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Atkinson, Maureen

Harrison, Ed

POSTER 3: Channeling Changes: The Fluid and Contrasting Perspectives of the Georgetown Sawmill (1875-1960) (North Coast)

Wengel, Yana

LEGO® SERIOUS PLAY® Methodology as a Data Collection Tool

Wauthy, Anne-Marie

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 15
2019
The Perception of Touristic Actors in Relation to
the Valorization of Heritage: The Case of Old
Montreal (La Perception des Acteurs Touristiques
Face à la Valorisation du Patrimoine: Le Cas du
Vieux- Montréal)
Anne-Marie Wauthy
Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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Recommended Citation
Wauthy, Anne-Marie (2019) "The Perception of Touristic Actors in Relation to the Valorization of Heritage: The Case of Old
Montreal (La Perception des Acteurs Touristiques Face à la Valorisation du Patrimoine: Le Cas du Vieux- Montréal)," Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 15.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/15
CTS 2019 
Title: The Perception of Touristic Actors in Relation to the Valorization of Heritage: The Case 
of Old Montreal 
(La Perception des Acteurs Touristiques Face à la Valorisation du Patrimoine: Le Cas du Vieux-
Montréal)  
 
Author: 
 
Anne-Marie Wauthy 
Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada 
 
Abstract: (French abstract follows English) 
 
As a part of the Critical Tourism Studies Conference, I wish to present my master’s thesis 
by way of oral presentation. I believe I am a good fit under the Land of hopes and dreams theme 
because solidarity and hope are a part of the answers and possible solutions to my problematic. 
My thesis is a study on the perception of the different touristic actors in relation to the 
valorization of heritage by taking for main example the Old Montreal. The main goal of this 
study is to understand the link between tourism and heritage, more precisely to answer to 
following question: what are the perceptions from the touristic players in relation to the 
valorization of the heritage of a historical neighborhood? The research aims to know the 
perception of the touristic players in relation to the patrimonial valorization of the historical 
neighborhood of Old Montreal. More specifically, it aims to understand the contribution, past 
and present, to the valorization from the touristic players in Old Montreal. It also seeks to 
establish the touristic players’ perception towards the actions of other players in Old Montreal 
regarding the valorization of the heritage and to identify the possible contribution from touristic 
players for the valorization of the heritage in the historical neighborhood.  
Following a research on the situation of historical neighborhoods in Quebec and North America, 
the result is that few authors cover this subject. In Quebec, there is only Old Quebec that is 
studied and often through the angle of heritage or the residents. Furthermore, it should not only 
heritage experts who speak on the subject. It allows an uncomplexification of heritage by 
creating new relations with it, notably with the tourism industry. By being interested in the 
touristic players, it will be possible to discover a new side of these neighborhoods by making 
emerge another position on the place of tourism. The perception, at the center of this research, is 
considered as being the representations built by the players. All this will permit a step towards a 
better cohabitation between the different players in historical neighborhoods. The scientific space 
being mainly occupied by the heritage environment, the angle of tourism is not considered as 
much. To offer a voice to the tourism industry would fill a void that is present in the scientific 
space. 
While meeting with different touristic players, many have given suggestions about the 
historical neighborhood that is Old Montreal. Most of them also spoke of the community spirit 
that is present. These are two simple findings that enable us to notice the solidarity between the 
different players as well as the hope to improve the neighborhood. 
 
