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Pengaruh Illegal fishing Terhadap Keberlanjutan Sumber Daya Ikan: Kajian Hukum Internasional dan Implementasinya di Tingkat Nasional
Full text linkThis research explores the impacts and challenges of illegal fishing in Indonesian waters by focusing on aspects of fish resource sustainability, international legal regulations, and strategies and efforts undertaken by the Indonesian government. Geographically, Indonesia has a vast ocean area with abundant potential marine wealth. However, the sustainability of fish resources is faced with serious challenges due to illegal fishing practices by foreign fishermen that harm the marine ecosystem and the country's economy. This practice is not only limited to fishing without a license, but also includes the use of environmentally destructive fishing gear and violations of fisheries boundaries. This research discusses the international and national legal context with a normative legal approach by examining legal materials, both written and unwritten, to obtain conclusions about applicable legal arrangements including UNCLOS 1982, FAO Compliance Agreement 1993, and other agreements governing the prevention of illegal fishing. Law implementation at the national level and law enforcement still face obstacles, such as overlapping regulations and lack of effectiveness of law enforcement officers. The Indonesian government has taken a number of steps to deal with illegal fishing, including strengthening the legal framework, law enforcement, use of technology such as Vessel Monitoring System, and international cooperation. However, challenges persist, and a comprehensive strategy that engages communities to strengthen nationalism values and increase involvement in the country's defense and security is neededThis research explores the impacts and challenges of illegal fishing in Indonesian waters by focusing on aspects of fish resource sustainability, international legal regulations, and strategies and efforts undertaken by the Indonesian government. Geographically, Indonesia has a vast ocean area with abundant potential marine wealth. However, the sustainability of fish resources is faced with serious challenges due to illegal fishing practices by foreign fishermen that harm the marine ecosystem and the country's economy. This practice is not only limited to fishing without a license, but also includes the use of environmentally destructive fishing gear and violations of fisheries boundaries. This research discusses the international and national legal context with a normative legal approach by examining legal materials, both written and unwritten, to obtain conclusions about applicable legal arrangements including UNCLOS 1982, FAO Compliance Agreement 1993, and other agreements governing the prevention of illegal fishing. Law implementation at the national level and law enforcement still face obstacles, such as overlapping regulations and lack of effectiveness of law enforcement officers. The Indonesian government has taken a number of steps to deal with illegal fishing, including strengthening the legal framework, law enforcement, use of technology such as Vessel Monitoring System, and international cooperation. However, challenges persist, and a comprehensive strategy that engages communities to strengthen nationalism values and increase involvement in the country's defense and security is neede
Politik Hukum Pengampunan Pajak Terhadap Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi
Full text linkLaw Number 11 of 2016 concerning Tax Amnesty is a regulation from the government as part of increasing tax revenue in Indonesia. Tax amnesty is considered to have various shortcomings that harm the values of justice and constitutionality. Reviewing laws that have been decided by the Constitutional Court with Decisions Numbers 57, 58, 59 AND 63/PUU-XIV/2016 and strengthening the a quo law to remain valid in Indonesia. This decision is considered to be inconsistent with the social and legal facts that occur in society. The aim of this research is to answer and analyze how the Constitutional Court considered the review of the Tax Amnesty Law and to analyze the legal implications following the Constitutional Court's decision. The research method used in this research is normative legal research which is intended to examine legal politics and the implications of tax amnesty in Indonesia. The results and discussion in this research are to explain and analyze legal regulations