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Explorar el desarrollo de habilidades de comprensión lectora vinculadas con la reorganización de la información de textos, tablas y gráficos en estudiantes de 6° año básico
Get PDFSeminario de Intervención presentado a la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad del Desarrollo para optar al grado académico de Magíster en Innovación Curricular y Evaluación EducativaLa presente investigación cualitativa busca explorar el desarrollo de habilidades de comprensión lectora vinculadas con la reorganización de la información de textos, tablas y gráficos en estudiantes de 6° año básico, el cual se llevó a cabo en una escuela municipal de la región de Ñuble; en la investigación participan tres docentes de educación básica, con postítulo en matemáticas y aproximadamente 80 estudiantes de 6° año básico. La pregunta de investigación apunta a cómo enseñar matemáticas para desarrollar la habilidad de reorganización de la información en textos, tablas y gráficos en estudiantes que cursan 6° año básico. El objetivo del estudio es explorar el desarrollo de habilidades de comprensión lectora, específicamente, la reorganización de la información, a través de
estrategias de enseñanza impartidas por profesores de matemática. Los objetivos específicos incluyen identificar habilidades de comprensión lectora literal, inferencial y de reorganización de la información en estudiantes, aplicar estrategias para mejorar estas habilidades desde el currículo vigente, y analizar la percepción de docentes y estudiantes sobre estas estrategias.
La metodología del estudio es cualitativa, la cual se enmarca en una investigación-acción, que permite indagar más ampliamente sobre los procesos de aprendizaje de estudiantes y con ello identificar percepciones y/o creencias de estrategias utilizadas por docentes en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
Los instrumentos de recolección de datos incluyeron la elaboración de material didáctico, intercambio de ideas entre docentes y entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de datos se basó en el análisis semántico estructural, centrándose en comprender los significados y percepciones de los participantes, respecto al desarrollo de estrategias implementadas.
Tanto docentes como estudiantes resaltaron la importancia de mantener una buena disposición y participación activa en el aula. Los docentes reconocieron la importancia de disfrutar el proceso de enseñanza y observaron el progreso de sus estudiantes. Además, sugirieron nuevas formas de potenciar la habilidad de reorganización de la información, como articular diferentes asignaturas del currículo
Calidad de vida a largo plazo en pacientes con cirugía bariátrica evaluados con BAROS
Get PDFQuality of life (QoL) significantly improves in the short term after bariatric surgery (BS). However, evidence on the long-term QoL of patients with BS is limited. Aim: To analyze the long-term QoL of patients who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Methods: We evaluated 257 patients from three private clinics in Santiago, Chile, with ~10-y since surgery. The Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS) was used.
Results: Median values for the BAROS score indicated good results of treatment:4.3 (2.3-6.0) and 4.1 (2.1-6.4) for RYGB and SG patients, respectively. The Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life (MAQoL) score was higher in patients with SG compared to RYGB (1.5 vs. 1.3, p = 0.047). A moderate, positive, and significant correlation was observed between the percentage excess weight loss and MAQoL score (rho= 0.48, p<0.001). Conclusions: Patients undergoing BS showed a good QoL even in the long term (~10 y).Versión publicad
Decoding complex inherited phenotypes in rare disorders: the DECIPHERD initiative for rare undiagnosed diseases in Chile
Get PDFRare diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and most have a genetic etiology. The incorporation of next-generation sequencing into clinical settings, particularly exome and genome sequencing, has resulted in an unprecedented improvement in diagnosis and discovery in the past decade. Nevertheless, these tools are unavailable in many countries, increasing health care gaps between high- and low-and-middle-income countries and prolonging the “diagnostic odyssey” for patients. To advance genomic diagnoses in a setting of limited genomic resources, we developed DECIPHERD, an undiagnosed diseases program in Chile. DECIPHERD was implemented in two phases: training and local development. The training phase relied on international collaboration with Baylor College of Medicine, and the local development was structured as a hybrid model, where clinical and bioinformatics analysis were performed in-house and sequencing outsourced abroad, due to lack of high-throughput equipment in Chile. We describe the implementation process and findings of the first 103 patients. They had heterogeneous phenotypes, including congenital anomalies, intellectual disabilities and/or immune system dysfunction. Patients underwent clinical exome or research exome sequencing, as solo cases or with parents using a trio design. We identified pathogenic, likely pathogenic or variants of unknown significance in genes related to the patients´ phenotypes in 47 (45.6%) of them. Half were de novo informative variants, and half of the identified variants have not been previously reported in public databases. DECIPHERD ended the diagnostic odyssey for many participants. This hybrid strategy may be useful for settings of similarly limited genomic resources and lead to discoveries in understudied populations.Versión publicad
The parietal cortex has a causal role in ambiguity computations in humans
Get PDFHumans often face the challenge of making decisions between ambiguous options. The level of ambiguity in decision-making has been linked to activity in the parietal cortex, but its exact computational role remains elusive. To test the hypothesis that the parietal cortex plays a causal role in computing ambiguous probabilities, we conducted consecutive fMRI and TMS-EEG studies. We found that participants assigned unknown probabilities to objective probabilities, elevating the uncertainty of their decisions. Parietal cortex activity correlated with the objective degree of ambiguity and with a process that underestimates the uncertainty during decision-making. Conversely, the midcingulate cortex (MCC) encodes prediction errors and increases its connectivity with the parietal cortex during outcome processing. Disruption of the parietal activity increased the uncertainty evaluation of the options, decreasing cingulate cortex oscillations during outcome evaluation and lateral frontal oscillations related to value ambiguous probability. These results provide evidence for a causal role of the parietal cortex in computing uncertainty during ambiguous decisions made by humans.Versión publicad
Functional Dizziness as a Spatial Cognitive Dysfunction
No full text(1) Background: Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD) is a common chronic dizziness disorder with an unclear pathophysiology. It is hypothesized that PPPD may involve disrupted spatial cognition processes as a core feature.