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Dans le cadre du colloque des Critical Tourism Studies, je voudrais présenter mon 
mémoire sous forme de présentation orale. Je crois que je m’intégrerai bien sous la thématique 
The land of hope and dreams, car la solidarité et l’espoir font partie des réponses et des pistes de 
solution quant à ma problématique. 
Mon mémoire est une étude portant sur la perception des acteurs touristiques face à la 
valorisation du patrimoine en se concentrant sur le cas du Vieux-Montréal. L’objectif principal 
de celle-ci est de comprendre le lien entre le tourisme et le patrimoine et, plus précisément, de 
répondre à la question suivante : quelles sont les perceptions des acteurs touristiques face à la 
valorisation du patrimoine d’un quartier historique? La recherche vise à connaître la perception 
des acteurs touristiques face à la valorisation patrimoniale du quartier historique du Vieux-
Montréal. Plus spécifiquement, elle vise à comprendre la contribution, passée et présente, à la 
valorisation du patrimoine des acteurs touristiques dans le Vieux-Montréal. Elle cherche 
également à établir la perception des acteurs touristiques vis-à-vis des gestes posés par les autres 
acteurs du Vieux-Montréal quant à la valorisation du patrimoine et à cerner la possible 
contribution des acteurs touristiques à la valorisation du patrimoine dans le quartier historique. 
À la suite de recherches sur la situation des quartiers historiques au Québec et en 
Amérique du Nord, le constat est que peu d’auteurs couvrent ce sujet. Au Québec, seul le 
VieuxQuébec est étudié et souvent sous l’angle du patrimoine ou encore celui des résidents. De 
plus, ce ne doit plus seulement être les experts du patrimoine qui doivent s’exprimer sur le sujet. 
Cela permet de décomplexer le patrimoine en créant de nouvelles relations avec celui-ci, 
notamment avec le milieu touristique. En s’intéressant aux acteurs touristiques, il sera possible 
de découvrir une autre facette de ces quartiers en faisant émerger une autre position sur la place 
du tourisme. La perception, au cœur de cette recherche, est considérée comme étant les 
représentations construites par les acteurs. Tout cela permettra de faire un pas vers une meilleure 
cohabitation des divers acteurs dans les quartiers historiques. L’espace scientifique étant 
majoritairement occupé par le milieu patrimonial, l’angle touristique est moins considéré. Offrir 
une voix au milieu touristique comblerait un manqué présent dans l’espace scientifique. 
En rencontrant des acteurs touristiques du terrain d’étude, plusieurs d’entre eux ont émis 
des suggestions concernant le quartier historique qu’est le Vieux-Montréal. L’ensemble des 
acteurs a aussi parlé de l’esprit de communauté qui y règne. Ce sont ici deux simples constats qui 
permettent de remarquer la solidarité présente parmi l’ensemble des acteurs ainsi que l’espoir 
d’améliorer le quartier. 
  
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English

The Perception of Touristic Actors in Relation to the Valorization of Heritage: The Case of Old Montreal (La Perception des Acteurs Touristiques Face à la Valorisation du Patrimoine: Le Cas du Vieux- Montréal)

Saavedra, Paula

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 21
2019
Autenticidad Proyectada y Percibida y Su Influencia
en el Turismo Urbano: Una Aproximación desde el
Caso del Barrio de Santa Cruz de Sevilla
Paula Saavedra
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
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Recommended Citation
Saavedra, Paula (2019) "Autenticidad Proyectada y Percibida y Su Influencia en el Turismo Urbano: Una Aproximación desde el Caso
del Barrio de Santa Cruz de Sevilla," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 21.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/21
CTS 2019 
S  
Title: Autenticidad Proyectada y Percibida y Su Influencia en el Turismo Urbano: Una 
Aproximación desde el Caso del Barrio de Santa Cruz de Sevilla 
 
Author:  
 
Paula Saavedra 
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain 
 
Abstract: 
Esta comunicación propone explorar el concepto de autenticidad y su influencia en el 
turismo urbano a partir de un estudio de casos llevado a cabo en el barrio de Santa Cruz de 
Sevilla (España), uno de los grandes atractivos turísticos de la ciudad que destaca entre los 
espacios más visitados de la urbe. 
El concepto de autenticidad ha sido ampliamente abordado en los estudios sobre turismo 
desde perspectivas y corrientes diversas, resaltándose su potencial entre las motivaciones que 
impulsan los viajes. Tras considerar los principales discursos teóricos desarrollados en torno a 
dicho concepto desde aproximaciones fundamentalmente positivistas, constructivistas y 
postmodernas, el caso del barrio de Santa Cruz de Sevilla sirve para ejemplificar cómo diferentes 
conceptualizaciones de la noción de autenticidad juegan un papel importante tanto en los 
imaginaros turísticos proyectados por el barrio, como en los percibidos. 
De este modo, en esta comunicación se exponen los resultados del análisis de contenido 
de guías de viajes y otros medios de promoción turística en los que la idea de autenticidad 
aparece representada entre los atributos asociados al barrio de Santa Cruz. Asimismo, se aborda 
la cuestión de la autenticidad percibida a través de los testimonios, recabados mediante la 
realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas, de habitantes locales, turistas y trabajadores en la 
zona. Las conclusiones obtenidas de la investigación empírica  permiten, en última instancia, 
reflexionar sobre el modo en que los imaginarios turísticos actúan como mediadores entre las 
personas y el espacio urbano, orientando comportamientos socio-espaciales y la experiencia del 
lugar. 
Finalmente, conviene mencionar que este trabajo se enmarca en una investigación 
doctoral en curso que, desde una perspectiva geográfica, estudia las imágenes proyectadas por 
las ciudades históricas y su influencia en el ámbito turístico. 
  