as regulations made by the Indonesian government, and the Constitutional Court's consideration of requests for judicial review, which are linked to the legal implications of tax amnesty following the Constitutional Court's decision. Decisions Numbers 57, 58, 59 AND 63/PUU-XIV/2016 are the basis for the current implementation of tax amnesty and will become a reference in the future. The conclusion in this research is that the Constitutional Court stated that law number 11 of 2016 concerning Tax Amnesty does not conflict with the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The success of this law is not perfect, because there is one element of tax amnesty acceptance, namely asset declaration, increase Tax and repatriation databases which have an impact on increasing new tax subjects and objects are not fulfilled
KARAKTERISTIK NYALA API BIOETANOL DARI JENIS BIJI-BIJIAN TERHADAP PEMBAKARAN PREMIXED
Full text linkPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik termal dan visual pembakaran tiga jenis minyak nabati, yaitu minyak kemiri, minyak sawi, dan minyak alpukat. Sampel minyak dengan volume 20 ml diuji melalui proses pemanasan hingga mencapai titik didih, diikuti pencatatan temperatur boiling point (T₁), temperatur nyala api (T₂), serta variasi Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) 20:40 dan 30:30. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa minyak kemiri mencapai boiling point lebih cepat dengan temperatur rata-rata 257,5 °C dan nyala api yang stabil, sedangkan minyak sawi memiliki variasi waktu pencapaian boiling point lebih besar dengan rata-rata 256,5 °C. Minyak alpukat menunjukkan rata-rata boiling point tertinggi sebesar 275 °C dengan temperatur nyala api relatif lebih tinggi dibanding dua minyak lainnya. Analisis visual nyala api menggunakan komposisi warna RGB memperlihatkan bahwa minyak alpukat memiliki dominasi warna merah, sedangkan minyak kemiri dan sawi menunjukkan komposisi warna yang lebih seimbang. Secara keseluruhan, minyak nabati berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif, dengan perbedaan karakteristik termal dan visual yang dipengaruhi oleh jenis minyak serta variasi AFR
ANALISIS TINGKAT KEBISINGAN LALU LINTAS KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI WILAYAH KOTA MALANG
Full text linkPenurunan kualitas lingkungan yang terabaikan dari perhatian masya-rakat adalah berupa kebisingan yang ditimbulkan oleh kendaraan ber-motor di jalan raya. Padahal paparan kebisingan yang melebihi ambang baku mutu yang diizinkan oleh pemerintah berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan fisiologis maupun psikologis. Penelitian yang dilakukan di wilayah Kota Malang ini bertujuan mengukur tingkat kebisingan lalu lintas di sekitar jalan raya. Pengukuran dilakukan di luar dan di dalam rumah sampel penduduk yang tinggal di sekitar ruas jalan yang menjadi target penelitian. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada rentang waktu antara pukul 16.00 hingga 21.00, di mana pada saat itu lalu lintas jalan raya sedang padat dan penduduk sudah berada di rumah. Analisis dilakukan dengan statistika deskriptif dan analisis ragam. Untuk menilai perbedaan tingkat kebisingan di dalam dan di luar rumah pada masing-masing fungsi jalan, dilakukan dengan analisi ragam. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan, bahwa baik di dalam mapun di luar rumah pada masing-masing fungsi jalan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan, yaitu melebihi ambang baku mutu yang diizinkan. Kendati tingkat kebisingan di dalam rumah masih bisa dikurangi, tetapi faktanya kebisingan tetap berada di atas ambang batas atau lebih dari baku mutu untuk permukiman sebesar 55 dB
Penanganan Petty Corruption Dengan Denda Damai Sebagai Bentuk Keadilan Restoratif
Full text linkThis paper aims to discuss the legal issue of the application of peace fines in an effort to deal with petty corruption. This issue was born out of the issuance of Circular Letter of the Deputy Special Crimes Prosecutor Number: B-113/F/Fd. 1/05/2010 on Prioritization of Achievements in Handling Corruption Cases, which instructs agencies to prioritize corruption crimes with large losses and to discontinue corruption cases with small amounts, only by returning losses. Petty Corruption is a corrupt practice that refers to a relatively small amount of money and is carried out in the bureaucratic process of small public officials. So that if petty corruption is subject to the applicable positive law, it will