of the Indonesian Family Planning Association (PKBI) in 2006-2008 showed that 29.5 - 31.3% in NTT had had premarital sex. From the survey results it was also found 39 per 100,000 NTT teenagers gave birth at the age of 15-19 years. In 2017 a total of 548 incidents of teenage pregnant women in the city of Kupang and a total of 90 (6.6%) incidents of teenage pregnancy were found in adolescent girls in the Sikumana area of Kupang City. This study aims to determine the description of adolescent pregnancy in terms of age, cause of pregnancy and first contact with health workers in the area of Sikumana Health Center, Kupang City. The number of samples in this study were 138 young women who experienced teenage pregnancies in January 2018 s. d July 2019. This research is a quantitative study with descriptive methods. The results of the study showed that as many as 121 (87.7%) of young women became pregnant at the end of their teens (16-19 years) with the cause of pregnancy namely free sex (137) (93.3%) and during pregnancy most of the young women those who experienced teenage pregnancy made contact with health workers or performed antenatal care examinations in the second trimester as many as 78 (56.5%). Maternal deaths in pregnant and childbearing women under the age of 20 are 2-5 times higher than in maternal deaths at the age of 20 to 29 years and increase again at the age of 30-35 years. Efforts are needed to promote reproductive health to adolescent girls to avoid pregnancy at adolescence.
Keywords: pregnant, teenagersKehamilan remaja merupakan kehamilan yang terjadi pada wanita usia 14-20 tahun baik pada wanita yang telah menikah maupun yang belum menikah. Kehamilan remaja merupakan masalah kesehatan yang selalu meningkat di seluruh dunia, termasuk di Indonesia. Hasil survey Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana Indonesia (PKBI) tahun 2006-2008 menunjukkan bahwa 29,5 - 31,3% di NTT telah melakukan hubungan seks pranikah. Dari hasil survey tersebut juga ditemukan 39 per 100.000 remaja NTT melahirkan pada usia 15 - 19 tahun. Tahun 2017 sejumlah 548 kejadian wanita hamil usia remaja di kota Kupang dan sejumlah 90 (6,6%) kejadian kehamilan remaja terdapat pada remaja putri di wilayah puskesmas Sikumana Kota Kupang.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kehamilan remaja ditinjau dari umur, penyebab kehamilan dan kontak pertama dengan tenaga kesehatan di wilayah Puskesmas Sikumana Kota Kupang. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini 138 remaja putri yang mengalami kehamilan usia remaja pada Januari 2018 s. d Juli 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Hasil peneltian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 121 (87,7 %) remaja putri hamil pada usia remaja akhir (16-19 tahun) dengan penyebab kehamilan yaitu seks bebas (free seks) sebanyak 137 (93,3%) dan saat hamil sebagian besar remaja putri yang mengalami kehamilan usia remaja melakukan kontak dengan tenaga kesehatan atau melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan pada tenaga kesehatan pada trimester II sebanyak 78 (56,5%). Kematian maternal pada wanita hamil dan melahirkan pada usia di bawah 20 tahun 2-5 kali lebihtinggidaripadakematian maternal padausia 20 sampai 29 tahun dan meningkat kembali pada usia 30- 35 tahun. Diperlukan upaya promosi kesehatan reproduksi kepada remaja putri agar menghindari kehamilan pada usia remaja.
Kata Kunci: hamil, remaja
 
Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina. Del) Terhadap Kadar LDL Serum Tikus Hiperkolesterolemia
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African leaves contain many chemical compounds that have the potential as antihypercholesterol so that it can reduce LDL levels. The purpose of the study to find out the effect of giving African leaf ethanol extract on levels LDL and determine the most effective dose against decreased LDL levels rat. Test animals used in this study were male white rats galur wistar yamg in divide into five treatment groups namely group I (Na-CMC 0.5%), group II (Simvastatin 0.18 mg), group III (dose ethanol extract of african leaves 50 mg/kg BB rat), group IV (ethanol extract dose african leaves 100 mg/kgBB rat), group V (estract dose of african leaf ethanol 150 mg/kgBB rats). All groups in adaptation for 7 days ago were taken his blood for early LDL (To), further all groups were given feed high fat i.e., quail yolks that are 2 ml/200 gBB mice perorally for 10 days. The kemudia in the blood for LDL levels after hypercholesterolemia (Tro). Then given treatment of each group to see a decrease in LDL(T) levels. Statistical analysis results indicate decreased LDL levels at 3 variası dose of ethanol extract of african leaves (50 mg/kgBB, 100 mg/kgBB and 150 mg/kgBB) Dose 100 mg/kgBB rat gives the effect of a decrease in LDL levels near simvastatin.