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Spanish

Autenticidad Proyectada y Percibida y Su Influencia en el Turismo Urbano: Una Aproximación desde el Caso del Barrio de Santa Cruz de Sevilla

Muldoon, Meghan L.

Mpongo, Sipho

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 33
2019
Music Video Representations of the Township: A
Resident, a Tourist, and a Critical Discourse
Analysis
Meghan L. Muldoon
HNU-ASU Joint International Tourism College, China
Sipho Mpongo
Cape Town University, South Africa
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Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Muldoon, Meghan L. and Mpongo, Sipho (2019) "Music Video Representations of the Township: A Resident, a Tourist, and a Critical
Discourse Analysis," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 33.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/33
CTS 2019 
Title: Music Video Representations of the Township: A Resident, a Tourist, and a Critical 
Discourse Analysis 
 
Authors: 
 
Meghan L. Muldoon 
HNU-ASU Joint International Tourism College, China 
 
Sipho Mpongo 
Cape Town University, South Africa 
 
Abstract: 
The co-authors of this research, Meghan and Sipho, met when Meghan offered to support 
Sipho’s dissertation research into tourism in the townships of South Africa. He used his 
experiences participating in two music videos filmed in his home township of Langa to illustrate 
how visitors to the townships can decide to interact with this space and its residents in different 
ways. 
Employing a critical discourse analysis, which is concerned with the ways in which texts 
(in this case the images of the music videos) are constructed within, and constitutive of, the 
world around us (Woods & Burns, 2018), the authors independently and collaboratively 
examined the texts produced in the two music videos from their very different vantage points. 
Critical discourse analysis examines relationships of power, which are multimodal and 
multidirectional, and asks what discourses and the ways in which they are produced and 
reproduced tell us is ‘true’ about the world. In this study, the authors consider how the texts 
accomplish a kind of persuasive work, in what are they trying to persuade us to believe is true 
about the township and its residents (Fairclough, 2003; Hyland & Paltridge, 2011; Machin & 
Mayr, 2012; Van Dijk, 1995; Woods & Burns, 2018, p. 31). We sought to learn how the images 
presented in the videos reinforce existing stereotypes or ways of knowing about the townships 
and their residents, and, conversely, in what ways do they resist and counter these familiar ways 
of knowing (Woods & Burns, 2018)? 
In this presentation, the researchers, one white female Canadian and one black male 
South African, discuss their co-construction of a critical discourse analysis of two music video 
texts. This study is based in postcolonial theory, which suggests that ways of knowing about the 
foreign Other reflect and replicate colonized ways of knowing (Mouffakir & Reisinger, 2013; 
Urry, 1990). This representation of the Other usually done unconsciously, but not innocently. 
The authors used the texts of the music videos in order to explore what we felt were the 
assumptions that visitors to townships bring with them about the residents and the physical 
space. Our work examines processes of representation, postcolonial tourism, and interacting with 
the Other as hosts and guests. Through this work, we aim to demonstrate that representation is 
never innocent nor apolitical, though it may be unconscious, and has implications far beyond the 
immediateness of the tourism encounter. 
 
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Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. New York: 
Routledge. 
Hylans, K. & Paltridge, B. (2011). Continuum companion to discourse analysis. London: 
Bloomsbury. 
Machin, D. & Mayr, A. (2012). How to do critical discourse analysis: A multimodal 
introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 
Moufakkir, O. & Reisigner, Y. (2013). The host gaze in global tourism. Wallingford, 
Oxfordshire, UK: CABI. 
Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 
Van Dijk, T. (1995). Aims of critical discourse analysis. Japanese Discourse, 1, p. 17-27. 
Woods, A. & Burns, L. (2018). Conscious hip hop: Lupe Fiasco’s critical teachings on raced and 
gendered representations. Journal of Popular Music Education, 2(1-2), p. 29-44. 
  
