Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

Downing, R. S.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOc. OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1950) . VOL. 47. JULY 15 . 195 1 
ACARICIDE TRIALS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA ORCHARDS, 19501 
R. S. DOWNING2 
Dominion Entomological Laboratory. Summerland . B . C. 
Although the two acaricides parathion 
and monoethanolamine dinitro-o-cyclo-
hexylphenolate. presently being recom-
mended for British Columbia orchards. 
are reasonably effective, each has short-
comings that mark it for replacement as 
soon as possible. Parathion. first recom-
mended for the control of orchard mites 
in 1949, has a serious disadvantage in 
its high toxicity to mammals. Further-
more. it lacks specificity and it is not 
sufficiently effective against the Willam-
ette mite, T etranychus flauus Ewing . 
Monoethanolamine dinitro-o-cyclohex-
ylphenolate. commonly called mono-
DNP by British Columbia growers. may 
cause some foliage injury. Although it 
seems to be a selective acaricide, largely 
innocuous to parasites and insect pred-
ators , it can no longer be used generally 
because most of the spraying is done by 
automatic concentrate sprayers and these 
machines increase phytotoxic effects. A 
second weakness of mono-DNP is its 
relatively weak acaricidal effect in cool 
weather. Hence it cannot be used in the 
" pink ", application. which, in British 
Columbia. is the most favoured spray 
against the E uropean red mite. M etate-
tranychus ulmi (Koch) . Furthermore, 
mono-DNP is sometimes injurious to 
the tender young foliage of the early 
part of the season even when applied by 
conventional spray gun . 
During the season of 195 0 . field ex-
periments were undertaken with prom-
ising new acaricides against the most 
troublesome orchard mites in the Okan-
agan Valley of British Columbia. The 
new acaricides and their performance III 
the orchard are discussed herewith. 
Acaricides under Trial' 
C-I006 (50 per cent p-chlorophenyl 
p-chlorobenzene sulphona te; Dow 
1 ( \ ,ntributi oll r\o. 2i4(j, DiYi s ion of Elltomolog·y . 
Sc·ielltc Sen-ict! . Depart ment of .-\ g ri c'uhn re. Ottawa. 
( 'aJlada. 
:; The t erm pink is u~ed to dell ote t.ha t peri od of d e-
n·lopment wh en the Moral buds have just se para ted ill 
the (: lu:,t er and befol'c the first Hower ha s ope ned . 
.. An :J.cari r.idt!,"; were used ill t he wettable powd er 
fOI'IIl. 
Ch~mical CO.) .-This compound has a 
low human toxicity rating but a high 
phytotoxicity rating. Applied to apples 
in the pink stage at a concentration of 
1. 5 pounds". it caused severe foliage 
injury to Mcintosh . D elicious, New-
town and Winesap. When applied in 
August at 1 pound. it injured Newtown 
but not Delicious and Winesap. 
EPN 300 (27 per cent ethyl p-nitro-
phen yl thionobenzene phosphonate ; E. 
1. DuPont Co.) .-Although EPN 300 
has a lower human toxicity rating than 
parathion, it is. nevertheless. very poi -
sonous. When applied to apple in the 
pink stage at 0.75 pounds. it injured 
foliage of Mcintosh but not of D eli-
cious, Newtown or Winesap. 
KARATHANE (25 per cent dinitro 
capryl phenyl crotonate; Rohm and 
Haas Co.) .- As a pink application to 
apple at 1.5 pounds, this dinitro com-
pound has not caused foliage injury to 
Delicious . Mcintosh , Winesap . Jona-
than or Newtown . but applied to New-
town in August at the same concentra-
tion it caused a slight amount of foliage 
IllJury. 
R-242 (50 per cent p-chlorophenyl 
phenyl sulphone; Stauffer Chemical 
Co.). - This compound has a low 
human toxicity rating and as a pink or 
summer application to apple, at 2 
pounds. has not caused injury to Deli -
cious, Mcintosh . Newtown. Winesap or 
Jonathan. 
ARAMITE ( 15 per cent beta-chlor -
oethyl beta- (p-tertiary butylphenoxy ) 
alpha methyl ethyl sulphite; Naugatuck 
Chemicals) .-Aramite is rated low in 
toxicity to hu mans ; and as a pink or 
summer application , at 2 pounds. has 
not injured Delicious. Mcintosh, New-
town, Winesap or Jonathan. 
Effects of Acaricides on Orchard 
Mites 
Europea n Red Mite. Metatetranychus 
ulmi (Koch ) .-Since the introduction 
of DDT, this mite has been one of the 
;J All cOIJ("e ntra t ioll s are for 100 imperial gallo l1 .:;; 
(approximately l:.! O U.~. gallons). 
2 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOc. 01" BRITI SH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1950). VOL. 47 , JULY 15. 1951 
most troublesome orchard pests in the 
Okanagan Valley. Experimental work 
carried out by officers of the Summer-
land laboratory has shown that para-
thion applied at the pink stage of apple 
development is highly effective against 
the red mite. In 1950. several of the 
neWer acaricides were applied at that 
stage for comparison with parathion. 
No further acaricide applications were 
made until the first week in September . 
when acaricides had to be applied for 
the control of the two-spotted spider 
mite. Mite populations were sampled 
two weeks. one month , and two months 
after spraying. The results from three 
orchards are averaged and summarized 
in Table 1. 
T}\BLE I 
Effec ts of pink application of acaricides on the European red mite; materials applied by a 
conven tion al hand-gun sprayer. 
Acaricide 
C - I006 (50%) 
Parathion ( J 5 %) 
EPN 300 (27 % ) 
R-242 (50 % ) 
Karathanc (25%) 
C h eck-no treatment ________ _ _ 
Two-Spotted Spider Mite. Tetrany-
chus bimaculatus Harvey ; and Pacific 
Mite, T etranychus pacificus McG. -
These mites are considered together be-
cause they generaIly coexisted in 1950 
and occurred together in the trial plots. 
The tw o-spotted spider mite was not 
a major pest of Okanagan Valley or-
chards ur.til August . 1950, when it be-
came most troublesome and widespread. 
Amount per 100 gal. 
1.5 lb. 
1.0 lb. 
0 .7 5 lb. 
1.5 lb. 
1.5 lb. 
Average number of mites 
per leaf during season 
0 . 17 
0.34 
0.40 
0.44 
1.8 8 
6.74 
The Pacific mite was also more abun-
dallt than for several years past. In 
fact, as pests these two mites replaced 
the European red mite in importance. 
An experiment was carried out to 
compare sevrral new acaricides with 
parath ion for control of these two 
spec ies of mites on D elicious. Newtown. 
Winesap, Jonathan and YeIIow Trans-
parent apple trees. The results arc sum -
marized in Table II. 
TABLE II 
EfTects of a(aricid es on the two-spotted spider mite and the Pacific mite; materials applied 
by a conventional hand-gun sprayer in Au gust, 195 0. 
A verage mites per leaf 
Before spraying After spraying 
Acaricide 
Arami te (15 % ) 
Amount per 100 gal. 
2 lb. 
Aug. 29 Sept. 8 Sept. 13 
13.7 0.2 0.4 
Parathion (J 5 %) ___ __ _____ _________ _ 
C - 1006 (50 % ) _ __________ _ 
R-242 (50 %) _ 
Karathane (25',70) ________ _ 
C heck-no treatment ______ _ 
lb. 
lb. 
2 lb. 
1.5 lb. 
\Villamette Mite, Tetranychus flauus 
Ew ing.- This pest , first reported in the 
Okanagan Valley in September. 1949, 
at Summerland, has been found since 
then at Oliver. Penticton, and Kelowna. 
Earl y in 1950. before the mite had 
an opportunity to do a great deal of 
damage. a few materials. some of which 
were available to the grower. were ap-
22.3 0.3 0 .6 
3 9.4 
30.3 
46.4 
8.0 
1.8 
2.3 
3. 4 
13.4 
0.5 
2.9 
3.3 
[ 8.5 
plied to single limbs of Delicious apple 
trees in a preliminary experiment. Be-
fore and after the materials had been 
applied. 10 leaves were picked at random 
from each of the treated limbs. The 
leaves were examined for mites under a 
mIcroscope. Results are summarized in 
Table III. 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOc. OF B RITISH C OLUMBIA. PROC. ( 195 0 ) , VOL. 4 7. JL'LY 15. 1951 3 
TA BLE III 
Effects of aca ricides on the \Villamette m ite. materi als app lied by a com'entional hand -gu n 
spraver in Jul y. 19 50. 
Average number mites per lea f 
Before spraying After spraying 
Material Amount per 100 gal. July 5 July 10 
Parathion (I 5 % ) __ ____ ____ _________ ___ _ 
D initro-o-cyclohexy\ phenol (40 %) _____ _ 
Pa rathion ( 15 %) ____ _ ___ . ________ _ 
Stove oil G __________________ __ _ ______ __ ___ _ 
Pa rathion (15 % ) __________ ______ ________________ _ 
D initro- o- cyd ohex yl phenol (40% ) 7 ___ _ _ 
EPN 300 (27 % ) __ ________ . ________ _ 
C heck-Water _______________ _________ . . 
r. :l 4 R.S .D. Vi s. 100° F., over 75% U.ll.. 
-; DN-Dry Mix No . 1. Dow Chemical Co., Toronto, 
On t o 
As an ou tcome of this experiment . a 
mi xture of 15 per cent parathion , 8 
pounds per acre, and 40 per cent dinitro-
o-cyclohexy lphenoL 2 pounds per acre, 
was applied to Delicious apple trees 
by an au to mat ic concentra te spraye r. 
Excellen t con trol w as achieved : the 
W ill amette mi te remained at a very low 
level for seven weeks. Spray injury was 
confined to sucker growth . In an other 
orchard heavily infested with the 
W illam ettc mite. two pa rathion-dinitrc 
mixtures were applied w ith an auto-
matic concen t rate sprayer . In one plo t 
pa rathi on was ma intai ned at 8 poun ds 
I lb . 
5 oz. 
I lb. 
I q t. 
2 lb. 
5 oz. 
1.5 lb. 
2 .3 0 
5.3 0 
14 . 9 0. 2 
9.2 0 .2 
19. 1 0 .5 
5.4 10 . 1 
per acre and in a second plo t it was re-
d uced to 3 pounds per ac re. There was 
littl e diffe rence in degree of control 
between the two pl ots. 
In an other experim en t three of the 
new aca ricides were compared with 
parathion alone. Four t rees were sam-
pled in each plo t of 15 to 20 t rees. 
Samples fro m each tree consisted of 100 
leaves, and an estimation of effect iveness 
was made fro m the number of infested 
leaves. T he toxican ts were applied 
w ith an automatic concentrate sprayer 
in A ugust, 1950 . R esul ts are summar -
ized in Ta ble IV . 
TABLE IV 
E ffect s o f a(ar icides o n the \Vi llamette mite: mate rials applied by an au to matic con cen t ra te 
sp rayer in Au gust. 195 0 . 
Percentage infested leaves 
Before spraying After spraying 
Acarcide 
A ramite (1 5 % ) 
Ka rathane (25 o/c) 
Amount p e r acre 
J 2 lb. 
Aug. 24 Aug. 31 S ept. 1 
84 . 2 1.7 0 
R-2 4 2 (50'/0) ___ _ 
Pa rat hion ( 15 % ) __ 
C heck-no treatment _ 
Summary 
12 lb . 
12 lb . 
8 lb. 
(I) Du rin g 1950, five new, promis-
ing acaricides were compared with par-
athion for control of var ious mites in 
orchards of British Columbia. These 
were: 
C-I0 06 (5 0 per cen t p-chlorophenyl 
p-chl orobenzene sulphonate) . 
EPN 300 (27 per cen t eth yl p-nitro -
phenyl thionoben zene phospho-
nate) . 
KARAT H ANE ( 25 per cent din itro 
capryl phenyl cro to nate) . 
97. 5 0.5 0.2 
99.2 39 .0 41.7 
90.S 60 .2 6 1.5 
99.2 96 2 97.0 
R-2 42 ( 50 per cent p- chlorophenyl 
phenyl sulpbone). 
ARA MITE ( j 5 per cent beta -
chl oroeth yl beta- (p -tertiar y butyl 
phenoxy) alpha methyl eth yl sul-
phite) . 
(2) C- I006 has a low human tox -
icity ratin g but a rather high phytotox -
ici t y rating. At 1. 5 pound s per 100 
ga ll ons, it was the most effective acari -
cide used in the pink applicat ion for 
control of the Europea n red mite. When 
used as a summer spray at 1 pou nd. it 
4 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOc. OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1950), VOL. 47, JULY 15, 1951 
gave excellent control of the two-spotted 
spider mite and the Pacific mite. 
(3) EPN 300 has a high human 
toxicity rating and a medium phyto-
toxicity rating. When applied in the 
pink stage at 0 .75 pounds it gave good 
control of the European red mite al-
though it w'as somewhat inferior to I 
pound of parathion . At 1.5 pounds it 
gave considerably better control of the 
Willamette mite than I pound of para-
thion . 
C 4) KARA THANE applied at the 
rate of 1.5 pounds was not so effective 
as 1 pound of 15 per cent parathion 
when used as a pink application for 
control of the European red mite , or 
when used in summer applications for 
control of the two-spotted spider mite 
and the Pacific mite, When applied in 
the summer by an automatic sprayer at 
12 pounds per acre. however. it gave 
excellent control of the Willamette mite. 
Although it caused a very slight amount 
of damage to Newtow'n apple trees in 
August . it has a low phytotoxicity 
rating. 
(5) R-242 has a low human toxicity 
rating and a low phytotoxicity rating. 
At 1. 5 pounds. it was slight! y less effec-
tive than 1 pound of parathion (15 per 
cent ) when used as a pink application 
for control of the European red mite, 
When used in the summer at 2 pounds 
it was not so effective as 1 pound of 
parathion for control of the two-spotted 
spider mite and the Pacific mite. When 
used at 12 pounds per acre in a concen-
trate sprayer. however. it was slightly 
more effective against the Willamette 
mite than 8 pounds of parathion. 
(6) ARAMITE has a low human 
toxicity rating and low phytotoxicity 
rating . When applied in the summer 
at 2 pounds, it gave excellent control 
of the two-spotted spider mite and the 
Pacific mite. Also. when applied by a 
concentrate sprayer at 12 pounds per 
acre. it gave excellent control of the 
Willamette mite. 
NOTES ON THE SPRING ACTIVITY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD 
TICK, DERMACENTOR ANDERSONI STILES (ACARINI: IXODIAE)l 
J. D, GREGSON 
L ivestoc k In sect Labo rato ry , Kamloops, B. C. 
One of the remarkable features in the dry -belt they disappea r regularly in 
life-cycle of the Rocky Mountain wood May, regardless of how moist or cool 
tick. Dermacentor andersoni Stiles. in the preva iling atmospheric conditions 
British Columbia is the annual appear- are. It is suggested that some form of 
ance of adults at the beginning of spring diapause must take effect. releasing its 
and their regular disappearance about hold only after another winter has 
the middl e of May. Such seasonal passed. 
periodicity is natural for most insec ts , In the Interior of British Columbia 
of which the adult stage is generally of the Rocky Mountain wood tick is dis -
short duration. However. ticks usually tributed throughout the greater part of 
live longer than insec ts . and it would the dry bunch-grass open-land, Its 
be expected that adults of the Rocky peak abundance may vary. depending on 
Mountain w'ood tick, which are here- the locality . from sparse populations to 
with shown to be capable of living for heav y concentrations. The latter occur 
at least 1 year. w hich continue to be in scattered parts of the Province where 
active as long as the weather remained host and climatic conditions are appar-
favourable. Such is not the case. how- ently particularly ideal for tick develop-
ever. and though in Alberta and in the ment and survival. One such site is at 
damper regions of British Columbia Rayleigh. 10 miles north of Kamloops. 
adults of this species may be active as B , C. where there is an extensive talus 
late as June, in the British Columbia slope backed by a rocky bluff 200 feet 
1 Contribution \"0. 271 i. nh' i~ioIl of Entomology. 
Seiellf'e Sen'ice, Department of AgIicu1tul'e, Otta wa, 
('<tHada. 
high. The narrow belt of vegetation 
at the base of the cliff. besides harbour-
ing a variety of rodent life. seems regu-


