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Resiliencia como Factor Modulador de la Empatía en Estudiantes de Medicina
Get PDFIntroduction: Empathy is a complex and multidimensional attribute. Attempts have been made to explain empathic behavior based on other variables. Empirical evidence shows that empathy could be the product of the influence of several factors. One of these factors could be resilience. There is still no developed theory
and consistent empirical evidence demonstrating that empathy depends on resilience. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine if resilience can predict empathic behavior. Methodology: This study is non experimental and ex post facto with a cross-sectional design. Variables. Dependent: Empathy; Independent:
Resilience. Population: Medical students belonging to the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de Santa Ana (UNASA), Santa Ana, El Salvador (N=579). The sample (n=465) consisted of students (both sexes). Convenience sampling. Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Healthcare Professionals, student version (JSE-HPS). Trait Resilience Scale (EEA). A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) model was used.
Additionally, the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (>0.95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) (>0.95), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (<0.08), and Standardized Root Mean Square (SRMR) (<0.08), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed. The significance level employed was α < 0.05. Results: All these results show that both measurement models (empathy and resilience) are adequately represented and are suitable for the structural model. Discussion: Individual resilience is a variable that can predict empathic behavior in medical students belonging to a Faculty of Health Sciences. The results constitute indirect empirical evidence that it is possible to define empathy as a dependent variable and resilience as an independent variable.Versión publicad
Food addiction in patients on weight loss treatment.
Get PDFBackground: Food addiction (FA) is defined as hedonic eating behavior involving the consumption of highly palatable foods (i.e., ultra processed foods in quantities beyond homeostatic energy requirements). FA is present in a subset of patients with overweight or obesity and could contribute to the response to weight loss treatments.
Aim: Determine FA in individuals that fulfil the criteria of FA as measured by the YFAS 2.0, and its association with anthropometric and body composition variables in a clinical sample of patients undergoing weight loss treatment. Also, to determine the most prevalent FA criteria.
Methods: An observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study was conducted. Sampling was non-probabilistic, convenience based. A total of 158 participants were recruited from two clinical centers (private and public) focused on managing non-communicable chronic diseases. The Chilean version of YFAS 2.0 was administrated through the online REDCap platform. Anthropometric measurements were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated.
Results: The mean age was 47.8 (SD 14.9) and BMI 28.7 (SD 5.3) kg/m2. There were 12.7% patients who screened positive on the YFAS 2.0 Chilean version (3.2% for mild, 2.5% for moderate and 7.0% for severe), the mean symptom count was 2.2 (SD 2.6), with withdrawal being the most prevalent criterion (33.5%). FA patients had significantly higher body weight compared to non-FA subjects (p = 0.045). We observed a slight and significant correlation between FA symptom count and body weight (p = 0.020), waist circumference (p = 0.005), and BMI (p = 0.023).
Conclusion: This is the first study in Chile that showed that FA was present in patients undergoing weight loss treatment and was associated with anthropometric measurements. In addition, it showed that withdrawal was the most prevalent criterion. Future studies should investigate whether the presence of FA and the withdrawal criterion could contribute to suboptimal clinical response to weight loss treatment.Versión publicad
consumer preferences and valuation for mitigation technologies