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Music Video Representations of the Township: A Resident, a Tourist, and a Critical Discourse Analysis

Kronenberg, Kai

Fuchs, Matthias

Lexhagen, Maria

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 47
2019
Socio-economic Effects of Tourism: An
Occupation-based Modelling Approach from
Sweden
Kai Kronenberg
Mid-Sweden University
Matthias Fuchs
Mid-Sweden University
Maria Lexhagen
Mid-Sweden University
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Kronenberg, Kai; Fuchs, Matthias; and Lexhagen, Maria (2019) "Socio-economic Effects of Tourism: An Occupation-based
Modelling Approach from Sweden," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 47.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/47
CTS 2019 
Title: Socio-economic Effects of Tourism: An Occupation-based Modelling Approach from 
Sweden 
 
Authors: 
 
Kai Kronenberg 
Mid-Sweden University 
 
Matthias Fuchs 
Mid-Sweden University 
 
Maria Lexhagen 
Mid-Sweden University 
 
Abstract: 
Planners and developers in regions showing touristic activities are typically interested in 
measuring the economic impact of tourism (Dwyer et al. 2004; Klijs et al. 2012; Kim & Kim 
2015). However, even ‘advanced’ economic impact models neglect major societal dimensions, 
such as income equality or the type and quality of occupations in the various tourism-related 
sectors (Mazumder et al. 2012; Kronenberg et al. 2018). While neo-classic economics is still 
representing the dominant paradigm (Dobusch & Kapeller 2009), economic impact models 
‘fulfill’ their purpose in incorporating the assumptions of mainstream economics and in focusing 
on macro-level indicators related to economic growth (Elsner 2017). However, a growing body 
of literature has begun criticizing mainstream economics’ modelling assumptions and its narrow 
view of ‘monetary reductionism,’ thus hampering advanced approaches able to consider socio-
economic effects (Söderbaum 2017). In their seminal paper on the Social Region, Moulaert and 
Nussbaumer (2005) argue that the focus of regional development theories should turn away from 
market competition towards concepts that effectively incorporate dimensions of a region’s 
social, political, cultural and community development. By doing so, the authors highlight various 
forms of inequality that typically impede the path towards the Social Region (ibid, 2005b).  
Behind this background, the aim of this study is to propose a new approach that allows 
the measurement of tourism impact from a broader socio-economic perspective. In order to 
overcome the predominant growth focus, the study of tourism’s socio-economic impact 
comprises a macro- as well as a meso-level analysis and utilizes a mixed-method approach 
(Dopfer et al. 2004). More concretely, the macro-level analysis of tourism’s socio-economic 
impact, first, includes the regionalization of the national Input-Output model to estimate primary 
and secondary employment and income effects for the Swedish region of Jämtland (Flegg & 
Tohmo 2011). In contrast to typical economic impact studies in tourism (Mazumder et al. 2012), 
and in order to estimate employment and income effects for various occupational domains 
individually and within various tourism-related sub-sectors, we extend the analysis by applying 
the occupation-based modelling (OBM) approach (Daniels et al. 2004). This approach allows 
estimating income inequalities and their variations over time (in our case from 2008 to 2015) for 
major tourism sectors, expressed by Gini coefficients and Lorenz curves, respectively (Lee & 
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CTS 2019 
Kang 1998). Findings highlight that the incomes in the accommodation and food sector fall 
below the regional average—the lowest among all tourism-related industries. Interestingly, 
compared to other sectors (e.g. recreation and entertainment, retail), income inequality within 
this sector is relatively low (i.e. Gini coefficient = 0.15). However, growing coefficients are 
pointing at a negative trend over time: Between 2008 and 2013, the income of the top 15% 
earning occupations increased by 8%, while income of the bottom 15% earning occupations 
grew only by 1%. The latter occupations comprise seasonal workers, cleaning personal and 
kitchen assistants. We further analyze and critically discuss occupational developments and 
related income distributions (i.e. Gini coefficient trends) for major tourism-related sub-sectors of 
the Swedish region of Jämtland.  
The second part of the analysis relates to the meso-level (Dopfer et al. 2004). A series of 
qualitative interviews with major regional industry and policy representatives (e.g. labor unions, 
hotel association, etc.) helped identify potential reasons for variations in occupation and income 
developments in tourism. Findings show that a large portion of low income workers stay in their 
job for only a short time, implying that newly employed workers are continuously hired at low 
(i.e. entry-level) wages. Furthermore, because of their expected short-term employment, tourism 
workers consider union memberships as unnecessary (Kjellberg 2017). Interestingly, the 
interviews helped identify also promising career opportunities showing steadily increasing 
income levels. These jobs, however, require higher educational profiles. Like in other branches, 
only higher education levels seem to overcome the low-income situation in tourism. To 
conclude, the interviewed industry-representatives perceived the proposed approach of 
occupation-based modelling and its related findings from measuring income inequalities 
particularly well. This gives reason for hope that in tourism regions new methods of socio-
economic impact analysis will be implemented and institutionalized in the future.    
 