(2) Methods: A cohort of 19 PPPD patients underwent psycho-cognitive testing, including assessments for anxiety, depression, memory, attention, planning, and executive functions, with an emphasis on spatial navigation via a virtual Morris water maze. These patients were compared with 12 healthy controls and 20 individuals with other vestibular disorders but without PPPD. Vestibular function was evaluated using video head impulse testing and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, while brain magnetic resonance imaging was used to exclude confounding pathology.
(3) Results: PPPD patients demonstrated unique impairments in allocentric spatial navigation (as evidenced by the virtual Morris water maze) and in other high-demand visuospatial cognitive tasks that involve executive functions and planning, such as the Towers of London and Trail Making B tests. A factor analysis highlighted spatial navigation and advanced visuospatial functions as being central to PPPD, with a strong correlation to symptom severity.
(4) Conclusions: PPPD may broadly impair higher cognitive functions, especially in spatial cognition. We discuss a disruption in the creation of enriched cognitive spatial maps as a possible pathophysiology for PPPDPublicad
Autoimágenes sobre abandono escolar en Barcelona: análisis desde la teoría de la justificación del sistema
Get PDFSociocognitive theories assume that group membership has a direct impact on social identity.
Vulnerable groups can develop different strategies to lessen the psychological discomfort caused by disadvantageous social membership. Some of these mechanisms operate by validating the social order.
This article shows how implicit self-stereotypes operate in a group of students who have dropped out of school. The approach is qualitative based on these young people’s discourses on their educational trajectories, their school experiences and their reasons for dropping out. The analysis allows self stereotypical elements with repercussions at the level of social justification to be identified and is complemented by a brief sociodemographic description to characterize the group in terms of their social disadvantage.Versión publicad
Luxatio erecta of the shoulder: an unusual orthopedic emergency
Get PDFIntroducción: La luxación glenohumeral inferior o luxación erecta del hombro, es una afección excepcionalmente rara, representando solo el 0,5-1% de las luxaciones de hombro. Objetivo: Analizar las recomendaciones actuales para los médicos generales en el manejo inicial de la luxación inferior de hombro y explorar los desafíos comunes que enfrentan en la implementación de estas recomendaciones. Metodología: Revisión de la literatura mediante el protocolo PRISMA. Se utilizó la base de datos PubMed. Se consideraron artículos publicados desde el año 2017 en adelante. Los autores revisaron y sintetizaron de forma independiente la información de los artículos seleccionados. Resultados: Quince estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, cuyos resultados fueron clasificados en categorías que representan los principales hallazgos, entre ellas: mecanismo del trauma, características de los pacientes, clínica, lesiones asociadas y recomendaciones para el manejo y enfrentamiento
inicial. Conclusión: La luxación erecta del hombro es una condición rara con alto riesgo de complicaciones que requiere una evaluación exhaustiva y en algunos casos uso de imágenes avanzadas. La reducción cerrada es el tratamiento inicial preferido, pero puede necesitar cirugía en casos complicados. Una evaluación completa con alto índice de sospecha en el servicio de urgencias es crucial para evitar subdiagnósticos y mejorar los resultados a largo plazo.