English

Acaricide trials in British Columbia orchards, 1950

Llewellyn Jons, J. R. J.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOc. OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1950), VOL. 47, JULY 15, 195 1 
May 4: As the leaves grow the larvae 
resort to folding over the leaf tip or hid -
ing between two leaves where they lie 
concealed, usually curled up, They feed 
on the parenchyma, leaving the upper 
surface of the leaves intact. When dis-
turbed they snap the fore part of body 
back and forth. 
May 6: Evidently the 4th or 5th in-
star. Length 15 mm. Head light brown 
as before, body creamy green with inter -
rupted dorsal and latera l lines dusky. 
Spiracles black. The larvae continue to 
feed under cover of folded leaves. If 
violently disturbed they escape from the 
leaves and suspend themselves by a 
silken thread. 
May 8: Length 20 mm. Colour and 
markings as before but more decided in 
tone. 
May 11: Length 24 mm. This may 
be the 5th or 6th instar. Colour as 
before but richer and markings more 
pronounced. The larvae consistently 
seek cover between folded portions of 
the leaves. 
Pupa. Pupation May 21 in fold of 
leaf or in a light silken cocoon spun in 
the sand at bottom of cage. Particles of 
sand adhered to the cocoon rendering it 
almost invisible. Length II mm., 
width '3 mm. Colour light brown 
turning to dark brown in 24 hours , 
smooth. shining. Cremaster with two 
long hooked setae and several very short 
ones at base. The pupae were kept 
throughout the summer at average room 
temperature. 
Imago. Emerged January 19,26 and 
February 8, 1950. Two males and ont' 
female. The first recorded emergenn 
under natural conditions was February 
18. 
Remarks. There are several interest-
ing features in the life-history of this 
spec ies. First, the larva is completely a 
bud feeder in the early stages, complet-
ing its growth concealed in folded 
leaves. Second, the change of colour 
from black to green may be significant 
as the colour matches the green leaves 
on which growth is completed, thus 
rendering the larvae less conspicuous. 
Third. from the unusual length of the 
pupal period. it might be expected that 
a second brood would intervene between 
the spring of one year and that of the 
next . but the newly opened bud seems 
to be an essential requiremen t for the 
yo ung larvae. 
Summary. The February highfiyer. 
H ydriomena m,bilofasciata f. uulnerata 
feeds in the larval stage on Garry oak 
Quercus garryana. The adult is on the 
wing in the months of February and 
March. The eggs are assumed to be laid 
on or near the buds, in which the larvae 
feed. The larvae change colour from 
black to green as the leaves develop. 
The pupal stage which is passed in the 
ground lasts for about nine months or 
until the openin g buds are ready for the 
newly hatched larvae. The life cycl e as 
here observed is divided between the 
stages as follows. ova-22 days. larvae 
- 34 days. pupae-243 days . imagines 
- over a period of 60 days. 
A FURTHER NOTE ON BREEDING LAM BDINA FISCELLARIA SOMNIARIA HIST. 
SUPlJlcmell tal'Y to my pre\'ioll~ C'x periment with the 
larvae of Lambdina fiscellaria somniaria Hist., reported 
in the Pro(;('eding:" of the EntoHl oloh.-j(,;ll Soc iety of 
Briti sh Columbia, Yolume 45, page G, tlli~ note is now 
submitted. 
On June 2 , ] !).tH. whil e "heating" Garry o<1k . Quercus 
garryana ])oughLs. in th e Uplands Di s tri ct of Victori a , 
11. C. , 21 y('ry small lanae of this s pel' ies were ohtaill('fl, 
On .Tune 2(i . whe n about. half un inch in length. the 
laryae v.ere ~l ecyed Oil western Il r mlork , Tsuga hete-
rophylla. Th e small larnte readily accepted this food 
allfl t.hri ved alld hy .\ U ~'"1.lst 22. l H of them had pupated 
ill til(' fol {ls of th e sict" 'e, Three lanac were ill th r ir 
rudimeniar,v ('()('OOIlS in <l dormant "tat C'. T l: :'y wc r(' 
tr;IlH .. f l' rred to a ten inc h ftO\\'er-pot . ill \v lli c'l; .";t)lH ( ' soi l 
lIad been pla c('d alld 011 wh ich <l gellf'rou~ iaycr of m o:-:s 
\Ya s s pread. The pupae, after )"('nlo\'al from tl leir 
coroons. t.ogethe r \yith the three "re~ting" ]nryae wilic'lI 
wer~ left in thei r flim sy COC'OOIlS, were placed Oil the 
moss, 
Sixteen itn :.l!;i IH'S were obtail lC'd het ween .\IJ..g" u::- t. :~ 
and October 3, 194 9. The imagines were- .)f '!lolTna] 
size a nd in colouring were n~ l ')' ~imil a r to typi('a! 
somniaria, though possibly a trine grey er than i . ..; geneI" 
ally the ease when the larva e ha\'e fed excl u s i .. 'eh· 0 11 
Garry oak.-.J. R .. J. Lle ,,-'ellYll . J oll e~. Couhl c Hi ll , k C. 