Keywords: Extract ethanol African leaves, LDL, hypercholesterolemia
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN AFRIKA (Vernonia amygdalina. Del) TERHADAP KADAR LDL
SERUM TIKUS HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA
Marlen Benge 1), Yohana K. A Mbulang 2), Kornelis R. R. R Naja 2)
1)Mahasiswa Program Studi Sarjana Farmasi Universitas Citra Bangsa Kupang, 2) Dosen Farmasi Universitas Citra Bangsa Kupang
Email : [email protected]
Abstrak
Daun afrika memiliki banyak kandungan senyawa kimia yang berpotensi sebagai antihiperkolesterolemia sehingga dapat menurunkan kadar LDL. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol daun Afrika terhadap kadar LDL dan menentukan dosis yang paling efektif terhadap penurunan kadar LDL tikus. Hewan uji yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tikus putih jantan galur wistar yamg di bagi ke dalam lima kelompok perlakuan yaitu kelompok I (Na-CMC 0,5%), kelompok II (Simvastatin 0,18 mg), kelompok III ( dosis ekstrak etanol daun afrika 50 mg/kg BB tikus), kelompok IV (dosis ekstrak etanol daun afrika 100 mg/kgBB tikus), kelompok V (dosis esktrak etanol daun afrika 150 mg/kgBB tikus). Semua kelompok di adaptasi selama 7 hari lalu di ambil darahnya untuk LDL awal (T0), selanjutnya semua kelompok diberikan pakan tinggi lemak yaitu kuning telur puyuh yaitu 2 ml/200 gBB tikus secara peroral selama 10 hari. Kemudia di ambil darahnya untuk kadar LDL setelah hiperkolesterolemia (T10). Kemudian diberikan perlakuan pada setiap kelompok untuk melihat penurunan kadar LDL (T14). Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan penurunan kadar LDL pada 3 variasi dosis ekstrak etanol daun afrika (50 mg/kgBB, 100 mg/kgBB dan 150 mg/kgBB). Dosis 100 mg/kgBB tikus memberikan efek penurunan kadar LDL mendekati simvastatin.
Kata Kunci : Ekstrak Etanol Daun Afrika, LDL, hiperkolesterolemia
 
Family Support and Compliance in Taking Medication Against the Elderly with Hypertension in the Work Area of Parongpong Health Center in West Bandung Regency
No full textIncreasing in age will be followed by changes in the organ system, especially among the elderly who will experience various health problems. One of them is hypertension. Hypertension is a degenerative disease that can be a silent killer. Therefore, hypertension management is needed for the elderly to avoid further complications. Management of hypertension can be done if there is family support, because the family is the closest person to the elderly. One of the family supports that can be given to help the elderly's daily living activity is to remind them to take hypertension medication regularly. The purpose of this study was to find a relationship between family support and medication adherence. The design of this research is descriptive, with cross sectional approach. The sampling was done using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection was conducted in Desa Karyawangi RT / RW 003/007, Kacamatan Parongpong, West Bandung Regency with 37 respondents, using a family support questionnaire and a Morisky 8-item Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MMAS-8) that was filled out by respondents. This study used the Spearmen test. The result showed 26 people (70.3%) received low family support, and as many as 25 people (67.6%) complied with taking hypertension medication. Statistical analysis showed that there was no relationship between family support and medication adherence (p value 0.748). The advice that can be given is for families of elderly people with hypertension to continue to provide support in reminding the elderly to take medication regularly. For further researchers, conducting research on other factors that can affect medication adherence.
Keywords: Family Support; Hypertension; Medication Compliance; Elderl
HUBUNGAN ANTARA TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP DENGAN TINDAKAN WANITA USIA SUBUR DALAM PEMERIKSAAN PAYUDARA SENDIRI (SADARI) (DI DESA SOBA KECAMATAN AMARASI BARAT KABUPATEN KUPANG)
Get PDFBreast self-examination (BSE) is an examination technique where a woman checks her own breasts by looking and feeling with her fingers to detect whether there are lumps or not on her breasts.