Daniels, M. J., Norman, W. C., & Henry, M. S. (2004). Estimating income effects of a sport 
tourism event. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 180-199. 
Dopfer, K., Foster, J., & Potts, J. (2004). Micro-meso-macro. Journal of evolutionary economics, 
14(3), 263-279. 
Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. and Spurr, R. (2004). Evaluating tourism’s economic effects: new and old 
approaches, Tourism Management, 25, 307-317. 
Elsner, W. (2017). Social Economics and Evolutionary Institutionalism Today: Theoretical 
Components and “Heterodox” Convergence in a Socio-Economic Perspective. In Forum 
for Social Economics, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 52-77. Routledge. 
Flegg, T.A. and Tohmo, T. (2011). Regional input-output tables and the FLQ formula: a case 
study of Finland, Regional Studies, 47, 5, 703-721. 
Kim, H. and Kim, B. G. (2015). Economic impacts of the hotel industry: an input-output 
analysis”, Tourism Review, 70(2), 132-149. 
Kjellberg, A. (2017). Kollektivavtalens täckningsgrad samt organisationsgraden hos 
arbetsgivarförbund och fackförbund. Studies in Social Policy, Industrial Relations, 
Working Life and Mobility. Research Reports; Vol. 2017, Nr. 1. Lund: Department of 
Sociology, Lund University. 
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Klijs, J., Heijman, W., Maris, D. K., & Bryon, J. (2012). Criteria for comparing economic impact 
models of tourism. Tourism Economics, 18(6), 1175-1202. 
Kronenberg, K, Fuchs, M. & M. Lexhagen (2018). A dynamic perspective on tourism 
multipliers: A regional Input Output analysis from Jämtland – Sweden, Tourism Review, 
73(1), 94-110. 
Lee, C. K., & Kang, S. (1998). Measuring earnings inequality and median earnings in the 
tourism industry. Tourism Management, 19(4), 341-348. 
Mazumder, M.N., Al-Mamun, A., Al-Amin, A.Q. and Mohiuddin, M. (2012). Economic impact 
of tourism – a review of literatures on methodologies and their uses: 1969-2011, in 
Kasimoglu, M. (Ed.), Visions for Global Tourism Industry, InTechOpen, Rijeka, pp. 269-
294. 
Moulaert, F. & Nussbaumer, J. (2005). The social region: beyond the territorial dynamics of the 
learning economy. European urban and regional studies, 12(1), 45-64. 
Söderbaum, P. (2017). Do we need a new economics for sustainable development?. Real-world 
Economics Review, 32-44. 
  
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Socio-economic Effects of Tourism: An Occupation-based Modelling Approach from Sweden

Dolezal, Claudia

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 72
2019
London’s Homeless Tours: Slumming or Social
Tourism?
Claudia Dolezal
University of Westminster, UK
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Dolezal, Claudia (2019) "London’s Homeless Tours: Slumming or Social Tourism?," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 ,
Article 72.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/72
CTS 2019 
Title: London’s Homeless Tours: Slumming or Social Tourism? 
 
Author: 
 
Claudia Dolezal 
University of Westminster, UK 
 
Abstract:  
This paper investigates the work of ‘Unseen Tours,’ a not for profit social enterprise in 
London, which offers a source of income to homeless, formerly homeless and vulnerably housed 
Londoners by employing them as tour guides. By putting the work of Unseen Tours into the 
context of slum tourism (Freire-Medeiros 2013; Frenzel and Koens 2012) and societal change 
through tourism (Higgins-Desbiolles 2006; Paddison and McCann 2014), this paper debates the 
fine line between selling and commodifying poverty and making a social contribution to poor 
people’s lives. This paper calls not only for an inclusion of homeless tour guiding in the debates 
over the tourism-poverty nexus, but also for increased research efforts into this recent social 
phenomenon. 
By drawing on the relevant literature as well as personal conversations with the team of 
Unseen Tours, this papers debates the extent to which the tours could possibly be seen as a new 
kind of ‘western’ slum tourism, selling poverty as an attraction (Freire-Medeiros 2009), or 
whether they challenge prevalent perceptions of homelessness and create an awareness of a 
marginalised group of society. Although the aims of slum tourism products vary, this kind of 
tourism has faced major criticism in recent years, with commentators questioning the ethics of 
tourism consumption based on poverty (Meschkank 2011; Rolfes 2010; Freire-Medeiros 2013). 
By comparing Unseen Tours to other examples of homeless tour guiding, this paper argues that 
the project has the potential to contribute to positive social change in line with the ideals of 
social tourism (McCabe et al. 2012). While it needs to be acknowledged that Unseen Tours 
cannot solve the homelessness problem in London, the organisation does have the power to 
create new opportunities and visibility for those experiencing homelessness whilst enabling them 
to play a role in London’s tourism sector. At the same time, the tours fulfil tourists’ ever-present 
demands for encountering the ‘authentic’ and help to diversify the tourism offer in London, 
distributing benefits beyond the traditional tourist centres to more ‘edgy’ urban destinations 
(Smith and Pappalepore, 2015), in line with the territorial expansion of tourism in the city.  
 