A further note on breeding Lambdina fiscellaria somniaria Hist.

Proverbs, M. D.

Note on the occurrence of Rhagoletis fausta in the Okanagan Valley

Glendenning, R.

16 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH CoLUMBIA, PROC. (1951), VOL. 48, AUG. 15, 1952 
them. It was at the suggestion of 
R. C. Treherne in 1917 that I com-
menced a collection of Hemiptera 
since no one else a t that time seemed 
willing to take up the study of that 
order. This collection now numbers 
about 14,000 specimens mostly from 
Vancouver Island. Nearly all species 
recorded from British Columbia are 
represented . Long series, however, 
cannot be kept for lack of space. About 
the year 1935 serious collecting had to 
be abandoned through lack of time 
to attend to systematic work, but 
lately has been r esumed. A very im-
perfect list was published by me in 
1927 and it is planned to produce a 
new list in the not too distant future. 
Finally, in recent years, Mr. 
Llewellyn Jones of Cobble Hill creat-
ed his fine collection of British Col-
umbia Lepidoptera. In respect t o the 
beautiful condition of the specimens 
Mr. Jones' collection rivals that made 
years ago by Mr. Day and is much 
larger. It forms the basis of a new 
li st of British Columbia Macrolepidop-
tera which is just off the press. We 
understand that this fine collection 
will be presented to the University 
of British Columbia and t oge ther with 
the Blackmore collection the U ni-
versitv should possess one of the fin-
est c(;llections of Lepidoptera in the 
West. 
I would like to close this review of 
SO years of entomology with a word 
of appreciation for the co-operation 
and help that has been received from 
the Provincial Department of Agricul-
ture. About the time of Treherne's 
appointment an agreement was made 
between the Dominion and Provincial 
Governments that a ll entomological 
research in the Province would be 
conducted by the Dominion Govern-
ment and the Province would provide 
laboratory space where no Federal 
building was available, as at Victoria 
and Vernon. Over the years, the 
entomologists at Victoria have had 
reason to be grateful for this arrange-
ment, for the Provincial Department 
of Agriculture not only gave office 
space, but for 27 years provided a 
stenographer as well. In addition, the 
services of the Department's mechan-
ics were always available when re-
quired and, in short, the Department 
did all in its power to supplement the 
meagre facilities of the laboratory. 
Towa rds the Entomological Society 
the Department has always extended 
a helping hand and it is principally 
due to this support that the Society 
has been enabled to print its Proceed-
ings since the Government grant was 
withdrawn. With such a spirit o f co-
operation prevailing, the entomologists 
of British Columbia may look for-
ward with confidence to the future. 
REMINISCENCES OF FIFTY YEARS OF ENTOMOLOGY IN THE 
LOWER FRASER VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
R. GLENDENNING 
Agassiz, B.C. 
These notes make no attempt to be 
a review of applied entomology; fifty 
years of such a subject compressed 
into one paper would be much too 
long. In addition, excellent accounts 
of early entomology in this province 
are available in our Proceedings. The 
chief of these are G. O. Day's presi-
dential address, and an article by R. C. 
Treherne, both in No. 4 published in 
1914, and a further review by Tre-
herne in No. 13 published in 1921. 
These give a clear picture of the start 
of entomology, both systematic and 
applied up to 1920; they make inter-
esting and profitable reading. So, 
instead of a tabul ation of workers 
and their problems, I will recount some 
reminiscences of persons and inr.idents 
that may help you to envisage the 
past. In re- reading the various re-
views already published, many mem-
ories are revived and personalities 
re-born, and one realizes the remark-
able developments of entomology in 
the past 50 years-from the limited 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1951), VOL. 48, A UG. 15, 1952 17 
but enthusiastic observations and col-
lections of the few early systematists 
(the Aurelians of British Columbia) 
to the present highly staffed organiza-
tion of specialists, watched over by 
co-ordinators, helped by statisticians, 
chemists and biometricians, and assist-
ed by researches seconded from other 
sciences. All this he[S happened in 
fifty years. 
One thing that strikes with special 
emphasis in these early r ecords is 
the dominance of R. C. Treherne in 
all planned entomology in British Col-
umbia. As you know he resuscitated 
this Society in 1911, and led a ll en-
tomological research here until he 
went to Ottawa in 1924. I knew little 
of those stalwarts, Harvey, Bush, 
Dashwood-Jones, Tom Wilson, Sher-
man and others who lived in Van-
couver. They were all, primarily, 
systematists-with the exception of 
T om Wilson, who doubtless, collected 
on the lower mainland for the most 
part, as automobile travel was not 
yet. In Quarterly Bulletin No. 3 is 
an account of a trip by Harvey and 
Sherman over the Hope trail to Prince-
ton; it took eight days, and must 
have been quite a strenuous adventure. 
Now it can be made in eight hours, 
there and back. 
My first meeting with any of the 
old brigade was in 1907 when I timid-
ly approached Mr. Thomas Cunning-
ham, then J nspector of Fruit Pests in 
Vancouver, for employment . I had 
recently a rrived from England com-
plete with letters of reference, but I 
did not impress him apparently. How-
ever, I was soon engaged in applied 
entomology, as in the followin g year 
I was employed in a Vancouver nurs-
ery painting "maidens" with coal-
oil; a very effective but laborious 
method o f checking woolly aphis. 
nut labour was cheap then-I received 
20 cents per hour. My next entomo-
logical employment was in 1915 when 
I first met Mr. Treherne as the result 
of a chance observation of the pres-
ence of the currant bud-mite a t Dun-
can on Vancouver Island. Treherne 
had greater discernment of talent than 
Mr. Cunningham, as I was promptly 
employed by the Provincial Depart-
ment of Horticulture to survey and 
eradicate the infestation. I drove 
around the Cowichan valley in a hired 
and tired horse and buggy. 
Referring again to Mr. Cunningham, 
I would like to quote part of a para-
graph from Treherne's Review of 
Applied Entomology in No.4 of our 
Proceedings, wherein he refers t o 
the general freedom of the province 
from insect pests. He says :-" 1£ it 
had not been for the Horticultural 
Regulations against the introductions 
of dangerous insect pests, British 
Columbia entomology up to the pres-
ent would have been very different. 
Instead of applying quarantine meas-
ures, we would have been studying 
and controlling insect pests of the 
farmer far more serious than any we 
have at present, and the published 
record of entomology in British Col-
umbia would have been very differ-
ent." Tha t was in 1914. As you 
know these Elysian conditions do not 
now obtain, and on the face of it you 
might be tempted to think that Mr. 
Cunningham's successors had been lax 
in their duties. Such, I assure vou is 
not the case, and the foregoing was 
quoted only to lead up to the point 
that I wish to make next-that the 
large increase in insect pests in this 
region is due to the greatly changed 
and changing conditions, not only in 
agriculture but in every phase of ac-
tivity. Especially is this change pro-
nounced in the increase in volume and 
methods of travel, and in the vastly 
increased acreage and variety of crops 
grown. I feel sure that many of the 
injurious species were here for years 
before they were first recorded as 
pests, but they had been kept to in-
significant and un-noticed numbers 
through scarcity of food when sub-
sisting on wild hosts ,and by greater 
vulnerability to parasites and preda-
tors under suth conditions. 
Turning now briefly to two other 
old timers that T knew well, Anderson 
and Hanham ; Walter Anderson was 
an Inspector of Indian Orchards; he 
travelled the whole province on that 
excuse. The I n d ian s were not 
18 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1951), VOL. 48, AUG. 15, 1952 
orchardists, but he made many new 
records, both plant and insect. He 
was full of Indian lore, and was a good 
companion as long as you agreed with 
him. I soon learned to do this; others 
did not. Mr. Hanham was a bank 
manager at Duncan on Vancouver 
Island - a more enthusiastic collector 
I never knew-unless it is the income 
tax man or our present president, 
G. J. Spencer. Not satisfied with a 
vast collection of beetles and "micros," 
he also gathered stamps and molluscs, 
both fresh-water and marine. Even 
when well on in years he still had the 
energy and enthusiasm to collect, and 
I went up both Mount Cheam and 
Mount McLean with him. I can see 
him now leaping about on the high 
rock slides like a young antelope, 
chasing a small brown butterfly called 
vidleri. On the trip up Cheam Walter 
Anderson was also along, and Hanham 
committed the unpardonable sin of 
disturbing a wasps' nest and of run-
ning away so that the wasps were 
left with Anderson. The tongue lash-
ing he received was equal to the 
wasps' invective. 
Eric Hearle was one of the few 
specialists in the earlier days; he 
studied the mosquito problem in the 
lower Fraser valley for three years 
under the direction of the National 
Research Council, and in response to 
a request for a mosquito control pro-
gramme by the municipalities on the 
lower mainland. He covered the 
valley from New Westminster to 
Hope by car, boat and airplane. His 
invaluable report stands like a bridge 
without approaches, because, wher. 
it came to providing funds to imple-
ment his recommendations, the muni-
cipalities decided that they had no 
mosquitoes. I went out with Eric 
Hearle once or twice; his keenness 
was most marked, and his arms a mass 
of bumps as he tested the virulence of 
the bites of the different species. He 
has gone, along with so many of the 
noble band of early days-Hewitt, 
Treherne, Dennys, Seymour Hadwen, 
Day Hanham, Sherman, Anderson, 
Cu~~ingham, Blackmore and Mar-
mont, to mention only those personal-
ly known to me. 
You will pardon me, I hope, if I 
become personal again in order to 
help you visualize the earlier days. 
I first went to Agassiz in 1919, assist-
ing A. B. Baird who was then studying 
the natural control of the spruce 
budworm and tent caterpillars, and in 
1921 I took over the Agassiz labora-
tory when Baird returned to the East. 
There were few entomologists in the 
province in those days; Treherne, 
Suckell, Ruhmann, Venables and 
Ralph Hopping in the Interior and 
Downes on Vancouver Island, so that 
I had the whole of the lower main-
land including Vancouver for a field 
of work. The trend then was for a 
regional division of work rather than 
a crop-plant division as is now fol-
lowed. Speaking medically, most of 
us were general practitioners rather 
than surgeons, obstetricians or psy-
chiatrists; and from 1921 until quite 
recently I delved into every form of 
insect trouble-from shade tree pests 
on Vancouver streets to parasite col-
lection and liberation around Lillooet; 
from grain pests in elevators, and ear-
wigs and slugs in gardens to the 
wide open spaces where moles and 
clover seed midges roamed uncheck-
ed. I climbed to the tops of tall 
Douglas fir trees to find what was 
spoiling the seed-cone harvest, and 
flew over and waded through mosquito 
swamps to locate breeding pools. I 
tried out this and that for flea-beetles, 
hop aphis, root maggots and fruit flies. 
Undoubtedly I knew a little about a 
lot. 
The expression-trying out this and 
that-brings me to my last theme-
the ammunition that we had to work 
with for control measures. All the 
foregoing was in the pre-DDT era. 
It was so delightfully simple then. We 
had so few chemicals to worry about, 
and unless you drank them neat, they 
did not poison you. In the provincial 
bulletin "Diseases and Pests of Cul-
tivated Plants" published in 1924, nine 
insecticides are listed-lead arsenate, 
mercury bi-chloride, paris green, 
hellebore, nicotine sulphate, kerosene 
emulsion, quassia, whale-oil soap and 
that great stand-by lime-sulphur. If 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (19n), VOL. 48, AUG. 15, 1952 19 
none of these proved effective, one 
had to concentrate on cultural opera-
tions, a procedure too often neglected 
these days. With the evolution of 
spraying and dusting machinery, and 
the introduction of dozens of new 
organic and other chemicals, each 
more devastating than the last , and 
w ith names even more fearful, the 
humble practitioner finds that he is 
required to be an engineer and a chem-
ist as well as a n entomologist; and in 
the past few years with the increase 
in personnel he has t o be an account-
ant, mathematician and administrator 
in addition. It is all so new and un-
tried with so many different angles 
to watch. 
I have mentioned many workers who 
have gone t o the happy collecting 
g rounds, and should menti on one or 
two of the acquisitions that entomo-
logy has made during this period. In 
1924 a whirlwind appeared in the 
province in the person of our presi-
dent, G. L. Spencer. 
His energy and enthusiasm have 
done much to advance our Society and 
entomology in general here. From 
vanous sources and by devious means 
he has amassed a vast collection of 
inse cts of the province a t the Uni-
versity of British Columbia, and his 
effective tutelage has provided field-
men with well trained assistants, 
where before there were none. Final-
ly, mention must be made of th e in-
vasion of prairie and easte rn entomo-
logists which occurred a few years 
ago. The outbreak caused no _ little 
concern at the time as no control was 
known, but I am g lad to say none 
has been found necessary. They all 
turned out t o be, not commensals or 
inquilines, but excellent examples of 
mutualism, and a perfect symbiosis 
with the older workers has developed 
that I am sure will be of benefit to 
entomology in the province in the 
coming fifty years. 
FIFTY YEARS OF ENTOMOLOGY IN THE INTERIOR 
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
E. P. VENABLES 
Vernon, B.C. 
When I was selected to present a 
paper dealing with the above subject 
I felt somewhat at a loss; but, when 
told that I should be working with 
Mr. E. R. Buckell, the problem was 
simplified to a great extent be,:ause 
I3 uckell and I had already worked 
together on many occasions. One 
might approach this subject from vari-
our angles, but as I was told that dry 
statistics we re not required I have 
done my bes t to avoid them, and to 
o-ive what m ay be a somewhat person-
~I narrative dea ling with ce rtain 
characters wlum I me t and who we re, 
at that time, the s·::lle representatives 
of our science in the Okanagan Valley. 
I might deal w ith my own early strug-
g les in the field of entomology and 
recount the difficulties whicil I had to 
ove rcome in order t o gain a foothold 
on the ladder, which eventually landed 
me among the "elite" or, so I should 
have thought, in 1897. 
It was my good fortune to med 
the late Dr. James Fletcher quite 
ea rly in my entomological career, and 
it w as due to his personal interest 
that I was able to have my material 
named. Dr Fletcher was an in spiring 
personality, a naturalis t of the old 
school, who when addressing the pub-
lic, a lways st re ssed the interesting 
points of insec t behaviour, rather than 
their control, fo r , as he sa id, "if one 
is interested in the subject the a rt i-
ficial control ~easures are much more 
easily understood." Fletcher fill ed th e 
d ual roll of Dominion E ntomologist 
and Bo tanist . I wonder how one of 
us would feel if landed in that posi-
tion today. He had one assistant, 
Mr. Arthur Gibson, who later became 
Dominion Entomologist and had much 