cause injustice. This paper aims to provide a concept analysis of the application of peaceful fines in handling petty corruption that prioritizes restorative justice, guarantees justice, benefits and legal certainty and fulfills the principle of proportionality. The legal research conducted is normative juridical research with a conceptual approach and a statutory approach. The result of this research is that the mechanism of peaceful fines in handling petty corruption is a solution to the problems that arise. The application of peaceful fines to the handling of petty corruption provides a new breakthrough in law enforcement in the crime of corruption. With the application of peaceful fines, the sanctions given are in accordance with the principle of proportionality so that justice, benefit and legal certainty are fully fulfilled and prioritize restorative justice.This paper aims to discuss the legal issue of the application of peace fines in an effort to deal with petty corruption. This issue was born out of the issuance of Circular Letter of the Deputy Special Crimes Prosecutor Number: B-113/F/Fd. 1/05/2010 on Prioritization of Achievements in Handling Corruption Cases, which instructs agencies to prioritize corruption crimes with large losses and to discontinue corruption cases with small amounts, only by returning losses. Petty Corruption is a corrupt practice that refers to a relatively small amount of money and is carried out in the bureaucratic process of small public officials. So that if petty corruption is subject to the applicable positive law, it will cause injustice. This paper aims to provide a concept analysis of the application of peaceful fines in handling petty corruption that prioritizes restorative justice, guarantees justice, benefits and legal certainty and fulfills the principle of proportionality. The legal research conducted is normative juridical research with a conceptual approach and a statutory approach. The result of this research is that the mechanism of peaceful fines in handling petty corruption is a solution to the problems that arise. The application of peaceful fines to the handling of petty corruption provides a new breakthrough in law enforcement in the crime of corruption. With the application of peaceful fines, the sanctions given are in accordance with the principle of proportionality so that justice, benefit and legal certainty are fully fulfilled and prioritize restorative justice
Perbandingan Kode Etik Hakim Konstitusi Antara Indonesia Dan Jerman
No full textThe research studied by the author aims to understand and compare the regulation of the code of ethics of Indonesian and German constitutional judges and explain the regulation of the code of ethics of German judges stipulated in the BDG. The author conducts this research in a normative manner that analyzes norms in legislation using a comparative approach and statute approach. Indonesia and Germany have similar legal systems and similar historical backgrounds where both countries have experienced authoritarian regimes, so the Constitutional Court is present to prevent this from reappearing. The results showed that the Constitutional Court Regulation related to the code of ethics for constitutional judges refers to The Bangalore Principles 2002. The Constitutional Court Regulation itself has the same position as the Presidential Regulation "conditionally". The legal literature of PMK actually has the nature of internal regelingen, which means that the character of PMK is only binding on an institution. Germany does not regulate in detail in a regulation as found in Indonesia. Germany regulates the code of ethics in the Bundesdisziplinargesetz - BDG which is a law in federal disciplinary matters that applies mutatis mutandis with the Deutsches Richtergesetz - DRiG. The conclusion from the results of the research that has been reviewed by the author is that Indonesian legal policies that can report are not only internal to the Constitutional Court but the public can also report, while Germany which is regulated in the Law only applies to civil servants, especially constitutional judges.Penelitian yang dikaji oleh penulis memiliki tujuan guna memahami maupun membandingkan regulasi kode etik hakim konstitusi Indonesia serta Jerman dan menjelaskan regulasi kode etik hakim Jerman yang diatur dalam BDG. Penulis melakukan penelitian ini secara normatif yang menganalisis norma dalam perundang-undangan dengan menggunakan pendekatan perbandingan hukum (comperative