This research is a quantitative study and the research method used here is cross sectional. The number of respondents in this study were 80 people with Convenience Sampling technique. The instrument used was a questionnaire.
The results showed that most respondents had good knowledge about breast self-examination there are 40 people (50%) and quite good knowledge about breast self-examination which was 40 people (50%). Respondents have a good attitude regarding breast self-examination there are 68 people (85%) and the respondent's good enough attitude toward breast self-examination is 12 people (15%).Respondents have good actions about breast self-examination there are 15 people (18%) and quite good actions regarding breast self-examination there are 65 people (81%). The statistical test results using the Spearman Rho test were obtained p-value = 0,000 (ρ <0.05), the conclusion H0 was rejected, meaning that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge and attitude with the actions of fertile age woman in breast self-examination (BSE).
Keywords: Knowledge level, attitude, breast self-examination actio
Identifikasi Metabolit Sekunder dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Bit Merah (Beta vulagris l.) dengan Metode DPPH
Get PDFRed beet tubers (Beta vulagris L.) is one of the plants that have been cultivated by Indonesian as one of the foods which is rich in vitamins and minerals. Several diseases that arise from exposure to free radicals are increasing, such as heart attacks, cancer, cataracts, and impaired kidney function. Prevention of the effects of free radicals requires antioxidants that are able to reduce free radical reactivity and stop chain reactions that can damage macro molecules in the body.The purpose of this study was to identify the secondary metabolite content of red beet tubers (Beta vulagris L.) and test its antioxidant activity. The identification of the chemical compound content was carried out qualitatively, while the antioxidant activity test was carried out using the radical scavenging method using the DPPH method (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) with trolox as a comparison.The identification results of the powder and ethanol extract of Red beet tubers positively contain flavonoids, tannins and steroids / triterpenoids, and the results of the antioxidant activity test of the ethanol extract of Red beet tubers and trolox showed that IC50 values of 1.10 ppm and 2.50 ppm, these results indicate that the ethanol extract Red beet tubers has a very strong antioxidant activity
Keyword :Red beet tubers, Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, IC50.Umbi bit merah merupakan salah satu tanaman yang telah dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Indonesia sebagai salah satu makanan yang kaya akan vitamin dan mineral. Beberapa penyakit yang timbul akibat paparan radikal bebas semakin meningkat seperti serangan jantung, kanker, katarak, dan gangguan fungsi ginjal.Pencegahan terhadapefek radikal bebas dibutuhkan antioksidan yang mampu meredam reaktivitas radikal bebas dan menghentikan reaksi berantai yang dapat merusak makromolekul dalam tubuh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi kandungan metabolit sekunder umbi bit merah (Beta vulagris L.) dan menguji aktivitas antioksidannya. Identifikasi kandungan senyawa kimia dilakukan secara kualitatif, sedangkan uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode penangkapan radikal menggunakan metode DPPH (2,2 difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) dengan trolox sebagai pembanding. Hasil identifikasi terhadap serbuk dan ekstrak etanol umbi bit merah positif mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin dan steroid/triterpenoid dan hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol umbi bit merah dan trolox menunjukkan nilai IC50 1,10 ppm dan 2,50 ppm hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol umbi bit merah memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat.
Kata Kunci :Umbi bit merah, Skrining fitokimia, Aktivitas antioksidan, IC50
Determinan Kemandirian Lansia dalam melakukkan Instrumental Activity Daily Living (IADL) di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Balauring Kec. Omesuri Kab.Lembata-NTT
Get PDFResearch aims to determine the determinants of the independence of the elderly in conducting IADL in the work area of the Balauring Health Center in district Omesuri, Lembata-NTT 2018. Elderly dependence occurs when they experience decreased body functions and cannot adapt to these conditions. One of the instruments to assess the health status of the elderly is IADL. The research method is quantitative research equipped with qualitative data with Cross Sectional design. The total sample is 157 people. Data analysis techniques include univariate, chi square, and simple logistic regression analysis. Qualitative data analysis techniques using in-depth interviews. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between age, health status, role of midwife, and physical activity with independence in doing IADL where p value < 0,05. Multivariate analysis of logistic regression obtained role of midwife variables with an Exp (B) value of 2,190 which means that the role passive midwife has of risk making independence of edelry doing IADL 2,190 times bigger than the role of active midwives. The results of qualitative research found that the cause of many elderly people who are independent in conducting IADL is that most of the elderly are still actively working and productive in generating income so that the elderly self-confidence is higher and has sufficient physical activity as seen from the type of work that is occupied, that is, most work as farmers and traders. In addition, this role of midwives who are active in the village greatly impacts the independence of the elderly in conducting IADL.