Reminiscences of fifty years of entomology in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia

Van Herk, W. G.

Vernon, R. S.

Borden, J. H.

J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 115, DECEMBER 2018 !101
SCIENTIFIC NOTE 
A pheromone-baited pitfall trap for monitoring Agriotes 
spp. click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and other soil-
surface insects 
W.G. VAN HERK , R.S. VERNON , and J.H. BORDEN  1 2 3
Pheromone traps have been developed specifically for the survey, research and 
management of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in temperate North America (NA), 
Europe and Asia (Ritter and Richter 2013; Vernon and van Herk 2013; Traugott et al. 
2015). These include: ‘Estron Traps’ for survey of Agriotes species in the former USSR 
(Oleshchenko et al. 1987); ‘Yatlor Traps’ for survey and scientific study of Agriotes in 
Europe (Furlan et al. 2001), and; ‘Vernon Beetle Traps’ for survey and integrated pest 
management (IPM) of invasive Agriotes in NA, i.e., A. obscurus (AO), A. lineatus (AL) 
and A. sputator (AS; Vernon 2004). Although effective, these traps are no longer 
available commercially, although the Yatlor Trap has been re-designed as a funnel trap to 
better intercept various flying Agriotes in Europe (Csalomon, Budapest, Hungary). The 
loss of the Vernon Beetle Trap (VBT) and customized lures for AO, AL and AS [formerly 
produced by Contech Enterprises Inc., Delta, British Columbia (BC), Canada] 
necessitated the development of a new trap for use in Agriotes IPM program 
development in Canada. Based on the authors’ experience with earlier Agriotes traps, the 
new trap was designed to: provide trapping efficacy comparable to the VBT; reduce the 
time required for assembly, installation and inspection; exclude insectivorous vertebrates 
and water, and; be consistent, reliable, inexpensive, small, easy to transport, and durable.  
The new trap, named the Vernon Pitfall Trap® (VPT) (Fig. 1), is constructed of 
durable polypropylene, and is formed from three custom injection molds (Exact Molds 
Ltd, Abbotsford, BC). Two essential components are an in-ground pitfall chamber for 
specimen collection (Fig. 1A) and a protective cover containing a pheromone-bait holder 
and vertebrate-exclusion cage (Fig. 1B). The pitfall chamber forms a tapered cup that is 
10 cm high from base to apex of the trap, with a 5.8-cm-diameter base (inside diameter, 
ID) and a 9-cm-diameter opening (ID) (Fig. 1A). The inside of the cup, three centimetres 
from the apex, is molded to receive a commercially available specimen cup (specifically, 
Fisherbrand™ 4.5-oz. Polypropylene Graduated Specimen Container). These removable 
containers, which can be filled with a preserving liquid such as propylene glycol or used 
without, and accompanying lids are used for labelling and storing collected specimens. 
Surrounding the apex of the chamber is a rounded collar that slopes gradually away from 
the opening (3 cm outward and 1 cm downward), with a steeper decline 0.5 cm from the 
outermost edge. The collar has raised ridges (0.1 mm high) spaced 1–2 mm apart to 
enable climbing by walking insects (Fig. 1A and D). Beneath the collar are four evenly 
spaced supports that link the collar to the chamber to provide rigid stability to the trap. At 
the apex of the collar are two 1.2-cm-diameter (outside diameter, OD) x 2-cm-high 
hollow wells, spaced 8.5 cm apart, which receive and secure the trap lid (Fig. 1A and D). 
The shape of the pitfall chamber is similar to typical hand-held or upright bulb planters, 
which can be used to quickly remove exact soil cores for tight trap insertion. Moreover, 
overlapping traps can be conveniently stacked for transport. When the base is inserted 
into the cored soil, foot pressure on the reinforced collar seals the base tightly to the 
 Corresponding author: Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1
P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, B.C., Canada  V0M 1A0; wim.vanherk@canada.ca
 Sentinel IPM Consulting, 4430 Estate Drive, Chilliwack, B.C., Canada  V2R 3B52
 JHB Consulting, 6552 Carnegie St., Burnaby, B.C. Canada  V5B 1Y33
J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 115, DECEMBER 2018 !102
ground (Fig. 1D). This process does not require the clearing of surface grass or 
excavation, as is typically required for other pitfall traps, and the raised collar helps 
reduce water entry into the base. 
 