approach) dan pendekatan peraturan perundangan-undangan (statute approach). Indonesia dan Jerman mempunyai sistem hukum yang sama serta latar belakang sejarah yang mempunyai kemiripan dimana kedua negara pernah mengalami rezim otoriter, sehingga Mahkamah Konstitusi hadir untuk mencegah hal tersebut muncul kembali. Hasil penelitian menunjukan Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi terkait pedoman kode etik hakim konstitusi merujuk pada The Bangalore Principles 2002. Peraturan Mahkamah Konstitusi sendiri mempunyai kedudukan setara dengan Peraturan Presiden secara “kondisionalâ€. Kepustakaan ilmu hukum PMK sejatinya mempunyai sifat internal regelingen yang berarti bahwa karakter PMK hanya mengikat ke dalam suatu lembaga. Negara Jerman tidak mengatur secara rinci dalam suatu peraturan seperti yang terdapat di Indonesia. Jerman mengatur terkait kode etik dalam Bundesdisziplinargesetz – BDG yang berkedudukan sebagai Undang-Undang dalam masalah disiplin federal yang berlaku secara mutatis mutandis dengan Deutsches Richtergesetz – DRiG. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian yang telah dikaji oleh penulis bahwa kebijakan hukum Indonesia yang dapat melaporkan tidak hanya internal MK tetapi masyarakat juga dapat melapor, sedangkan Jerman yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang hanya berlaku Pegawai Negeri Sipil khususnya hakim konstitusi
PENGARUH PERUBAHAN TEKANAN ALIRAN BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK NYALA API PADA PEMBAKARAN DIFUSI
No full textPerkembangan teknologi pada bidang automotive sangatlah pesat, salah satunya yang berfokus pada sistem pembakaran kendaraan. Sistem pembakaran merupakan hasil reaksi kimia antara bahan bakar, udara, dan sumber api yang berlangsung secara cepat dan menghasilkan suatu energi berupa panas dan cahaya. Disilain terdapat komponen nozzle berfungsi untuk mengontrol laju aliran, kecepatan, arah, fasa, dan tekanan pada bahan bakar. yang dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik nyala api pada sistem berupa warna, panas, cahaya, temperature, panjang, dan tinggi profil api, terhadap nilai tekanan bahan bakar yang bervariasi pada nozzle. sehingga pada penelitian ini berfokus untuk menganalisis karakteristik api yang di hasilkan dari proses pembakaran difusi menggunakan bahan bakar pertalite (RON 90), pertamax (RON 92), pertamax turbo RON (95). Selama 60 second, dengan variasi tekanan bahan bakar 30 psi, 40 psi, dan 50 psi, pada trainer sistem injeksi bahan bakar kendaraan. Dari hasil riset yang telah dilakukan menyatakan bahwa pertamax turbo (RON 95) menghasilkan profil api paling panjang sebesar 85,715 cm pada tekanan 30 psi
PENGARUH BAGIAN ASAL STEK BATANG DAN ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH KECAMBAH KACANG HIJAU TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT SAMBUNG NYAWA (Gynura procumbens (Lorr.) Merr
Full text linkTanaman sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lor.) Merr) dikenal sebagai tanaman obat yang memberi manfaat bagi kesehatan karena daunnya mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti saponin, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengaruh bagian asal stek batang tanaman sambung nyawa yang paling baik untuk bahan stek dengan zat pengatur tumbuh kecambah kacang hijau dan. Desain percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan 2 faktor. Faktor pertama adalah bagian asal bahan stek terdiri dari B1: bagian pucuk; B2: bagian tengah; dan B3: bagian bawah. Faktor kedua yaitu dosis ZPT kecambah kacang hijau yang terdiri dari: P0: tanpa perlakuan; P1: konsentrasi ZPT 125 ml/500ml air; P2: konsentrasi ZPT 250 ml/500ml air; P3: konsentrasi ZPT 375 ml/500ml air. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan uji F, jika terdapat pengaruh perlakuan yang nyata dilakukan uji BNJ taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Terdapat pengaruh nyata antara bagian asal stek batang dan ZPT alami kecambah kacang hijau terhadap waktu inisiasi tunas dan panjang akar bibit tanaman sambung nyawa. Perlakuan terbaik untuk waktu inisiasi tunas bibit tanaman sambung nyawa yang tercepat adalah bagian asal stek tengah dengan konsentrasi ZPT 375ml/500ml (B2P3), dan perlakuan terbaik akar bibit tanaman sambung nyawa terpanjang adalah perlakuan bagian asal stek atas dengan konsentrasi ZPT 375/ml/500ml air (B1P3) dan perlakuan stek bagian batang bawah dengan konsentrasi ZPT 250 ml/500ml air (B3P2)
Penerapan VGG16 untuk Klasifikasi Jinak dan Ganas pada Citra Medis