Keyword : Elderly, independence of the elderly, Instrumental Activity Daily Living (IADL)Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui determinan kemandirian lansia dalam melakukan IADL di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Balauring Kec.Omesuri Kab.Lembata-NTT Tahun 2018. Ketergantungan lanjut usia terjadi ketika mereka mengalami penurunan fungsi tubuh dan tidak dapat beradaptasi dengan keadaan tersebut. Salah satu instrumen untuk mengkaji status kesehatan lansia adalah IADL. Metode Penelitian yaitu penelitian kuantitatif dilengkapi data kualitatif dengan desain Cross Sectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 157 orang. Teknik analisa data meliputi analisis univariat, chi squaree, dan uji regresi logistik sederhana. Teknik analisa data kualitatif menggunakan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian kuantitatif menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur, status kesehatan, peran bidan, dan aktifitas fisik dengan kemandirian lansia dalam melakukan IADL dimana nilai p value < 0,05. Pada analisis multivariate regresi logistic diperoleh variabel peran bidan dengan nilai Exp (B) 2,190 yang artinya Peran bidan pasif memiliki resiko menjadikan lansia ketergantungan dalam melakukan IADL sebesar 2,190 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan peran bidan yang aktif. Hasil penelitian kualitatif ditemukan bahwa penyebab masih banyak lansia yang mandiri secara secara fisik, psikologis maupun sosial yaitu factor lansia masih bekerja dan produktif sehingga kepercayaan diri lansia makin tinggi serta memiliki aktifitas fisik yang cukup terlihat dari jenis pekerjaan yang ditekuni yakni kebanyakan berprofesi sebagai petani dan pedagang. Selain itu, peran bidan yang aktif di desa inilah yang sangat berdampak pada kemandirian lansia dalam melakukan IADL.
Kata Kunci : Instrumental Activities Daily Living (IADL), Kemandirian Lansia, Lanjut Usi
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK METANOL BUAH BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) TERHADAP KADAR TRIGLISERIDA TIKUS PUTIH GALUR WISTAR HIPERLIPIDEMIA
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Hyperlipidemia is a major cause of atherosclerosis and other atherosclerosis related diseases, such as heart disease, coronary disease, cerebrovascular disease, ischemia, and peripheral vessel disease. This study was to determine the effect of methanol extract of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn at a dose of 160 mg/200 gBB , 320/200 gBB, and 480 mg/200 gBB in reduce of triglycerides levels at hyperlipidemia rats and optimal high doses.
This type of research is experimental using pretest-posttest only control group design with high feed induction method (quail yolk). A total of 25 male rats were divided into 5 groups, then adapted for 7 days and then contained triglyceride levels (To). The rats were made which then hyperlipidemia by being fed a quail yolk at a dose of 2 ml/ 200 grBB during 10 days ago contained triglyceride levels (T1). Then the control was given positive phenofibrate 3.6 mg /200 grBB, negative control was given 0,5% Na CMC. The group was given Averrhoa bilimbi Linn extract methanol extract 160 mg/200 gBB, 320 mg/200 gBB and a dose of 360 mg/200 gBB , during the past of 14 days, the levels of triglycerides were obtained (T2). The data obtained were analyzed using One Way Anova and obtained by the SNK test.
The Statistical test results showed variations of starfruit extract on triglyceride levels this was evidenced by the P value ˂ 0,05. The compounds active that play an important role in reducing triglyceride levels are saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. The most optimal dose for reducing triglyceride levels is 160 mg/200 gBB
Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi Linn., hyperlipidemia, triglyceride levels, GPO-PAP.