Freire-Medeiros, B. (2013). Touring Poverty. London: Routledge. 
Freire-Medeiros, B. (2009). ‘The Favela and its Touristic Transits’. Geoforum, 40(4), 580–588. 
Frenzel, F. and Koens, K. (2012). ‘Slum Tourism: Developments in a Young Field of 
Interdisciplinary Tourism Research’. Tourism Geographies, 14(2), 195-212. 
Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2006). More Than an “Industry”: The Forgotten Power of Tourism as a 
Social Force. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1192-1208.  
McCabe, S., Minnaert, L. and Diekmann, A. (eds.) (2012). Social Tourism in Europe: Theory 
and Practice. Bristol: Channel View Publication. 
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Dolezal: London’s Homeless Tours: Slumming or Social Tourism?
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CTS 2019 
Meschkank, J. (2011). ‘Investigations into Slum Tourism in Mumbai: Poverty Tourism and the 
Tensions between Different Constructions of Reality’. GeoJournal, 76, 47–62. 
OBrien, P. (2011). ‘Business, Management and Poverty Reduction: A Role for Slum Tourism?’. 
The Journal of Business Diversity, 11(1), 33-46. 
Paddison, R and McCann, E. (2014). Cities and Social Change: Encounters with Contemporary 
Urbanism. London: Sage. 
Rolfes, M. (2010). ‘Poverty Tourism: Theoretical Reflections and Empirical Findings regarding 
an Extraordinary Form of Tourism’. GeoJournal, 75(5), 421-442. 
Smith, A. and Pappalepore, I. (2015). ‘Exploring Attitudes to Edgy Urban Destinations: The 
Case of Deptford, London’. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 13(2), 97-114. 
  
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London’s Homeless Tours: Slumming or Social Tourism?

Demeyère, Caroline

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 73
2019
Have Fun but Don’t Fight: Ambivalences and
Opportunities to Use Celebration as a Strategy to
Advance Gender Equality in Organizations
Caroline Demeyère
Université Paris Nanterre, France
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Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Demeyère, Caroline (2019) "Have Fun but Don’t Fight: Ambivalences and Opportunities to Use Celebration as a Strategy to Advance
Gender Equality in Organizations," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 73.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/73
CTS 2019 
Title: Have Fun but Don’t Fight: Ambivalences and Opportunities to Use Celebration as a 
Strategy to Advance Gender Equality in Organizations 
  
Author: 
Caroline Demeyère 
Université Paris Nanterre, France  
 
Abstract: 
This communication proposes a reflection on celebration as a strategy to advance equality 
in organizations. Celebration has been important for several social movements (e.g. LGBTQ+) as 
a strategy for empowerment and to raise awareness about inequalities. Indeed, fighting for 
equality does not have to be synonymous with guilt, boringness and sadness. Celebration has a 
strong potential in creating belongingness, federating people around positive affects and 
emotions such as happiness. Yet, celebration can often be used as a way to depoliticize an issue, 
to undermine the critical dimension of the demands. It is easily captured by a tyranny of 
positivity (Ehrenreich, 2010) that will silence and exclude those who express illegitimate 
emotions (e.g. anger, unfairness, despair) in stigmatizing them as killjoys (Ahmed, 2017, 2010). I 
draw on my still on-going ethnographic experience as a volunteer in a non-profit organization 
which aims to promote gender-equality in public and private organizations through training, 
consulting and research. The non-profit organization is asked to animate fun and disruptive 
training sessions more and more frequently, and to make gender-equality an organizational 
event. In order to open a discussion on how we can articulate celebration in an ambitious 
promotion of gender-equality strategy, I present three theatre fragments that I wrote during my 
ethnographic inquiry, inspired by performance ethnography methods.  
 