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai performa model VGG16 dalam klasifikasi citra kulit dengan menggunakan dataset berjumlah 6.929 gambar yang terbagi ke dalam sembilan kategori kanker kulit, terdiri dari empat jenis kanker ganas (Keratosis Aktinik, Karsinoma Sel Basal, Karsinoma Sel Skuamosa, dan Melanoma) serta lima jenis kanker jinak (Dermatofibroma, Lesi Vaskular, Nevus, Keratosis Jinak Berpigmen, dan Keratosis Seboroik). Dataset tersebut telah melalui serangkaian proses praproses seperti perubahan ukuran, normalisasi, dan augmentasi guna meningkatkan kualitas serta variasi data. Pelatihan model dilakukan dengan parameter optimal berupa batch size 16, optimizer Adam, dan 10 epoch. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa model VGG16 mampu mencapai akurasi validasi sebesar 99,62%, serta mempertahankan akurasi pelatihan yang mendekati 100% dengan penurunan nilai loss yang stabil hingga mencapai konvergensi. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa arsitektur VGG16 merupakan solusi yang efektif dan handal untuk klasifikasi citra kulit, dengan potensi aplikasi dalam mendukung deteksi dini kanker kulit melalui metode pembelajaran mendalam. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam meningkatkan akurasi dan efisiensi proses diagnostik di bidang layanan kesehatan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai performa model VGG16 dalam klasifikasi citra kulit dengan menggunakan dataset berjumlah 6.929 gambar yang terbagi ke dalam sembilan kategori kanker kulit, terdiri dari empat jenis kanker ganas (Keratosis Aktinik, Karsinoma Sel Basal, Karsinoma Sel Skuamosa, dan Melanoma) serta lima jenis kanker jinak (Dermatofibroma, Lesi Vaskular, Nevus, Keratosis Jinak Berpigmen, dan Keratosis Seboroik). Dataset tersebut telah melalui serangkaian proses praproses seperti perubahan ukuran, normalisasi, dan augmentasi guna meningkatkan kualitas serta variasi data. Pelatihan model dilakukan dengan parameter optimal berupa batch size 16, optimizer Adam, dan 10 epoch. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa model VGG16 mampu mencapai akurasi validasi sebesar 99,62%, serta mempertahankan akurasi pelatihan yang mendekati 100% dengan penurunan nilai loss yang stabil hingga mencapai konvergensi. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa arsitektur VGG16 merupakan solusi yang efektif dan handal untuk klasifikasi citra kulit, dengan potensi aplikasi dalam mendukung deteksi dini kanker kulit melalui metode pembelajaran mendalam. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam meningkatkan akurasi dan efisiensi proses diagnostik di bidang layanan kesehatan
Kedudukan Persyaratan Permodalan Bagi Usaha Mikro Dan Kecil Sebagai Badan Hukum
Full text linkAs a separate legal organization, a limited liability company (PT) is subject to the same rules and regulations as any other person or business, including the authority to make and execute contracts, form relationships, have property rights and responsibilities, and even be named as a defendant or plaintiff in lawsuit. To ensure that the PT can be held accountable to other parties, it is important to confirm when the Limited Liability Company has the status of a legal organization. In the case of businesses owned by individuals or sole proprietorships, the liability is the same as for any person: third parties can hold any personal or other assets liable for debts or liabilities incurred by the firm. In theory, all of the debtor's assets, whether movable or immovable, current or future, serve as collateral for all of his obligations, as stated in the requirements of the general guarantee law, Articles 1131 and 1132 of the Civil Code. This research aims to examine the criteria for limiting an individual limited company as well as the capital requirements and procedures for establishing an individual limited company and the legal consequences if an individual limited company no longer meets the requirements as an individual limited company based on the job creation law. Through a normative juridical approach, this research examines the applicable legal provisions and regulations. Based on the research results, there are still doubts regarding the suitability of a person to establish a limited liability company based on the provisions of Government Regulation Number 8 of 2021 concerning Individual Companies. Notaries and law enforcement officials may come to different conclusions because of this ambiguity, which can lead to legal ambiguity