Figure 1. Views of Vernon Pitfall Trap®, showing the bottom, pitfall component (A), the 
underside of the cover with inserted lure and vertebrate exclusion fence (B), the assembled 
trap (C), the trap installed in soil with collected A. sputator (D), the optional cover for 
winterizing (E), and the assembled trap with winterizing cover (F). Photo credits: Warren 
Wong. Individual, high-resolution images are available as supplementary files on the journal 
website. 
The second component is an easily detached cover, 16.5 cm in diameter, that tapers 
slightly downward as a shallow cone 0.5 cm from base to apex to shed rain (Fig. 1B). 
The cover contains a circular (1.2 cm diameter by 3 cm high, OD) downward-projecting 
well that is centred on the underside to hold 0.75-cm-diameter cylindrical Agriotes spp. 
pheromone baits (AO, AL and AS lures available from Csalomon, Budapest, Hungary), 
and two pegs (0.75-cm-diameter (OD) by 3 cm high) that are located 8.8 cm apart to fit 
into the corresponding wells on the base (Fig. 1A, B, and C). On the underside of the lid 
(Fig. 1B), six evenly spaced supports (0.5 cm high) that radiate from the projected 
pheromone lure well to the outside of the lid provide stability and prevent warping of the 
cover. To exclude insectivorous vertebrates (e.g., mice, voles, shrews, snakes) a circular 
fence of downward-projecting pins (3 mm diameter) is present on the underside of the 
lid. The pins are spaced 0.5 cm apart and range in length from 2.5 cm (30 pins) to 3 cm 
(4 pins). The longest pins just touch the base’s collar section at four sites when base and 
lid are joined, lending stability to the assembled trap (Fig. 1C). The shorter pins leave a 
0.5-cm-high passage above the collar to permit entry by click beetles or other walking 
insects.  
The traps are manufactured in brown (used in Canada for AL), black (used for AO) 
and green (used for AS) to help avoid pheromone cross-contamination between species. 
An optional trap component is a 16.5-cm-diameter winter lid (Fig. 1E) that replaces 
the main lid at the end of the trapping season. The winter lid is designed to snugly fit 
flush with the trap base (Fig. 1 F), so that the trap can remain in situ overwinter, 
protected from entry of debris, insects and water. 
Should a need arise in the future, the cover’s downward-projecting well for holding 
Agriotes pheromone lures could be replaced by a ring for hanging lures or a removable 
lure-holding basket, as in the Unitrap, for deploying lures for other target soil-surface 
J. ENTOMOL. SOC. BRIT. COLUMBIA 115, DECEMBER 2018 !103
species. This would require the mold to be restructured. Alternatively, such lure-holders 
could be constructed as separate components that fit into the well. 
The new trap offers a number of improvements to monitoring AO, AL and AS, 
relative to the former Vernon Beetle Trap. The VPT requires less time to assemble, install 
and inspect, and is more durable and transportable than the VBT. The VPT is similar to 
the VBT in catch of AO, AL and AS (van Herk, unpublished data). It has proven highly 
effective, with or without pheromone baits, in monitoring programs for AO and AL in BC 
and for AS in Prince Edward Island (PEI) (Table 1). The highest catch recorded to date 
for a single trap is 6,955 AS over a 5-day period in Orwell, PEI (27 May–1 June, 2015) 
(Fig. 1D). The trap has also been used, without pheromone baits, to successfully trap 
other elaterid species in other provinces of Canada, including A. mancus (Say), Aeolus 
mellillus (Say), Hypnoidus abbreviatus (Say), H. bicolor (Eschscholtz), Limonius 
californicus (Mannerheim), Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal), and Selatosomus 
destructor (Brown) (van Herk, unpublished data). It has also been used successfully to 
trap other walking insects, including carabids and weevils (e.g., Sitona lineatus L.; St. 
Onge et al. 2018). 
Table 1 
Catch of three Agriotes species in baited versus unbaited Vernon Pitfall Traps® (VPT) in field 
surveys in BC (AO and AL) and PEI (AS). N = number of traps. 
1AO = A. obscurus; AL = A. lineatus; AS = A. sputator 
REFERENCES 
Furlan, L., Toth, M., Parker, W.E., Ivezic, M., Pančič, S., Brmeź, M., Dobrinčic, R., Barčić, J.I., 
Mureşan, F., Subchev, M., Toshova, T., Molnar, Z., Ditsch B., and Voigt, D. 2001. The efficacy of the 
new Agriotes sex pheromone traps in detecting wireworm population levels in different European 
countries. In Proceedings of XXI IWGO Conference (Venice, Italy). Edited by D. Carollo. Veneto 
Agricollo, Legonaro, Italy. Pp.293–303. 
Oleshchenko, I. N., Ismailov, V.Y., Soone, J.H., Lääts, K.V., and Kudryavtsev, I.B. 1987. A trap for pests 
(in Russian). USSR Author’s Cer. No. 1233312. Byulleten' Izobretenii, 11: 299. 
Ritter, C. and Richter, E. 2013. Control methods and monitoring of Agriotes wireworms (Coleoptera: 
Elateridae). Journal of Plant Disease Protection, 120: 4–15. 
St. Onge, A., Cárcamo, H.A., and Evenden, M.L. 2018. Evaluation of semiochemical-baited traps for 
monitoring the pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in field pea crops. 
Environmental Entomology, 47: 93–106 
Traugott, M., Benefer, C.M., Blackshaw, R.P., van Herk, W.G., and Vernon, R.S. 2015. Biology, ecology 
and control of Elaterid beetles (in agricultural land). Annual Review of Entomology, 60: 313–34. 
Vernon, R.S. 2004. A ground-based pheromone trap for monitoring Agriotes lineatus and A. obscurus 
(Coleoptera: Elateridae). Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 101: 141–142. 
Vernon, R.S. and van Herk, W.G. 2013. Wireworms as pests of potato. In Insect Pests of Potato: Global 
Perspectives on Biology and Management. Edited by P. Giordanengo, C. Vincent, and A. Alyokin. 
Academic Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pp. 103–164. 
Year Agriotes 
Species1
Trapping period Baited VPT Unbaited  VPT
  N Mean (SD) N Mean (SD)
2015 AO 26 Mar–16 July 22 977.7 (451.5) 33 10.2 (12.2)
2016 AL 21 Mar–11 July 22 171.0 (92.7) 33 0.8 (1.0)
2015 AS 20 May–13 Aug 44 7,797.1 (2,783.9) 38 71.6 (53.0)


A pheromone-baited pitfall trap for monitoring Agriotes spp. click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and other soilsurface insects

Spencer, G. J.

Two Decades of Household Pests in Vancouver: A Summary of Enquiries

Strains of the European Red Mite, Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch), Resistant to Parathion and Malathion in British Columbia