Hiperlipidemia merupakan penyebab utama penyakit aterosklerosis dan penyakit terkait aterosklerosis lainnya, seperti penyakit jantung koroner, penyakit serebrovaskular iskemia, dan penyakit pembuluh perifer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak metanol buah belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa blimbi Linn.) dengan dosis 160 mg/200 gBB, 320 mg/200 gBB, dan 480 mg/ 200 gBB dalam menurunkan kadar trigliserida tikus hiperlipidemia dan mengetahui dosis manakah yang paling optimal dalam menurunkan kadar trigliserida.
Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental menggunakan rancangan pretest-post test only control group design dengan metode induksi pakan tinggi lemak (kuning telur puyuh). Sebanyak 25 ekor tikus jantan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, lalu diadaptasi selama 7 hari lalu diukur kadar trigliseridanya (T0). Tikus lalu dibuat hiperlipidemia dengan cara diberi diet kuning telur puyuh dengan dosis 2 ml/200 grBB selama 10 hari lalu diukur kadar trigliseridanya (T1). Selanjutnya kontrol positif diberikan fenofibrat 3,6 mg/200 grBB, kontrol negatif diberikan Na CMC 0,5%, kelompok ketiga diberi ekstrak metanol buah belimbing wuluh dosis160 mg/200 gBB, 320 mg/200 gBB dan dosis 480 mg/200 gBB, selama 14 hari lalu diukur kadar trigliseridanya (T2). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan One Way Anova dan dilanjutkan dengan uji SNK.
Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan adanya pengaruh ekstrak buah belimbing wuluh terhadap kadar trigliserida.hal ini terbukti dengan nilai P < 0,05. Senyawa aktif yang berperan penting dalam menurunkan kadar trigliserida yaitu saponin, flavanoid, tanin, alkaloid, steroid dan terpenoid. Dosis yang paling optimal dalam menurunkan kadar trigliserida yaitu dosis 160 mg/200 gBB.
Kata Kunci: buah belimbing wuluh ,hiperlipidemia, kadar trigliserida, GPO-PAP
Analisis Beban Ekonomi dan Dampak Karena Tuberculosis terhadap Kesejateraan di Kota Bengkkulu
Get PDFTuberculosis (TB) disease placed tremendous burdens on patients, families, communities, and government budgets. In addition to the work productivity loss, most profound effect declineed in level of well-being even impoverishment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic burden and impact of Tuberculosis disease in patients and household members. It is a retrospective descriptive study with cross sectional study design. Study population was TB patients who were treated at all Health City Center in Bengkulu City with the sampling technique using a probability proportional to size a number of 71 patients. The estimated total economic burden due to TB disease in Bengkulu City was IDR 7,215,200 up to IDR 12,970,200, - or 28.28% -50.84% of the average household income. The most dominant component of cost was the indirect cost of IDR 5,135,300, - or 20.13% of the average household income, followed by the direct cost of IDR 2,080,600, - (8.15%) of the average household income. 87.3% average monthly income decreased due to TB. The effect of income decline led to 19% of high income households falling in the low income group. Due to the decrease in income, 43.7% of households changed their consumption patterns by reallocating in consumption. Patients with low-income groups spent 14% of household income on TB treatment. To reduce the risk of medical costs and the uncertainty of medical costs, it is necessary to establish the pathnersip with the private sector, the need for public funding in the form of pre-payment mechanism and health policy in protecting the household from all costs due to TB disease.Penyakit Tuberculosis (TB) menempatkan beban luar biasa bagi penderita, keluarga, masyarakat, dan anggaran pemerintah. Selain kehilangan produktivitas kerja efek paling mendalam adalah penurunan tingkat kesejahteraan bahkan mengakibatkan pemiskinan rumah tangga. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis beban ekonomi dan dampak penyakit Tuberculosis pada pasien dan anggota rumah tangga. Merupakan penelitian deskriptif secara retrospektif dengan desain studi cross sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah pasien TB yang berobat di seluruh Puskesmas di Kota Bengkulu dengan teknik pengambilan sample menggunakan sample probability proportional to size sebanyak 71 pasien. Estimasi total beban ekonomi akibat sakit TB di Kota Bengkulu adalah Rp 7.215.200 sd Rp 12.970.200,- atau sebesar 28.28%-50.84% dari rata-rata pendapatan rumah tangga. Komponen biaya yang paling dominan adalah biaya tidak lamgsung yaitu sebesar Rp 5.135.100,- atau 20.15% rata-rata pendapatan rumah tangga di ikuti biaya langsung sebesar Rp 2.080.600,- (8.2%) rata-rata pendapatan rumah tangga. 