Get PDFMicroplastics, an emerging pollutant, have garnered widespread attention due to potential repercussions on human health and the environment. Given the critical role of seafood in food security, growing concerns about microplastics might be detrimental to meeting future global food demand. This study employed a discrete choice experiment to investigate Chilean consumers’ preferences for technology aimed at mitigating microplastic levels in mussels. Using a between-subjects design with information treatments, we examined the impact of informing consumers about potential human health and environmental effects linked to microplastics pollution on their valuation for the technology. We found that the information treatments increased consumers’ willingness to pay for mussels. Specifically, consumers were willing to pay a premium of around US$ 4 for 250 g of mussel meat with a 90 % depuration efficiency certification. The provision of health impact information increased the price premium by 56 %, while the provision of environmental information increased it by 21 %. Furthermore, combined health and environmental information significantly increased the probability of non-purchasing behavior by 22.8 % and the risk perception of microplastics for human health by 5.8 %. These results emphasized the critical role of information in shaping consumer preferences and provided evidence for validating investment in research and development related to microplastic pollution mitigation measures.Versión publicad
Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients 90 Years or Older with Moderate to Severe Acute Ischemic Stroke Increases Ambulation at Discharge and Is Safe: A Prospective Cohort Study from a Single Center in Santiago, Chile
Get PDFIntroduction: The WorldHealthOrganizationpredictsthat the globalpopulationaged60yearsandolderwilldouble by 2050, leading to a significant rise in the public health impact of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Existing stroke guidelines do not specify an upper age limit for the administration of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), although some suggest a relative exclusion criterion in patients aged ≥80 in the 3–4.5-h window. Many physicians avoid treating these patients with IVT, argumenting high risk and little benefit. Our aim was to investigate the efficacy and safety of IVT treatment in patients with nonminor AIS aged ≥90, admitted to our institution. The primary efficacy endpoint was the ability to walk at discharge (mRS 0–3), and the primary safety endpoints were death and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhagic transformation (sIHT) at discharge. Methods: Patients with AIS aged ≥90 admitted to our center from January 2003 to December 2022 were included. They were selected if had an NIHSS ≥5, were previously ambulatory (prestroke mRS score 3 or less), and arrived within 6 h from symptom onset. Those treated or not with IVT were compared with univariate analysis. Results: The mean age was 93.2 (2.4) years, and 51 (73.9%) were female. The admission mRSandNIHSSwere1(IQR0–2) and 14 (IQR 7–22), respectively. Thrombolyzed patients had a shorter time from symptom onset to door and lower glycemia on admission. IVT was associated with a higher proportion of patients achieving mRS 0–3atdischarge (p = 0.03) and at 90 days (p = 0.04). There were no dif
ferences between groups in the risk of death (p = 0.55) or sIHT (p = 0.38). Conclusion: In this small sample, ambulatory patients aged ≥90 with moderate or severe AIS treated with IVT had increased odds of being able to walk independently at discharge than those not treated, without safety concerns.Versión publicad
Propuesta de estrategias e instrumentos para desarrollar la evaluación formativa diversificada en educación parvularia
Get PDFSeminario de Intervención presentado a la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad del Desarrollo para optar al grado académico de Magíster en Innovación Curricular y Evaluación Educativa.El seminario de intervención denominado "Propuesta de Estrategias e Instrumentos para la Evaluación Formativa Diversificada en Educación Parvularia" busca mejorar las prácticas evaluativas en educación parvularia a través de la implementación de una serie de estrategias y herramientas diseñadas para ser inclusivas y adaptativas a las necesidades individuales de los estudiantes, particularmente aquellos con necesidades educativas especiales. El propósito central
del proyecto es alfabetizar al equipo docente en el uso y diseño de estrategias e instrumentos de evaluación formativa diversificada, asegurando así Evaluaciones más equitativas y efectivas que promuevan el aprendizaje y el desarrollo integral de los alumnos.
La metodología adoptada es la de investigación-acción, la cual permite una evaluación continua y una adaptación basada en los resultados obtenidos durante la implementación. El plan incluye la realización de cuatro talleres formativos que abarcan desde la introducción a los fundamentos de la evaluación formativa hasta la aplicación práctica de herramientas digitales y la inteligencia artificial para optimizar los procesos evaluativos.
Los resultados principales del proyecto indican una mejora en el conocimiento y la capacidad del equipo docente para diseñar evaluaciones formativas diversificadas. Sin embargo, el análisis crítico sugiere que, aunque hay un progreso notable en la comprensión teórica y procedimental por parte de los docentes, la aplicación práctica y el impacto directo en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes aún necesitan fortalecimiento y mayor profundidad.