21 E I\: TO ~ I OLOG ICA L SOC I ETY O F BIUTISH COL U MBIA. PIl OC. (\ 955 ) . VOL. 51, APRIL 30 . 1956 
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF LYGUS SPP. (HEMIPTERA:MIRIDAE ) 
IN BRITISH COLUMBIA PEACH ORCHARDS* 
M. D . PROVERBS** 
Ento l11ol o.~y Laborato ry, SUl11l1lerlanJ , B.C. 
De fo re 1949, the quantity o f marke t -
a ble f ruit from many peach o rchard s 
in th e interior o f Briti sh Columbia 
was appreciably reduced beca use of 
malfo rmed peaches. Most (If thi s 
malfo rmation wa s due to th e feeding 
o f Lyglls bugs, which a re particularly 
abundant 'where alfalfa cove t- crops 
are grown. The only feas ihl e means 
of contro ll ing the se in sec t s \I'a s by 
di sking under the cove r crop in the 
fa ll, and frequently this prac tice wa s 
no t I'e ry succe ss fu l. 
From 1947 to 1952, expe riments 
we re conductecl in peach o rcha rd s 
t hrough out the Okanagan Valley of 
British Columbia on th e contro l of 
LygllS bugs with DDT and ot he r o rgan-
ic in sect icide s. 
Materials and Methods 
In th e ear ly experim ents , the In-
sec tic id es \I'ere applied a s dU Sb to the 
o rchard co \'e r cro ps o nly. bu t a s th e 
wo rk progressed th e peach trees \I'ere 
s prayed, g ene ra ll y with a mi st-blow e r 
spraye1'. Th e area of eac h treated 
block II'as usua ll y about one acre; 
treatm ents II'e re not repli cated. Con-
tro l uf Lyg!lJ bugs wa s est im a ted 
frum th e pe rce ntage of malfo rm ed 
fruit s at thinning time and at ha rvest. 
Th e in sec ticid es, th ei r amounts and 
the s tage s o f tree developm ent at 
which they were applied are given III 
Tables I to VII. 
Results and Discussion 
In three orchard s where the cover 
c ro p alon e wa s du sted (Table I) , it 
wa s on ly in the fir s t orchard, treated 
with DDT at the balloon-bud s tage of 
peach , that th e percentage o f mal -
form ed f rui t at harvest in the treated 
bluck wa s appre ciably lowe r t ha n in 
the ch ec k hl ock. In the othe,- o r -
chards. th e in sec ticides were probably 
applied too ea rl y (ea rly hall oon-hud 
s tage of peach) fo r the m os t effe ct il'e 
cont ro l of Lyglls bugs. 
TABLE I.-Malformed Fruit at Thinn in g T ime a nd a t H arves t After Dusting t he C over 
C rop in T h ree P each O rchard s with DDT or B HC, 1947. 
Orchard l\[a te rial 
~ DDT, 3% du st2 
Chec k 
2 ~ DDT, 3% du st Check 
{BHC, e1u st·' 
3 2% gamm a isom er 
Check 
Approxima te 
Am ollnt pe r Acre 
i\() Ih . 
No trea tm ent 
LiO II>. 
1\0 trea tment 
2.3 Ih. 
ga mllla Isom er 
1\0 trea tment 
Fruit ).Ialform ed 0/,: ' Stage o f Peache" _______ _ 
",h ell Cove r Cro p Thinning 
Dusted Tilll e Harvest 
Balloo n-bud 
Early halloo n-bud 
Ea rly balloo n-bud 8.3 
10.1 
7.4 
19.7 
9.7 
9.1 
6.4 
7.2 
lEach fi gure is determin ed from 1500 fru it s exami nee! at ra ndom. 
2Anse li Laho ra to ri es L imi t cd, Ve rn o n, B.C. 
3Shanaha n's Limited, Va ncou \·e r. B.C. 
* Contr ibuti on K o. 333 1, Entolllo \og-y Di \"is ioIl , 
Sc ience Sen-ict', Depar tm ent of A g ri cu ltu re , Ot taw a, 
Canada. 
** A S ~'oc i a t e Entomologis t 
ENTOMOLOG ICA l. SOCI ETY OF BR ITIS" COLL"MB I A , P ROC. (1 955 ) , VOL. 52, APRI L 30.1956 23 
O n th e ba sis of t he pc rcc ntage s of 
malform ed fruit at han"es t, the 
popul atio n of LygllS bugs \\"as e \"ide n t-
Iy r cdu ccd \vh e rc pcac h tr cc~ were 
:,; prayed t\\"i ce with a mi xt ure of BHC, 
~tove o il , and Vc lsicol AH.-50 (Tables 
II a nd 11 f ). St ri ct compa ri son s ca n-
not be made sin ce t wo o rchard s w e re 
in volvcd and th e dosage s of the chem-
icals we re s lig htl y diffe ren t in t he t\\·o 
o rcha rd s. HO\\'e\"e r, where th e nHC 
spray \\"a s applicd a t 95 per ce nt 
peta l-fa ll a nd aga in a t 95 pcr cent 
shu ck -fa ll (Tabl e 11) , th e pe rce ntage 
rcd uct ion in malfo rm ed f r u it at 
ha rv es t was similar to that obtained 
wh en it "wa s applied at the lat e bal-
loon-bud s tage and again at 95 pe r 
cen t shuck-fall (Tabl e 11 f ). On the 
basis of t he pcrcentages of m a lfo rm ed 
fruit at han- est, th e HEIC spra y in the 
lat tc r o rch:Hd appea red to g ive onl y 
sli ght ly bcttc r cont ro l of Lyglls bugs 
than a mixture o f DDT, stovc o il. and 
Ve lsicul A J\.-50. Acco rdin g t o th e 
g-ru\Vcr, hO\\'e ve r , in pre\'ious yca r s 
dama gc f rom Lyglls bugs had ah\'ays 
bee n morc se \'e re in th e area in whi ch 
th e BJ-IC and check block s \\"e rc s it u-
atcd , bccausc o f a den se alfalfa. coye r 
crop, than in the DDT bl ock, \yhere 
th e re \\'a s \'irtua ll v no a lfalfa . The 
superi o rity of BHC on r DDT wa s, 
thereforc, probably greatcr than in di-
catcd by th e pe rccntages of ma.1fo n11 cd 
fru it. Th e poo rc r r es ult s with DDT 
were, no do ubt, largely due to th e 
Imv dosage (onc pound of DDT per 
acre) used in t hc expe riment. 
TABLE lL-Malformed Fruit at Thinning Time and at Harves t after Spraying Peach 
Trees with a Mixture of BHe, Stove Oil, and Vilsicol AR-50 at about 95 per cent 
Petal-fall and again at about 95 per cent Shuck-fall, 1948, 
Approximate Amount F ruit :-[ alformed, %1 
:-hterial per Acre per 
Application Thinning Time Harvest 
BHC wettable powder2 0.75 lb. 
~ 6% gamma isomer gamma Isome r Stove o i!3 9.6 pints 5.3 Velsicol AR-504 9.0 pints Duponol WA flakes S 2.0 oz. 
Check No treatment 11.2 
lEac h fi gure is determined from approximately 2000 fruit s examin ed at random. 
2Canadian Industries Limited, Montreal, Que. 
3Appr.0ximately 32 S.S.U. Vis. 100°F., over 75 per cent U.I~.; Shell Oi l Company, 
Penticton, B.C. 
4,A. methylated naphthal ene ; Ve lsicol Corporation, Chi cago, Ill. 
SForty to forty-two per ce nt sod ium lauryl sulphate; Ca nadi an Industri es Limited, 
N e\\' Westminster, B.C. 
8.6 
13.7 
Good control of Lyglls bugs w as ob-
tained in two o rchard s where a mix-
ture o f DDT, stove o il , a nd Velsicol 
AR-50 was applied at about 90 per 
ce n t pctal-fal l and again at about 90 
pe r ce nt shuck-fall (Tabl cs 1 V and V), 
Contro l was sli g-ht ly le ss w hc re trees 
were sprayed at 90 pe r cen t pe tal-fa ll 
onl y, but the pe rcentage in crease in 
malform ed fruit wa s not suffi cientl y 
great to jus tify the additional expens·e 
of th c second application (T a bl e V), 
24 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Of BRlTISH COLUMB IA, PROC. ( 1955) , VOL. 52, APRIL 30, 1956 
TABLE Ill.-Malformed Fruit at Thinning Time and at Harvest after Spraying Peach 
Trees at the late Balloon-bud Stage and again at about 95 per cent Shuck-fall with a 
Mixture of Stove Oil and Velsicol AR -50 containing DDT or BHe, 1948. 
Appro x imat e Amount pe r Ac r e Fruit Malfo rm ed, %1 
;\!a terial 
BalLoo n-hud Shuck-fal l Thinning Time H a r vest 
DDT2 1.0 lb. 0.75 lb. l S tove o il 1.0 pint 15.5 12.5 
Vels icol A R -50 0.5 p in t J Naccono l N IO 1.0 oz . 
I3H C we t tab le powder 1.0 lb. 1.0 lb . 
6% gamma Isomcr galnnlll isomcr gamma isomer { 
Stove o il 2.0 ga l. 1.0 ga l. 
~ 
10.2 
Vels icol AR-50 0.5 gal. 
D upon o l WA fla k es 8.0 oz . 6.0 oz. 
C heck No treatment N o treatm e n t 14.9 19.2 
lEac h fi g ure is d e te rmin ed from approximately 1700 fruit s examined at random . 
2T ec h ni cal, ~r on santo Ch em ica l Com pany, St:. Lo ui s, Mo., a t the ba lloon-bud 
s tage; 5 pe r ce nt powd e r, Anse l Labo rato ri es Limi ted, Ve rno n, B.C., at th e 
shuck-fa ll s tage . 
.lAn alkyl ary l sulp honate; N at io na l Anilin e Divis io n, Alli ed Chemical a nd Dye 
Co rpn ratio n , New York, N.Y. 
TABLE IV.-Malformed Fruit at Thinning Time and at Harvest after Spraying Peach 
Trees with a Mix ture of DDT, Stove Oil , and Velsicol AR-50 at about 90 per cent 
Petal-fa ll and again at about 90 per cent Shuck-fall , 1948. 
Ap prox im a te Amo unt pe r Acr e l<nlit ~!alform ed, % 1 
:- ra tcrial 
