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Voice and Context: Building a Corpus of Events to Assess Potential Bias in Digital News Headlines
Full text linkRacism, sexism, or other forms of bias may be reinforced by the delivery of a news story. This delivery refers to the grammatical structure of the story including the order in which details of a story are delivered. One tool for organizing grammatical structure – voice, which describes whether an action is active (performed by a subject on an object) or passive (performed on a subject by an object) – is especially useful for embedding impressions of a story in news headlines due to headlines’ brevity. Take for example the headline “Coroner: Man shot by police had BAC of 0.469”. In this headline, active voice is used to describe the victim’s blood alcohol content, emphasizing the victim’s active choices which may incriminate them in this situation. The use of passive voice to describe the shooting de-emphasizes the police’s active choice to shoot the victim. This demonstrates how voice may be used to influence a reader’s perception of responsibility in an event by emphasizing the active choices of one involved party but not the other. Implication of responsibility can create a positive or negative image of an involved party depending on the sentiment of the action carried out by the involved party, so the distribution and context of these instances of voice may prove to be significant in understanding how they are used to create an impression of a news story for the reader – especially when analyzed in a specific social context where voice may be used to support existing bias
Repositioning the Base Level of Bibliographic Relationships: or, A Cataloguer, a Post-Modernist and a Chatbot Walk Into a Bar
Full text linkDesigners and maintainers of library catalogues are facing fresh challenges representing bibliographic relationships, due both to changes in cataloguing standards and to a broader information environment that has grown increasingly diverse, sophisticated and complex. This paper presents three different paradigms, drawn from three different fields of study, for representing relationships between bibliographic entities beyond the FRBR/LRM models: superworks, as developed in information studies; adaptation, as developed in literary studies; and artificial intelligence, as developed in computer science. Theories of literary adaptation remain focused on “the work,” as traditionally conceived. The concept of the superwork reminds us that there are some works which serve as ancestors for entire families of works, and that those familial relationships are still useful. Crowd-sourcing projects often make more granular connections, a trend which has escalated significantly with current and emerging artificial intelligence systems. While the artificial intelligence paradigm is proving more pervasive outside conventional library systems, it could lead to a seismic shift in knowledge organization, a shift in which the power both to arrange information and to use it are moving beyond the control of users and intermediaries alike
INITIAL INVENTORY AND DOCUMENTATION OF STONE/BRICK-AND-LIME VATS (BALDI) IN SOME NORTHERN TOWNS OF THE PROVINCE OF ILOCOS SUR, PHILIPPINES
No full textThis is an initial inventory and documentation of remaining, abandoned and non-functioning vats, locally referred to as baldi, in some northern towns of Ilocos Sur, many of which are in various states of human-mediated damage and natural deterioration. It was undertaken by faculty proponents and students of the College of Architecture of the University of Northern Philippines, Vigan City with a local anthropologist for the period 2017 to 2018. The research sought to establish the significance of the vats in the cultural life of the province. As a descriptive method of research of the qualitative type, the project basically aimed to identify the location of the vats, determine their construction methodology and materials of construction, inscribe their architectural character and features, evaluate their current physical condition and contexts, and ascertain their ownership. The information gathered is structured and presented in a summary of 1) Inventory, in tables, 2) Graphical presentation, 3) Photographs and 4) Description of vat attributes. There are 63 (7 of which could not be measured and could only be photographed) inventoried vats, excluding wells and other features in a few vat assemblages in 17 vat sites (12 of which with visible vat assemblages [sites that include two or more vats]), in 10 barangays of 8 towns (Sinait, Cabugao, San Juan, Magsingal, Santo Domingo, San Ildefonso, San Vicente, and Bantay)
LGBTQ+ Catalog Users: A Brief Survey
Full text linkTo promote social justice, recent work in knowledge organization (KO) has focused on providing access for members of marginalized groups including LGBTQ+ persons. Expanding on this work, the current project explores demographics and library usage as well as the participant-provided identity terms of LGBTQ+ library catalog users. Using a survey methodology that collected 141 respondents’ information, researchers found that LGBTQ+ catalog users who responded were primarily young, educated, and identified as either Black or White. The majority of respondents reported regular use of the library catalog, though also found materials in a variety of other ways, including social media. When analyzed using facet analysis, terms used by respondents to express their identities were communicated in a range of ways with facets representing gender identity, gender alignment, gender expression, gender modality, physical attraction, emotional attraction, pronouns, and sociocultural identity all represented. Implications for the creation and application of specialized controlled vocabularies are discussed, with concerns about presumed simplicity of these approaches being questioned
The Beaked Adze in the Western Pacific: Implications for Social Identification and Late Prehistoric Interaction
Full text linkRecent investigations of interactions in the western Pacific have focused on post-settlement contact between Micronesia and Melanesia. In the process they have largely overlooked the importance of the beaked adze, an unique adze form with a pointed cutting edge. The few dated contexts suggest that the presence of beaked adzes in the western Pacific did not occur until the last 500-700 years, spreading rapidly across Micronesia and islands along the northern fringe of Melanesia.