Ahmed, A. (2017). Living a Feminist Life. Durham and London : Duke University Press. 322 pp. 
Ahmed, A. (2010). The Promise of Happiness. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 328 
pp. 
Ehrenreich, B. (2010). Smile or die: How positive thinking fooled America and the world. 
London: Granta. 
  
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Have Fun but Don’t Fight: Ambivalences and Opportunities to Use Celebration as a Strategy to Advance Gender Equality in Organizations

Bakker, Martine

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings
Volume 2019 Article 85
2019
How Inclusive Is P2P Accommodation in Jamaica?
Martine Bakker
Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
This Abstract is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism
Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca.
Recommended Citation
Bakker, Martine (2019) "How Inclusive Is P2P Accommodation in Jamaica?," Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article
85.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/85
CTS 2019 
B 
Title: How Inclusive Is P2P Accommodation in Jamaica? 
 
Author: 
Martine Bakker  
Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands 
 
Abstract: 
Technological innovations are fast transforming the accommodation sector especially in 
the way destinations facilitate tourism, develop products, gather data, access markets, and attract 
visitors. This disruption has ripple effects across the tourism industry and affects how low-
income groups could leverage tourism to improve their livelihood. One of the prominent 
disruptors is the digital platforms that facilitate peer-to-peer accommodation. The P2P 
accommodation economy is composed of people who provide accommodation directly to 
consumers using digital platforms. P2P accommodation may contribute to making the benefits of 
tourism more inclusive by dispersing tourism over a wider geographic area, providing 
entrepreneurship opportunities for women and others with a need to supplement their income. 
This study analyzes the impact of P2P accommodation on the tourism sector of Jamaica and its 
ability to support inclusive growth. This is the first study researching the impact of P2P 
accommodation in a Caribbean destination. The study uses a mixed-method approach using 
national arrival statistics and detailed data obtained from Airbnb on bookings between 2014 and 
2017. The quantitative data set is combined with host focus groups and in-depth interviews with 
hosts and other stakeholders. 
Results showed that Airbnb guests accounted for 2.4% of all international arrivals in in 
Jamaica in 2017 and thus represent a small share of the overall tourism market in the country. 
The study showed that P2P bookings follow a different geographical pattern than hotels and 
resorts; this is especially the case for homestays and not so much for vacation rentals. P2P 
accommodation also provides opportunities for women who represent more than 50% of the 
hosts. However, the study also showed that those providers with the highest occupancy levels are 
professionals with well-maintained properties in more desirable neighborhoods. Lack of an 
attractive property is the main barrier to access for marginalized groups. Guests prefer to stay in 
secured apartment buildings and gated communities owing to safety concerns. Relatively few 
providers are very successful, while others have difficulty attracting guests. P2P accommodation 
has the potential to be inclusive but the type of destination plays an important role in the ability 
to drive inclusive growth. In resort destinations, a large share of the P2P accommodation 
inventory consists of traditional vacation rentals often owned by foreigners. In destinations 
where security is an issue, the ability to benefit from P2P accommodation is limited for those 
who do not have access to a desirable and safe type of accommodation. The digital platforms are 
providing access to the market, but barriers remain, as to participate a host needs a desirable 
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Bakker: How Inclusive Is P2P Accommodation in Jamaica?
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CTS 2019 
accommodation for rental, digital access, digital skills and an understanding of the guests’ needs 
and wants.  
 
Bakker, M., & Twining-Ward, L. (2018). Tourism and the Sharing Economy: Policy and 
Potential of Sustainable Peer-to-Peer Accommodation. The World Bank Group.  
Gössling, S., & Michael Hall, C. (2019). Sharing versus collaborative economy: how to align 
ICT developments and the SDGs in tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-23. 
Guttentag, D. (2015). Airbnb: disruptive innovation and the rise of an informal tourism 
accommodation sector. Current issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1192-1217. 
  
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How Inclusive Is P2P Accommodation in Jamaica?