Introduction: Inferior glenohumeral dislocation, also known as luxatio erecta of the shoulder, is an exceptionally rare condition, representing only 0,5-1% of shoulder dislocations. Objective: To analyze current recommendations for general practitioners in the initial management of inferior shoulder dislocation and to explore the common challenges they face in implementing these recommendations. Methodology: Literature review following the PRISMA protocol. The PubMed database was used. Articles published from 2017 onwards were considered. The authors independently reviewed and synthesized information from the selected articles. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and their results were classified into categories representing the main findings, including: trauma mechanism, patient characteristics, clinical presentation, associated injuries, and recommendations for initial management and approach. Conclusion: Luxatio erecta of the shoulder is a rare condition with a high risk of complications that requires thorough evaluation and, in some cases, the use of advanced imaging. Closed reduction is the preferred initial treatment, but surgery may be necessary in complicated cases. Comprehensive evaluation with a high index of suspicion in the emergency department is crucial to avoid underdiagnosis and improve long-term outcomes
Situación epidemiológica de la tuberculosis en Chile
Get PDFIntroducción: La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa producida por mycobacterium tuberculosis que afecta principalmente al pulmón. Existen medidas gubernamentales para controlar la enfermedad, las que han disminuido su morbimortalidad, persistiendo en grupos vulnerables donde se concentran los casos y la mortalidad. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio secundario a partir de datos públicos, de egresos y mortalidad por enfermedades causadas por tuberculosis entre los años 2002 y 2019, del Departamento de Estadísticas e Información de Salud del Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Resultado: En el año 2019 se registraron en total 1.517 egresos hospitalarios por tuberculosis, con una tasa cruda de 7,94 cada 100.000 habitantes. Respecto a la mortalidad, en el año 2019 se registró una tasa cruda de 0,98 cada 100.000 habitantes. Tanto para egresos hospitalarios como para mortalidad se ve un mayor riesgo en hombres y en personas mayores de 80 años. Discusión: La mortalidad por tuberculosis en Chile ha disminuido siguiendo la tendencia internacional, mientras que la incidencia en Chile se había estancado hasta 2014, incrementándose luego hacia el año 2019. Al igual que lo observado a nivel internacional, los grupos de mayor riesgo son los hombres y personas mayores de 75- 80 años. Conclusión: El análisis del impacto de la tuberculosis a nivel nacional se correlaciona con el observado a nivel internacional con un mayor impacto en poblaciones de riesgo. Estos datos complementan el reporte del Ministerio de Salud previo a la pandemia y pueden ser el sustento para medidas de salud pública focalizadas en
poblaciones de riesgo.
Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lung. Governmental measures to control the disease have reduced its morbimortality, but it persists in vulnerable groups where cases and mortality are concentrated. Methodology: A secondary study was carried out using public data on discharges and mortality due to tuberculosis diseases from the Department of Health Statistics and Information of the Chilean Ministry of Health between 2002 and 2019. Result: In 2019, a total of 1.517 hospital discharges due to tuberculosis were recorded, with a crude rate of 7,94 per 100,000 inhabitants. Regarding mortality, a crude rate of 0,98 per 100.000 population was recorded in 2019. Both for hospital discharges and mortality, a higher risk is seen in men and in people over 80 years of age. Discussion: Mortality due to tuberculosis in Chile has decreased following the international trend, while incidence in Chile had stagnated until 2014, and then with an increase until 2019. As observed internationally, the groups at higher risk are men and people older than 75-80 years. Conclusion: The analysis of the impact of tuberculosis at the national level correlates with that
observed at the international level with a greater impact on at-risk populations. These data complement the Ministry of Health report prior to the pandemic and can be the basis for public health measures focused on at-risk populations
Relationships Between Pedagogical Practices and Affective States for Effective Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights From University Professors
Get PDFObjectives: This study aimed to analyze how pedagogical practices and affective states during emergency remote teaching influence professors’ perspectives on their capabilities and the professor-student relationship.
Method: We used a nonexperimental quantitative design, collecting data through an online survey during the first year of the pandemic. Participants were recruited using a non-probability sampling method. A total of 636 university professors from Chilean universities participated. We performed descriptive and correlation analyses between variables. Also, to gain a deeper understanding of the factors influencing perceptions of the Results: A higher perception of pedagogical competence was related to male professors reporting a high evaluation of teaching quality and a high diversification of assessment strategies. A better professor–student relationship was related to female professors reporting a high level of tutoring activities and activities in which students work collaboratively. Additionally, unpleasant affective states were experienced at a higher rate by younger and female professors.
Conclusions: Variables that make up the perception of professor competence and the professor–student relationship were identified, relating to gender and pedagogical practices, such as diversification of assessment strategies, tutoring, and collaborative activities.
Implications: The results can guide future institutional actions to improve conditions and establish guidelines for quality virtual education in the post-pandemic scenario
Need estimates of psychiatric beds: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textThis study aimed to review and synthesize the need estimates for psychiatric beds, explore how they changed over time and compare them against the prevalence of actually existing beds. We searched PubMed, Embase classic and Embase, PsycINFO and PsycIndex, Open Grey, Google Scholar, Global Health EBSCO and Proquest Dissertations, from inception to September 13, 2022. Publications providing estimates for the required number of psychiatric inpatient beds were included. Need estimates, length of stay, and year of the estimate were extracted. Need estimates were synthesized using medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). We also computed prevalence ratios of the need estimates and the existing bed capacities at the same time and place. Sixty-five publications with 98 estimates were identified. Estimates for bed needs were trending lower until 2000, after which they stabilized. The twenty-six most recent estimates after 2000 were submitted to data synthesis (n = 15 for beds with unspecified length of stay, n = 7 for short-stay, and n = 4 for long-stay beds). Median estimates per 100 000 population were 47 (IQR: 39 to 50) beds with unspecified length of stay, 28 (IQR: 23 to 31) beds for short-stay, and 10 (IQR: 8 to 11) for long-stay beds. The median prevalence ratio of need estimates and the actual bed prevalence was 1.8 (IQR: 1.3 to 2.3) from 2000 onwards. Historically, the need estimates for psychiatric beds have decreased until about 2000. In the past two decades, they were stable over time and consistently higher than the actual bed numbers provided.Versión Aceptad