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Construcción de un sistema de evaluación diagnóstica en línea para estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación de Párvulos
Get PDFProyectos de Innovación y Fortalecimiento de la Docencia 2024-2. Línea Innovación en el aula. Facultad de Educación. Carrera: Pedagogía en Educación de Párvulos. Asignatura: Construcción del Pensamiento Lógico MatemáticoEn el marco de la Ley 20.903 y los Estándares Orientadores para Carreras de Pedagogía en Educación Parvularia del Ministerio de Educación de Chile (Mineduc, 2012), se desarrolló e implementó un sistema de evaluación diagnóstica en línea dirigido a estudiantes de primer año de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación de Párvulos. El proyecto tuvo como objetivo caracterizar el nivel de competencias en razonamiento lógicomatemático de las estudiantes y, a partir de estos resultados, diseñar estrategias remediales que fortalecieran su aprendizaje.
La innovación adoptó un enfoque mixto, considerando datos cuantitativos (prueba diagnóstica con 42 ítems) y cualitativos (percepciones de las estudiantes). Los resultados evidenciaron fortalezas en operaciones básicas, patrones visuales e interpretación de gráficos, y debilidades en perímetro, probabilidad y planteamiento de ecuaciones. Se concluye que la evaluación diagnóstica en línea es una herramienta eficaz para la toma de decisiones pedagógicas, favoreciendo la planificación de intervenciones remediales tempranas
Design of a hypothetical learning trajectory to introduce informal statistical inference in primary school
Get PDFMediante un estudio de diseño que desarrolla una trayectoria hipotética de aprendizaje para la inferencia estadística informal (ISI), se introdujo a estudiantes de grado 3 y 4 (n=23), conceptos claves de variabilidad, muestreo repetido y distribución muestral empírica. La trayectoria de cinco pasos con un enfoque lúdico del experimento aleatorio del lanzamiento de dos monedas comprendía: obtener muestras; reconocer la incertidumbre y expresarla con lenguaje de posibilidades; contrastar predicciones mediante muestreo repetido; visualizar y reconocer la variabilidad entre muestras; asignar niveles de posibilidades considerando la distribución muestral empírica al generalizar más allá de los datos. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes de ambos grados pueden acceder a conceptos de la ISI, logrando hacer inferencias informales y presentando niveles sofisticados en el razonamiento propio de la ISI.Versión publicad
Implementación de una biblioteca de bachillerato internacional para el siglo XXI en Chile
No full textSeminario de Intervención presentado a la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad del Desarrollo para optar al grado académico de Magíster en Innovación Curricular y Evaluación Educativa.Se comenzó con la observación de un espacio educativo dentro de un área puntual del establecimiento y cómo su función permitía relacionar otras dependencias con la comunidad educativa. Esto permitió entender que este centro bibliotecario, se encuentra desfasado de las nuevas tecnologías, tendencias y roles pedagógicos, además de lo que la comunidad buscaba y esperaba de ella. En primer lugar, no es suficientemente moderno el sistema de catalogación y préstamo-devolución de los libros, los lugares para dejarlos, la luz y el recurso humano de biblioteca. Los cambios necesarios, más allá de lo evidente,
no solo pasaban por la modernización, sino que también por entender el círculo existente entre los miembros de la comunidad y la biblioteca y sus espacios. Por último, entender que el proceso de mejorar requiere capital económico, y a la falta de éste cada vez es mayor la brecha que deben afrontar los alumnos en el colegio, sin apoyo y autogestionados la mayoría de las veces, para poder regularse. Al final también se cambió la idea de paradigma clásica o nostálgica por una moderna, donde la comunidad no está restringida a un espacio en la sala, sino que ahora en este tercer lugar, los alumnos pueden moverse libremente, trabajar de manera individual y autónoma con grupos cambiantes, distintos a los de la sala de clas
Evaluation of the impact on the productivity of coffee and cocoa crops with agroforestry systems in the departments of Amazonas and San Martín, Perú
Get PDFNo existe claridad sobre el impacto en la productividad de diversos cultivos agrícolas con Sistemas Agroforestales (SAF). El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar el cambio en la productividad de los cultivos café y cacao en fincas con y sin SAF en la Amazonia Peruana. Para ello, empleamos la metodología del emparejamiento de puntaje de propensión. Los resultados muestran un incremento de la productividad para cultivos con cacao, pero una disminución en cultivos con café. Concluimos que amerita generar información y estudios para proponer SAF compatibles con mejoras en productividad a través de acciones conjuntas entre actores.Versión publicad
evidence from the green school certification program in Chile