Using ethnographic and archaeological sources, a distinct, albeit limited, pattern of occurrence, provenance and chronology of beaked adzes is emerging in the western Pacific. Their rarity, workmanship and specific provenances suggest that at least among many of the Caroline and Marshall Islands they have served as symbols of prestige and social identity. Less is known about their function amongst the Polynesian Outliers although an ethnographic account indicate beaked adzes functioned as both tools and ceremonial objects. Using oral histories to provide a cultural context, it is argued here this artifact requires more detailed attention and analysis
On the Question of Authorship in Large Language Models (LLMs)
Full text linkThe adoption of pre-trained large language models (LLMs), like ChatGPT, across an increasingly diverse range of tasks and domains poses significant challenges for authorial attribution and other basic knowledge organization practices. This paper examines the theoretical and practical issues introduced by LLMs and describes how their use erodes the supposedly firm boundaries separating specific works and creators. Building upon the author-as-node framework proposed by Soos and Leazer (2020), we compare works created with and without the use of LLMs; ultimately, we argue that the issues associated with these novel tools are indicative of preexisting limitations within standard entity-relationship models. As the growing popularity of generative AI raises concerns about plagiarism, academic integrity, and intellectual property, we encourage a reevaluation of reductive work/creator associations and advocate for the adoption of a more expansive approach to authorship
Further Excavations Among the Megaliths: Research at Plain of Jars Site 2 in Laos: Plain of Jars Site 2
No full textThe Plain of Jars Archaeological Research Project (PJARP) team has been investigating the megalithic jars of North central Laos since 2016 with excavations conducted at three jar sites (Sites 1, 2 and 52) in Xieng Khouang Province. This paper presents the methodology and results of the excavation of Site 2 (Ban Nakho) undertaken in 2019. While similarities are apparent in the archaeological evidence uncovered between Site 2 and the other sites excavated by the team, important differences can be discerned between these sites. Features common at all sites include sandstone chips, limestone blocks and artefact assemblages. The finds and dating for Site 2 are presented here to place the site in a regional context, contributing to the understanding of this enigmatic megalithic culture and the expanding corpus of known sites.
NEW RADIOCARBON DATES FOR IRON AGE NOEN U-LOKE: Noen-U-Loke
No full textNoen U-Loke is a large Iron Age settlement located in the upper Mun River floodplain of Northeast Thailand. Excavations in 1996-7 revealed an occupation and mortuary sequence beginning in the Bronze Age and then spanning the entire Iron Age, from ca. 450 BC to AD 500. The third of four mortuary phases stood out for the great wealth of mortuary offerings and associated rituals that accompanied the dead. This was manifested in clay-lined coffins in which the corpse was covered in rice, wearing multiple bronze ornaments, carnelian, agate, glass, gold and silver jewellery and iron knives. One man was found with a socketed iron ploughshare. The published radiocarbon chronology for this site came from 24 charcoal determinations. In this paper we present a further 11 dates from stratified rice grains, and consider their implications in relation to other Iron Age settlements that lie in close proximity
KHOK PHANOM DI: NEW RADIOCARBON DATES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS: Khok Phanom Di
No full textKhok Phanom Di is a Neolithic site located on the former estuary of the Bang Pakong River in Central Thailand. The initial dating of occupation was based on ten radiocarbon determinations from charcoal, that placed its foundation in about 2000 BCE and the end of the seven-stage mortuary sequence five centuries later. Here we report on a new series of dates derived from human bone, shell and charcoal embedded in stratified structural remains. These suggest an earlier occupation than has previously been published with implications for identifying a coastal expansion of early rice farmers along the coast of Vietnam and along the eastern shore of the Gulf of Siam
Knowledge Organization in Support of an Indigenous Worldview: A Community Driven Metadata Framework for the Inuvialuit Digital Library
Full text linkDigital libraries are online platforms for organizing, sharing, and providing access to resources. Ideally, they are developed by, with, and for specific user communities. Metadata frameworks, as integral components of digital libraries, should also reflect the needs and serve the interests of those communities. In this paper I report on one aspect of my research working collaboratively with members of the Inuvialuit community in the northwestern part of Canada to explore and articulate a culturally responsive metadata framework for their digital library of cultural resources