87.3% rata-rata pendapatan bulanan menurun akibat TB. Efek dari penurunan pendapatan menyebabkan 19% rumah tangga dengan penghasilan tinggi menurun pada golongan penghasilan rendah.Akibat penurunan pendapatan mengakibatkan 43.7% rumah tangga merubah pola konsumsi dengan melakukan realokasi dalam konsumsi. Pasien dengan golongan penghasilan rendah menghabiskan 14% dari pendapatan rumah tangga untuk pengobatan TB. Untuk mengurangi risiko besarnya biaya medis dan ketidakpastian biaya medis, maka perlu membangun pathnersip dengan sektor swasta, diperlukan adanya upaya pendanaan public dalam bentuk pre-payment mechanism serta kajian kebijakan kesehatan dalam melindungi rumah tangga dari semua biaya karena sakit TB
THE ELEMINASI GANGGUAN KOGNITIF DENGAN INTERVENSI GIZI DAN INTERVENSI TERAPI PADA LANSIA DI PROVINSI NTT
No full textThe rapidly growing number of elderly people in NTT and dementia provinces is the most common cause of cognitive problems which are a major public health problem in the elderly. Nutrition plays a role in the aging process, but still lacks knowledge about the risk factors associated with nutrition in cognitive diseases. Research in this field evolved over the last period and resulted in subclinical deficiencies in important nutrients (antioxidants such as vitamins C, E and b-carotene, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate) and related related nutrients, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypriacylglyceremia, hypertension, and diabetes can cause several factors related to nutrition before increasing cognitive problems. The purpose of this discussion is to see a picture that becomes a factor that gave rise to cognitive theory, nutrition in the elderly and stimulation provided based on relevant studies. The method used uses secondary data conversion that is verified and assessed for a significant assessment of the specific cognitive assessment of dementia in old age and nutritional factors that can inhibit the incidence of dementia. Some therapies are used to protect cognitive elderly with brain gymnastic therapy, group stimulation therapy (TSK) and music therapy. These three therapies are important for preventing cognitive elderly. Drug therapy for Alzheimer's cognitive disease does not yet exist, need risk factors for cognitive impairment need to be early and not continued in the aging process.Jumlah orang lanjut usia berkembang pesat di provinsi NTT dan demensia merupakan penyebab paling umum dari gangguan kognitif sehingga menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang besar pada orang usia lanjut. Nutrisi berperan dalam proses penuaan, namun masih kurangnya pengetahuan tentang faktor risiko yang berkaitan dengan gizi pada penyakit-penyakit gangguan kognitif. Penelitian di bidang ini berkembang secara intensif selama dekade terakhir dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa defisiensi subklinis dalam nutrisi yang penting (antioksidan seperti vitamin C, E dan b-karoten, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folat) dan gangguan terkait zat gizi, seperti hiperkolesterolemia, hypertriacylglycerolaemia, hipertensi, dan diabetes bisa menjadi beberapa faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan gizi sebelum mengalami gangguan kognitif. Tujuan dari tinjauan ini melihat gambaran yang menjadi faktor resiko penyebab kognitif, gizi pada lansia serta stimulasi yang diberikan berdasarkan kajian-kajian yang relevan. Metode yang di gunakan dengan pengumpulan data sekunder yang terverifikasi serta temuan kajian yang signifikan tentang gangguan kognitif khususnya deminsia di usia lanjut dan faktor nutrisi yang dapat meghambat timbulnya kejadian demensia. Beberapa terapi yang digunakan untuk menjaga kognutif lansia dengan terapi senam otak, terapi stimulasi kelompok (TSK) dan terapi musik. Ketiga terapi tersebut signifikan terhadap menjaga kognitif lansia agar tidak mengalami penurunan. Terapi obat untuk gangguan kognitif terutama penyakit Alzheimer belum ada, sehingga pencegahan faktor resiko gangguan kognitif perlu di cegah sejak dini dan tidak berlanjut pada proses penuaan.