Get PDFEnvironmental education provides people with the information they need to understand the causes and consequences of environmental issues, helping to promote positive attitudes toward nature. This paper uses a multivalued treatment effects model to evaluate the effects of a green school certification program on children’s proenvironmental behavior in Chile. Pro-environmental behavior is measured by knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the consumption and disposal of plastics. Results evidence a positive effect of schools’ higher certification level on children’s plastic waste behavior. This effect seems stronger in practices where children have more decision-making power (e.g., packing a lunch box). The observed reverse effect when switching from basic to intermediate level of certification is in line with the potential non-linear effects of environmental education on pro-environmental behavior regarding the consumption and disposal of plastic. To improve the design of the program, it is important to redefine incentives in the certification system to differentiate better the benefits of reaching each level of environmental certificationVersión publicad
relevant factors in OECD countries
Get PDFThis research aims to analyze individual and national level factors that influence opportunity-driven senior entrepreneurship (people older than 65 years) in a group of 12 OECD countries. At this age most people in developed economies could choose between retiring, continuing working, or starting a new venture. It is important to understand the motivations behind their decision. We use data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), to identify the effect of attitudes, perceptions, and aspirations as well as their sociodemographic characteristics. The sample consists of 24,139 observations from individuals older than 65 years. Additionally, we used the Human Development Index (HDI) – from the United Nations database–, to measure the country's level of development. Because of the nested nature of the data, we estimate our models using a multilevel logistic regression. Our results show that income, education, and occupation, in conjunction with the level of human development of a country have a significant influence on the probability of entrepreneurship by opportunity for senior individuals (+ 65). This research has policy and practical implications related to the decision of senior people to explore the creation of a new venture instead of opting for other alternatives such as retiring.Versión publicad
Online Intervention Targeting Postnatal Depression and Anxiety in Chilean First-Time Mothers: Feasibility Trial
Get PDFObjective: Internet-based interventions may positively impact maternal symptoms of postnatal depression and anxiety. This study assessed
the feasibility, acceptability, perceived usefulness, and preliminary effectiveness of an m-Health version of “What Were We Thinking?” (m
WWWT).
Methods: A mixed-methods with a 2-arm randomized parallel design was used. From a total of 477 women, 157 met the inclusion criteria. 128
f
irst-time mothers of full-term infants, aged 4–10weeks, who received health care at primary public health centers in Chile, were randomly
assigned to the experimental (EG, n¼65) or control (CG, n¼63) groups; data of 104 of them (53 and 51, respectively) was analyzed. We used
percentages and rates to measure feasibility outcomes and mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) and latent class analyses (LCA) to assess pre
liminary effectiveness. Participants completed questionnaires on mental health, social support, and maternal self-efficacy upon recruitment and
3months after completing the intervention. For the qualitative component, 12 women from the EG were interviewed.
Results: Quantitative results show good feasibility outcomes, such as high recruitment (82%), low attrition (EG ¼ 12% and CG¼17%), and
high follow-up (EG ¼ 97% and CG¼91%) rates. Qualitative results indicate high acceptability and perceived usefulness of m-WWWT. Mixed
ANOVA did not show significant differences between the groups (all p >.05). However, multinomial regression analysis in LCA showed that
womenwithlow baseline symptoms of depression and anxiety benefit from the intervention (B¼0.43, 95% confidence interval 1.09–2.16).
Conclusion: m-WWWT is feasible to be implemented in Chile; future studies are needed to assess the intervention’s effectiveness.Versión publicad
the (limited) overlap between informal-formal and necessity-opportunity entrepreneurship
Get PDFWe analyse entrepreneurial entry along the dimensions of informal-formal and necessityopportunity entrepreneurship, distinguishing between them yet considering them jointly. While the dominant view in the literature conflates necessity with informal entry, and opportunity with formal entry, we hypothesise that informal entrepreneurship may be attractive to higher-income individuals as a testing ground for entrepreneurial ideas. We also explain why higher-income individuals may undertake necessity entrepreneurship. We utilise individual Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data from Chile (2019–2021), which identifies informal-formal and necessity-opportunity entrepreneurial entry modes, to test hypotheses on the role of individuals´ income in the four types of entrepreneurial entry. We also consider changes in entrepreneurial entry during a crisis and a non-crisis periods. Our results confirm that the patterns in the data are consistent with hypotheses derived from our proposed theoretical framework.