En conclusión, el proyecto ha tenido un impacto positivo en el nivel de conocimiento de los educadores y ha enriquecido las prácticas evaluativas, pero requiere un compromiso a más largo plazo y una mayor implicación práctica para alcanzar plenamente sus objetivos. Es esencial que futuras intervenciones continúen trabajando hacia la integración efectiva de estas estrategias en el día a día educativo, garantizando así que todos los estudiantes, especialmente aquellos con
necesidades especiales, reciban una educación equitativa y adaptada a sus necesidades
Estimating residential water demand under systematic shifts between Uniform Price (UP) and Increasing BlockTariffs (IBT)
Get PDFWe evaluate whether changing from a uniform price (UP) to an increasing block tariff (IBT) changes people's behavior. We exploit a unique setting in which the price scheme moves back and forth yearly from UP to IBT. We discuss the effectiveness of IBT in reducing summer consumption. This issue is relevant to many countries and policymakers interested in designing tariff structures. There is no evidence of how the same consumer may react to systematically switching from one tariff structure to another yearly. We estimate the residential water demand and its price elasticity using a generalized least squared random effect model for the UP and the discrete/continuous choice model for the IBT. In addition, we split the sample between low and highconsumption groups. For the low consumption group unaffected by the tariff change, the elasticity in the nonsummer months is higher (more elastic) than in the summer. Consumers in this group reduce their elasticity from nonsummer to summer months (- 0.299 vs. - 0.071, respectively) and increase their consumption by 13%. The high consumption group increased its summer consumption, but only by 8.7%, and contrary to the first group, its elasticity increased significantly (from - 0.299 to - 0.568). The high‐consumption group is indeed affected by the change in tariff. From a policy perspective, this implies that the IBT structure is relevant. However, if the policy seeks to promote conservation, it needs to be adjusted to a lower decile of the water consumption distribution to affect a more significant portion of the population.Versión publicad
Resilience to wildfires: comparative insights of barriers and facilitators for spatial planning in Victoria and Chile
No full textThis paper explores the elements influencing and conditioning spatial planning processes for changing their systems based on new wildfire information. The research was approached as an inductive qualitative research, using a multiple case study strategy: the Chilean and the Victorian (Australia) spatial planning systems. The analysis considered the barriers and facilitators for change (willingness, understandings, and capacities), and the stages of processes of knowledge development for changing the spatial planning systems (identification, reframing, and implementation). Based on a cross-case synthesis of the two case studies, analytic generalizations about spatial planning's ability to change its instruments and practices for dealing with wildfires, and elements conditioning this ability, are suggested in the form of theoretical propositions: three overarching propositions, broken down into ten propositions specific to the stages of the process of knowledge development and change. These provide applied understandings of spatial planning mechanisms and processes that hinder or contribute to changing their instruments for dealing with wildfires. Furthermore, they suggest that the success of knowledge development and change processes requires the acceptance and use of the willingness, understanding, and capacity dynamics. Ultimately, this research contributes theoretical and practical insights for promoting wildfire resilience via the planning and governance of cities.Versión publicad
Percepción de cambios en el peso corporal y el estilo de vida de adolescentes chilenos durante la pandemia de la COVID-19
Get PDFFundamentos: La pandemia de COVID-19, impactó especialmente los hábitos alimentarios y los estilos de vida. El objetivo fue evaluar la percepción de los cambios en el peso corporal y el estilo de vida de
adolescentes de la región del Bío Bío durante la pandemia de la COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en una muestra de adolescentes chilenos. Se utilizó una encuesta que abordó características sociodemográficas, percepción de cambios en el peso corporal, hábitos alimentarios, actividad física, horas de sueño y horas frente a la pantalla durante la pandemia de la COVID-19.
Resultados: Participaron 122 adolescentes entre 14 y 18 años, con un 64,8% de mujeres. El 45,0% percibió un aumento en el peso corporal. El 59,0% indicó que la calidad de su alimentación no fue saludable. Un porcentaje importante manifestó un aumento en el consumo de pasteles y dulces, así como de comida basura y bebidas azucaradas, mientras que mantuvo el consumo de frutas, verduras y grasas, y disminuyó el consumo de pescado. La mayoría de los adolescentes informó una disminución en el tiempo dedicado a la actividad física y en las horas de sueño, y, por el contrario, un aumento en la cantidad de horas que pasa frente a las pantallas.
Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran cambios negativos en el estilo de vida de los adolescentes durante la pandemia, afectando su alimentación, actividad física y patrones de sueño.Versión publicad
Fortaleciendo la interpretación histórica en estudiantes de quinto básico: ¿Cómo una propuesta microcurricular permite el desarrollo del pensamiento histórico?