P e ta l- fa ll S huck -fa ll Th inn ing T ime Harves t 
DDT, t cc hnica l2 9.0 II>. 6.0 Ih . t Stove o il 1..; ga l. 1.0 gal. 2.j 
Ve ls icol AR-SO 1,5 gal. 1.0 ga l. J Dupo no l WA flak es 3.0 oz . 3.0 oz. 
2.8 
C heck N o t r ealment No treatm ent 27.4 14.3 
lEach figure is de te rmin ed fro m app roximately 3300 fruits examined at random. 
2Penn sylvan ia Sa lt ~ran u fac turin g Compa ny, T acoma, \ Vas h. 
A petal-fa ll spray of DDT gave 
slight ly better control o f Lygtls bugs 
tha n a balloon -bud spray (Table VI). 
T he pe rcentage diffe rences in mal-
fo rm ed fr ui t from sprayed and un-
sprayed trees were not g reat, sugges t-
ing tha t co ntrol was not particula rl y 
goud. Howe yer, t hi s was probably 
no t so, for the init ia l popul at ion o f 
Lyglls bugs wa s much g reate r in t he 
sprayed blocks, where the re wa s a n 
abunda nce of a lfa lfa, th e preferred 
hos t of Lyglls bugs, t han in the check 
block, w here there wa s virt ua ll y no 
a lfa lfa . 
I;NTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BR IT ISH COLU M BIA, PROC. (1955) , V OL. 52, APRIL 30, 1956 25 
TABLE V.-Malformed Fruit at Thinning Time and at Harvest after Spraying Peach 
Trees with a M ixture of DDT, Stove Oil , and Velsicol AR-50 at about 90 per cent 
Petal-fall and again a t about 90 per cent Shuck-fall, or at about 90 per cent Petal-
fa ll only, 1948. 
I3lock \Later ia l 
Approximat e Amo unt 
per Acre Fruit ~lalformed, 'j'cl 
Peta l-fa ll Shuck- fa ll T hinnin g Time Harves t 
DDT, teehni ca l2 4.9 lb. 6.0 Ih. ( StO\'e oi l 7.3 pints 8.0 pints 
Vel sicol AR-jO 7.3 pint s 8.0 pint s 
i Duponol WA flake s 1.6 oz. 2.0 oz. 
1.3 2.2 
.2 Same as Block Same as Block No I 1 treatment 3.2 3. 1 
3 Check Ko No 
t reatmenl treatme n t 16.7 14.8 
-- ------.=====-- ------=-=--== 
JU ctermineci from approx imately 2j()() fr ui ts examined at rand om in each block. 
':' lon sal1to Chemica l Compa ny, St. Louis, ~[o . 
As a re sult of these and ot her ex-
pe r im ents not reported he re, a peta l-
fa ll applicati on of DDT is recommend-
ed fo r the con t rol of Lyg1ts bugs in 
Brit ish Columbia peach o rchards. T he 
petal-fa ll spray of DDT wa s consi der-
ab ly more impo r tant than the shuck-
fa ll spray, and sligh t ly more effect in 
than the balloon-buel spray (Tables 
V and VT). Chand le r (1950) fonnd 
that. in I11 inoi s, a DDT spray appli ed 
when SO per cent o f the peach hloom s 
were open gave even better con t rol 
o f Lyglls bugs than a peta l-fall spray. 
Howenr, as Snapp (1947) has pointed 
out, the peta l-fa ll application is 
preferab le. in orde r to a\'o iel poisoning 
in sect po ll inator s, even though insect s 
do not play an important ro le in t he 
pollination of peaches. In Br iti sh Col-
umbia. cherry t rees are often inter-
planted with peaches. As cherrie s 
bloom at approximate ly the same time 
as peache s, and as insects are essential 
for the poll ination of many variet ies of 
cherry, eyery precaution should be 
exercised to safeguard insect pollin-
a tors. 
A peta l-fa ll spray of parathion gave 
slightly bette r control of Lygtls bugs 
tha n a DDT spray applied at the same 
stage (Table \(11). However, vvork 
with parathion was di scontinued be-
cause of it s extreme toxicity to man . 
TABLE Vl.-Malformed F ruit a t Thinning Time and at H arvest after Spraying Peach 
Trees wi th 50 per cent DDT I Wetta ble Powder a t 16 lb . per acre at a bout 90 per cent 
Petal-fall , or a t the Balloon-bud Stage, 1952. 
Stage o f Spraying 
Peta l-fall 
Ba ll oon-bud 
No treatment 
Fruit :,[alformecl, %2 
- - --- - - - ---- ----- --- - -
Thinning Time Harvest 
2.0 
4.0 
7.8 
1.2 
1.4 
3.4 
lG eneral Cherni eal Company, N cw Yo rk. N.Y. 
2Eae h fi g ure is de te rmin ed frOIll approxilllate ly ISOO fmit s exalll ined at rand om. 
26 E!':TOMOLOG IC ,\1. S OCIFTY or Ih:TlsH COLuMBI ,\ , PHO C. ( 1955) , VOL. 52, APR I L 30. i9 56 
TABLE VI I.-Malformed Fruit at Thinning Time and at Harvest after Spraying Peach 
Trees at about 75 per cent Petal-fall with DDT, or Parathion, 1949. 
::-raterial App rox imat e A mount p er Acre 
Frui t \lalio rmed, 'fr l 
Thinnin g" Time 
7 lb. 
IS Ih. 
P a rat hi o n. 15'fr wettable po \\'d e r2 
]) 1) '1', S07c \\'eltable JlO\uler3 
C heck .:\0 treat ment 
3.2 
6.1 
22.0 
2.~ 
6. 7 
26.0 
lEac h figl ll e I S de le lnl in cd from a pp rox illl at e l.,· 1200 frllit s exam ined at rand olll . 
2N a ug a tu ck C helll ica ls, J)l\ l'1 o n o f J)omini o n I ~ ubher Company, Limi ted, 
Elmira, O n to . . . 
'> P en nsylva nia Salt \ Iallllfac tllrin g Compan y, P Illlad elplll a, T'a. 
It vvas feared th a t t he u se of DDT 
fOI- the con t rol o f Lyg1ls bugs in Jhit -
ish Columbia peach orcha rd s might 
r esul t in an increase of phytophagous 
mit es. T o date, there has been no evi-
dence that thi s has occurred, eith e r 
in expe rim ental o r in growe r- sprayed 
orchard s. 
Summary 
Expe rim ent s conducted in B riti sh 
Columbia peach o rcha rds from 1947 
to 1952 indicated that th e number of 
peach fruits injured by Lyg1ls lmgs wa s 
a ppreciably redu ced by spray ing the 
trees with DDT. Best result s were 
obta in ed w ith a mix ture uf D DT , 
s tOl'e oil, and Ve lsicol AR-50 applied 
at 90 pe l- cen t pe ta l-fall and again at 
90 per ce nt shu ck-fall. A sing le spray 
at peta l-fa ll wa s almost as effect iYe, 
and . on t he basis of cost, the second 
appli cat ion was not justifi ed. In ju ry 
to fruit wa s a lso reduced by spraying 
with a mixt ure of BI-IC, stove oil. and 
Velsicol AR-50 at 95 per ce nt peta l-
fa ll and aga in at 95 per cent ShllCk-
fa ll. Parathion at the pet a l-fall stage 
was sli g htly more effec ti ve than DDT 
at th e sa me stage; work with para-
thi on ,va s di scontinued, howeve r , be-
cause of its ext rem e toxicity to ma n. 
References 
Chandl er, S. C. 
43. 1950. 
Peach in sec ts o f Illino is a nd th eir contro l. Illinoi s N at. Hi s t. Surv. Ci rc. 
Snapp, O. 1. Experiment s in 
). Econ. En t . 40: 135-136. 
1946 o n th e control .o f bug s th a t cause defo rm ed peaches. 
1947. 
Mallis, Arnold. 1954. H andbook of Pest COlltrol (2nd E d.) MacNair-Dorland Co .. 
New York. Illus., pp. 1068 
Thi s is a valuable refe rcnce book, ha nd-
som e, wc ll -b.ound and prin tcd on good papc r. 
Frankly aimed a t pest contro l o pe rato rs, it 
w ill no netheless prove useiu l to anvo ne li ke-
ly to be consulted a bou t ho usehold o r in -
du st ri a l pests. Its wor t h is a tt es ted by th e 
fact that i t is 111 a second cd iti o n af te r ninc 
yea rs. 
Obvio usly it is nOl pnss iblc to pa ss 
judgmen t on the hundrecb o f control m ct hods 
cull ed from pape rs, so th at d iscuss io n mu st 
centre o n th e arr ,lngemcnt a nd pres ent a ti o n. 
Here th c book is o pen to c riti cism. 1\[ore 
co nd ensat ion , a nd judic ious pruni ng o f long 
quo ta ti ons ,,"ou ld h elp to avo id rcdllndanc ies 
such a s thi s: of poi son ed rat s , ~lal1 i s qn otes : 
"Oi co urse. th e od o r can he qui cklv a hated 
if th e dead an im a l is found a nd r em o ved" 
(p. 94). 
A useful add it io n, whe ther o r no t the 
reade r werc fam ili a r with in sec ts, wo uld be 
m as te r kc ys af ter th e s tvl e of ::- re tcalf and 
F li nt. so ih a t a compl e te ly un famili a r pes t 
could he t rackcd <1 o \\" n quickl y. Th e brcak-
dOI\'n ll1ight bc accordi ng to ha bit a t, food, 
s ize, s ha pe or O rd e r. A lreadv th e re are 
seve ral \'ery good, s ho rt keys 'in th e text , 
g ivin g diq in n io ns within g roups. T he 
ar ran g eme nt n f sub-h e;vls \\'ithin cha pt e rs is 
not uni form. hu t a n adequ a te ind ex partly 
comp ensate s for this la ck. Each chapt er 
end s I\·ith a .l'/'od hih li og rapll\·. The s tylf is 
br eezy ;11](1 n 'cn co llo qu ial.- H. R. IHtlrCIrt iJ.) . 