Executive summary: Emerging markets economies have very large informal sectors, and their entrepreneurial entry is often motivated by economic necessity rather than by business opportunity. But neither informal nor necessity entrepreneurship are usually expected to generate the positive benefits for growth and development predicted for formal and opportunity entrepreneurship. We argue that the dominant stream in the literature actually conflates informal and necessity entrepreneurship, both of which have been associated with low human and financial capital and productivity. We propose that the appropriate typology is more complex than this because there are examples of successful and dynamic informal firms. This leads us to identify four categories of entrepreneurial entry: informal-necessity (Type 1), formal-opportunity (Type 2), informal-opportunity (Type 3), and formal-necessity (Type 4). While necessity entrepreneurship has typically been associated with low-income individuals, we propose that formalnecessity entrepreneurship may be an entry path for both low- and high-income individuals, though for different reasons. Informal opportunity entry may likewise be an option for people with low-income as well as high-income. We therefore seek to disentangle the analysis of opportunity-necessity and of formal-informal entry and to demonstrate that the two less explored entry modes - informal-opportunity, and formal-necessity - are of considerable theoretical and practical significance in emerging economies. We test our framework in the emerging market economy setting of Chile, one of the more
prosperous and open economies in Latin America. We use Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data which uniquely for Chile allow us to distinguish between individuals along both the formal-informal and the necessity-opportunity dimensions. On this basis, we distinguish empirically between these four categories of entrepreneurial entry and explain how higher-income individuals may use informal-opportunity entrepreneurial entry as a “seed bed” to test their new business ideas. At the same time, we show that necessity entrepreneurship may be attractive to both lower- and higher-income individuals.
We also show that the interplay between individuals´ income groups and four entrepreneurial entry modes is stable over “normal times” versus “crisis periods”. We observe that in response to a crisis, individuals with lower-incomes are likely to engage more in informal-necessity entrepreneurship while opportunity-informal entry by higher-income individuals will decline. These changes represent a more complex adjustment pattern than has been identified for developed economies, where entrepreneurial activity has been found to be countercyclical. Thus, in emerging markets, informal-necessity entrepreneurship plays a stabilizing role for those individuals with a more marginal position in the labor market during the crisis. In contrast, for those individuals who have access to higher household income, all forms of entrepreneurship become a less attractive option. We interpret this as indicating that these individuals have the option to wait for higher return opportunities to re-emerge. This is one of the first papers to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship in an emerging market economy.Versión publicad
Comparing experience- and description-based economic preferences across 11 countries
Get PDFRecent evidence indicates that reward value encoding in humans is highly context dependent, leading to suboptimal decisions in some cases, but whether this computational constraint on valuation is a shared feature of human cognition remains unknown. Here we studied the behaviour of n = 561 individuals from 11 countries of markedly different socioeconomic and cultural makeup. Our findings show that context sensitivity was present in all 11 countries. Suboptimal decisions generated by context manipulation were not explained by risk aversion, as estimated through a separate description-based choice task (that is,
lotteries) consisting of matched decision offers. Conversely, risk aversion significantly differed across countries. Overall, our findings suggest that context-dependent reward value encoding is a feature of human cognition that remains consistently present across different countries, as opposed to description-based decision-making, which is more permeable to cultural factors.Versión publicad
Stigma toward people with mental disorders in mental healthcare in Chile
Get PDFObjective:This research aimed to determine the stigma toward people with mental illness among mental health personnel and identify individual, professional, and contextual predictors.
Methods:A descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational design was used. The sample consisted of 218 mental health personnel working in Outpatient Psychiatric Units belonging to hospitals and Community Mental Health Centers in Chile. Stigma was evaluated using a scale of humanized treatment, a scale of social distance, and a scale of attitudes in health personnel. In addition, sociodemographic and professional information was collected from mental health personnel and contextual information, particularly the type of outpatient mental health center and the technical-administrative unit that groups all the health centers in a territory.
Results:It was found that mental health personnel, in general terms, present low levels of stigma expressed in behaviors of comfort and support toward users, a desire for closeness and social interaction, and reduced stigmatizing beliefs and attitudes of infantilization toward individuals with MHPs. However, intimacy and trust were lower than expected.
Only educational levels and health centers were related to stigma.
Conclusions:The low levels of stigma may be due to the evolution of this phenomenon and the country’s mental health policies.Versión publicad