McIntosh, Alison

Lynch, Paul

Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings 
Volume 2019 Article 91 
2019 
Welcome to the Hopeful Possibilities of Hospitality! 
Alison McIntosh 
Auckland University of Technology, NZ 
Paul Lynch 
Edinburgh Napier University, UK 
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 Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons 
Recommended Citation 
McIntosh, Alison and Lynch, Paul (2019) "Welcome to the Hopeful Possibilities of Hospitality!," Critical 
Tourism Studies Proceedings: Vol. 2019 , Article 91. 
Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.tru.ca/cts-proceedings/vol2019/iss1/91 
This Keynotes and Special Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ TRU 
Library. It has been accepted for inclusion in Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings by an authorized editor of Digital 
Commons @ TRU Library. For more information, please contact apaterson@tru.ca. 
Alison McIntosh 
Professor of Hospitality & 
Tourism 
Auckland University of 
Technology, NZ 
Born and raised in the South-West of England, Alison earned her Bachelor 
of Tourism Studies (First Class Hons) from Cardiff Metropolitan University 
and her PhD from Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh. After emigrating 
to New Zealand in 1997, Professor McIntosh assumed academic positions 
at The University of Otago, Lincoln University, and most recently as 
Professor of Tourism at The University of Waikato in New Zealand. She 
also holds a Visiting Professor position at Edinburgh Napier University, 
Scotland. 
 
Alison’s research focuses on critical understandings of the tourism and 
hospitality experience, with particular focus on issues of accessibility, social 
justice and advocacy. A central theme of her research is that experiential, 
qualitative, and social justice analyses reveal subjective, emotional, and 
neglected aspects of tourism experiences, prioritising otherwise unheard 
voices, personal dimensions, and tourism in marginalised contexts. Alison is 
Founding Co-Editor of the international journals Hospitality & Society 
(Intellect) and Hospitality Insights (Tuwhera) and serves on the editorial 
boards of other leading tourism journals. She is also Co-Founder of the 
outreach network, Network for Community Hospitality, that supports not-
for-profits and community stakeholders in tackling some of New Zealand’s 
pressing social issues. 
CTS 8 Keynote Address 
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Paul Lynch 
Professor of Critical Hospitality & 
Tourism 
Edinburgh Napier University, UK 
Paul’s research focuses upon critical and sociological perspectives on 
hospitality and tourism. Exploring commercial homes has led to his main 
areas of publication, concentrating on small hospitality and tourism firm 
entrepreneurs, including women micro-entrepreneurs, social enterprises, 
tourism destination networks and networking, advanced qualitative research 
methods (sociological impressionism and sociological expressionism), 
hospitality, and space. Deepening understanding of commercial home 
enterprises has drawn attention to the interactions between host and guest, 
host and home, the nature of hospitality, and how the study of hospitality 
sheds light on people, work and society. Paul’s most recent research focuses 
upon understanding the experience of mundane welcome. With colleagues 
in the UK, US, and NZ, Paul pioneered the launch of a new intentionally 
interdisciplinary journal Hospitality & Society, which seeks to provide a 
hospitable meeting-ground for discussion, exchange of ideas, and advancing 
theoretical developments relating to perspectives on hospitality. Paul serves 
on the editorial boards of the following journals: International Journal of 
Hospitality and Tourism Administration; Tourism Review; Research in 
Hospitality Management. Paul previously worked at the University of 
Strathclyde and Queen Margaret University. He is a Fellow of the Institute 
of Hospitality, former Chair (Research) of the Council for Hospitality 
Management Education, Visiting Professor at the University of Stenden, 
Hotelschool The Hague, and Auckland University of Technology. 
CTS 8 Keynote Address 
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Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings, Vol. 2019 [2019], Art. 91
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Welcome to the Hopeful Possibilities 
of Hospitality! 
 
The inaugural Critical Tourism Studies Conference in 2005 in 
Dubrovnik was the catalyst that kick-started conversations between us 
around the relatively inhospitable nature of most previous academic 
hospitality research. Despite our different fields of research, we shared a 
commonality in our quest for a hospitable academy of hope, and the 
possibility for a hospitable society—noting, in effect, that hospitality is 
society. Since CTS 2005, we have shared in a collaborative journey to 
challenge the existing commercial focus of most previous hospitality 
management research, and we established the Hospitality & Society 
journal to encourage interdisciplinary understandings and a richer critical 
framing of the study of hospitality. In this keynote address, we welcome 
you to a critical and hopeful dialogue about hospitality, moralities, 
knowledge, creativity, the world, and the self. We frame our talk around 
the ideology of ‘welcome’ and ‘hospitality’ as a social relation and a lens 
for the examination of society. We discuss our respective research on 
mundane welcome in the everyday, and in the welcome for refugees and 
asylum seekers, to illustrate how we believe hospitality, seen as the 
unconditional ideal of welcome, can give us hope for a better, fairer, 
more just world. 
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