Get PDFSeminario de Intervención presentado a la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad del Desarrollo para optar al grado académico de Magíster en Innovación Curricular y Evaluación Educa va.Este proyecto se enmarca en el desafío de mejorar la habilidad de interpretación histórica en estudiantes de quinto básico de un establecimiento en Santiago de Chile. Se centra en la creación y aplicación de una propuesta microcurricular diseñada para fortalecer de manera intencionada esta habilidad a través de un enfoque pedagógico innovador y participativo. Adoptando una metodología de investigación acción, se elaboró un micro diseño curricular que se centra en el
análisis crítico y la valoración de fuentes primarias y secundarias, incentivando así un pensamiento histórico más robusto.
La intervención se desarrolló en la unidad de la vida Colonial en Chile. La estrategia pedagógica se caracterizó por una secuenciación y una diversidad de enfoques, que incluyen la integración de recursos audiovisuales, iconográficos y textuales. La variedad de materiales empleados buscó no solo enriquecer la experiencia educativa sino también fomentar una participación activa y consciente en el aprendizaje.
Los resultados obtenidos resaltan la relevancia de la intencionalidad en el diseño curricular, así como del papel esencial que juega el modelamiento por parte de los educadores y la planificación estratégica de la secuencia de actividades pedagógicas. Estos componentes, junto con un proceso de codiseño colaborativo, fueron claves para asegurar la coherencia del currículo con los objetivos educativos establecidos y para el reforzamiento efectivo de la competencia interpretativa histórica. La investigación evidenció que la articulación de estos factores es indispensable para un aprendizaje comprometido con la construcción de conocimiento significativo.
En conclusión, la implementación de la propuesta micro curricular demostró ser efectiva en mejorar la interpretación histórica, destacando la importancia de una enseñanza intencionada y reflexiva. Los resultados afirman la necesidad de un enfoque pedagógico contextualizado y que releva el valor del aprendizaje activo y situado en la historia
Acceptability, feasibility and fidelity of the culturally adapted version of Unplugged (“Yo Se Lo Que Quiero”), a substance use preventive program among adolescents in Chile: a pilot randomized controlled study
Get PDFIntroduction: The consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis is a public health problem that impacts the cognitive, social, and emotional development of adolescents. Prevention strategies such as the "Unplugged" program are effective in delaying the progression of daily smoking and episodes of drunkenness among adolescents. "Yo Se Lo Que Quiero" (YSLQQ) corresponds to the adaptation of this program to the Chilean context. This study assesses the acceptability and feasibility of implementing this program to the local reality.
Material and methods: This was a cluster-randomized controlled pilot study conducted on six public schools. All consented students attending 6th, 7th, and 8th grades (n = 1,180) participated in the study. The schools were randomly assigned to one of two conditions in a 1:1 ratio: (1) the "YSLQQ" intervention group (n = 526), and (2) the Control group (n = 654). The program consisted of a 12-hour class-based curriculum based on a comprehensive social-influence approach delivered by a trained facilitator. The acceptability and feasibility were assessed in the intervention group at the end of the intervention using questionnaires answered by students and facilitators. The quality and fidelity of the program were evaluated during the implementation using self-ported surveys answered by the facilitators and the assessment of video-recorded sessions rated by external observers. Finally, a pre-test and a post-test survey assessing past and current substance use and risk and protective factors were conducted before and immediately after the program's implementation.
Results: A high proportion of students (49.6%) liked the sessions. 79.2% reported that the YSLQQ helped them learn about the dangers of substances, while 65.8% reported having more skills to avoid substance use in the future. Regarding students' satisfaction with YSLQQ, 62.9% reported being happy or very happy with the program. Facilitators reported implementing the intervention according to the manual in 73.9% of sessions. Regarding substance use, students who participated in the intervention groups reported a significant reduction in drunkenness in the last year and last 30-day prevalence and also a significant reduction in a lifetime and 30-day prevalence of cannabis use when compared with those students in the control group.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that YSLQQ has adequate acceptability and feasibility to be implemented in the Chilean context, and there were promising results in reducing drunkenness and cannabis use. Future research should confirm these results in a larger RCT study.Versión publicad