Chemical Control of Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) in British Columbia Peach Orchards

Ross, D. A.

Evans, D.

36 ENTO MOLOG ICAL SOC IETY OF BRITISH COLUMB IA, PROC. (1955) , VOL. 52, APRIL _\C)_ 1956 
ANNOTATED LIST OF FOREST INSECTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
PART 111- EUPITHECIA SPP. (GEOMETRIDAE)1 
D. A. Ross" AND D. EVANS3 
Abou t 35 species of ElIjJilhecia li\'e on 
furest trees and shrubs in Briti sh Col-
umbia. \IVith t h e exception ot Ii. 
albicapilala and E. co/1!lIIbrala, the local 
Ell pilbecia arc dcfolia to rs: ha If the 
specie s of defo liators a rc conifer 
feeder s; th e oth er s feed on broa d-
leaved trees. Several of th e species 
a re com m on a lthough non e has been 
obse rved to cause noticeable defolia-
tion. 
Eupi/hecia lar vae are sm a ll slende r 
loope r s u sually about 1 inch in length. 
Th e body is ye llowish, browni sh, or 
green ; the maj o ri ty of species h ave a 
dark dorsal line or s tripe, occas ionally 
subdorsal st ripe s. Othe r s, e.g., cedar 
and juniper fe eders , have markings 
that resemble the foliage. Under high 
m agnifica tion , t he larva l skin appears 
to h ave a pebbly texture. The larvae 
of many British Columbia species a re 
poorl y known ; only a few of the com -
m one st on es a re de sc ribed in thi s 
paper. 
All Eupi/hec;a li sted h e re ove r wi n ter 
in the pupal s tage, excepting E. bryant;, 
E. IIi phado philata, E. lmicolo r, a nd E. 
graefii which, presumably, hibe rnate 
in the larval or egg stage. 
The species below a re arranged ill 
a lpha betical orde r fo r conve nience. 
E. albicaptitata Pac k. Picea glauca (co nes 
a nd Adelges ga ll s) , P. cngellllalilli (co nes); 
Interior D.C. a nd Wh itehorse, Y uko n T erri -
to ry. Larva : Dody fle sh cDlou red, \\-ith r ed-
dish s trip es . 
E. annulata (Hlst.). Pscudotysuga taxi/olia, 
Pic er/ engelmanni, P. gl(/I/cil. Abies lasiocarpd, 
,1. grclildis, A. dl//(/bilis (3 record s), TS/l.~a heter-
()/,iJ;,flci, T. lIlertenJi{/fla ( 1) . Cent ra l In te rior, 
50uth ern B.C. a nd V.I.t; a ve ry C0111I11.o n 
species. Larva : 1\ inch; h ead , pa le brown; 
hody redd ish- hrO\\-n o r ye ll owish -brown; 
bro\\-n do rsal lin e, do uble o n thorax; fa in t 
ere;) 111 snhd orsa l s t ri pe m av be presen t ; 
511p raspir;lcu lar arca rcdd ish- broll-n; suh -
s pir;lcuLlr fold c rea m; ce ntre of s lI ra na l 
p l;lte concn lorous II-it h h ead, edge c ream-
colour ed. 
1 Contribution Xo. : :!2. F orf' s t Hi ologT D i ,"is ioll, 
Science Sen'ie t', D epa rt tllellt ()f A gric ultui'c, O t ta\\"tI , 
Canad a. 
2 For('~t ni O\ogT L rlbo r Clton', Vernon, 13 .C. 
Forest BioloK» T,abor a tory', ' Yi ctoria , B.C. 
r \ Fancou\"t.:T :Is land. 
E . arceuthata (l~'reyer). j Ullip <'ul' CO 111-
III/I/II J , Fintry. Quesnel; J . .r co/JIIloUlIII, ( ;,dd en, 
_\ ;Irc(os li C reek. Larva : hea(l a lI<I body, 
green; dark c\"rsal ;lIlll supra:-;pir;\c ular 
s l ripe s ; s jJir ;lc u\;tr lin e g rc e ni s h-yeli ull-. 
E. bryanti Ta y!. Salix sp., Saturn a bl;)nd. 
LII"\-a co llected .\by 20, ]lupa ted .\ fa , · 22, 
;" Iult elne rge(l june 15. 
E. castigata (Hbn.) . Alnus I'IIbr(/ (1) , Up-
per l' itt Eil"e r, Pitt R ive r, Du n tzen Lake ; 
J-'opIIIlIJ bct!Jamijera (1), r- l ile 20, Alaska Hi gh-
II-av. Larva : cream y -brown g round colour, 
d;u\: bro ll'n mark in gs on t he dors um . 
E . columbiata columbiata (Dya r ). Salix 
spp" ?cIabel Lake ; Alnus spp., Trini ty \-aliey. 
Lill ooet lZi ve r; Betula sp. , Quesne l, Quee ns 
Dav; Ace,- glab,-lIf1l, C res ton. Larva: brow n-
is h- red, with clark lin es o n dorsum. 
E. columbiata holbergata lIacK. AIIIIIS 
s pp. , Salix sp. , Rhctmnlls ptlrJhianct, So uthern 
Coast a nd V.l. Larva: reddi sh-brow n body ; 
vag ue lin es on do rsum; broken dar k sub-
do rsal str ipe; s ho r t a nal tubercle s. 
E . columbrata .\[CD. Picea silciJenJis 
(co nes); South ern Coast and V.I. Larva: 
pa le o ran ge -bro\l'Il, shaded da rk er o n t he 
do rsulll . 
E. filmata Pears. Picea ellgellJltlJllli, p_ 
gla!l((/ , P. "!driallct. P. Jitchellsis, AbieJ lasio-
cm-p" ( 1 r ecord); Cent ral a nd Sout hern In-
ter io r, and No rth ern Coast . Larva: head, 
pale brown; body pale hrO\\'n wit It cla rk 
hrn ll'n markings; brown pa ttern o n do rs u111 
extending to s id es of body abollt each ab-
c1 0111inal spirac le; broken dark broll-n sub-
do rsal lin e ; subspirac ul a r st ripe c ream-
colo ured. Thi s pCllter n IllClY b e o bscu re on 
som e specim ens. 
E . fletcherata Ta y!. Alnlls sp., Dasllll-ood 
V .I. Larva: pa le IHo ll-n , dark b ro\l'll "d ia-
m o nd " pattern .on dorsl1rn. 
E. gelidata .\[oe5c hle r . '\fi le 118-1-. _-\l:ts ka 
H ig hw;I Y, Y.T. 
E. georgii MeD. Betllia pap)!ifer" (1 
r eco rd), Cedllol/JIIS s p. (l); Ende rb,-. Fal k-
lanel , A rm st ro ng, Sq l1il ax. Larva: " pale 
bro ll'n; doubl e ~ o r s a l lin e expandin g- in to 
c\l:\m ond pattern. 
E. gibsonata T ayl. T blljd pliei/ta ; "finnctte 
Day, T e rrace. 
E . graefii vancouverata (Tayl.) , A /h l/tllr 
lIleJI::iesii. T IJ/lja plicale/ (I), Pre/ldo/j /l g" laxi-
f() li" ( 1); V.T. Pup;lte~ in Jul y, ad nl t cill erges 
Angnst. Larva : ,,:triable ye lloll'-gT een ; red-
cJj,;h dorsa l st rip e OlltO vertex o f head; red -
di s h spirac nla r lin e som e t illl es p resent, 
E . harrisonata MacK. T JII gc/ bele,o !,byll", 
A bieJ dlllctbiliJ (52, A. g)"{{i1riiJ (4). A, I,,_rio-
cmpa ( 1) , l'selld()tJIIgct Ictxi folid (4), PiCf.1 gl'l//cd 
(3); 5 0uth e rn Coas t an d V. I. Larva: a ppa r-
entl y th e re are tll-O colo ur phases: one is ;i 
ENTO~1 0LOG ICA I ., SOCIETY OF BRITISH C OLUM BIA , PROC. (1955) , VOL. 52, APRIL 30, 1956 37 
vc l,'c t" g rcen; th e o th e r is r eddi s h-hr.'J\I' Il. 
B u t h jl li a, es 11 ;("c a dark do r sal lillt: \I 'ilh 
p;t! c edging' ; fin e dark s ubdo rsal lin e,;, 
y ell ' )\\'i"h subs pirac ula r linc s ; dark ,'ent e r, 
u"ualh' lI' ith lig ht sub,'e ntr,,1 linc:;, 
E. kananaskata \1 ;,el,-, Alllm s p. ( I 
r ecord); \'edd e r ; (1'-a ,;l o a nd C hilli\l'ack -
~ lad,- ;,,' 195 I). L.,;,rva: "do rsulll has lo ng 
di;L1l1 (IJHi Ina rkll1 gs. 
E. long ipalpata P ack , T SIIg" he/el'ophyl/a, 
T . lIIeUrl/ .. i.lllc1 ( I ) , PseudolJu,~a /axi/olia, A bie.1 
gl'alldi , (3) . Picea .1 i/chell siJ (2), PilluJ 1II 011/ieol. I 
( I) , })i'lll" CI)I7 /Oria ( I ), T lmjd pliCd/a ( I ); \ '. t. , 
Oucen Cha rl o t te Is la lltb, ~o ut hcrIl alld 
Ce lltra l Cuas t , Larva: " he;,d and hod ,' 
ye ll"\I'i, li -gTecn; dark d(l r s ;t\ lillc; pa lc sul;-
d (> r:;;t\ lines Si ,nl et illl e,; pr c"c llt; ,'e llo \l'i';!1 
!' pir ;u.:u b r line." -
E . luteata bifasciata ( lh;lr), P"eue/ol., ug" 
' axijo/l.I. fJ ic ed elig e//I/Clllui , P. Ji/c iJensi y. P. 
1Ihll i.III,I I I) , A bie.1 1".rioc"l'pd , A, alJlabili,. A , 
gl'alle/I ' ( i) . L.Jri.,' oaie/ell/ ,ili .. , L. l" l'icill.l . T .IIIg I 
bel"; "p r,d !,I. Pillus COII/IH/,I ( I ) , p , lIIoll/ ieul" 
U) ; ( c lll r;t\ and ~( 'uthern H,C. an d \ '. 1. 
T lli , i- " ne o f the mos t :,hu nda nt o f the 
f"re' t [ upi/becia , Larva : gTOIIlld colo u r 
\ 'ari; II ,1e- - Illay he Ycll o \\ 'i, ll -g reen, bro ll' ll-
isll . "r;u Ig c o r r eddi s ll; dark do r s; t! lin c, 
Ill a" he hrukc n ; light b ro \l'n ;; ubd orsal lin es ; 
surana l plate usua lly tipp ed red; dark I'e nte r, 
lI'itl l Ii ,'-!'ltt sub,'e ntral lin cs . 
E. maestosa harlequinaria ( l)yar) . AIIIIIJ 
s pp .. A rbll/II ." mel/ziesii (3), PrlmllS sp. ( I), Scilix 
s p, (I) , Qllerclls gC}}Tya/la ( I); ~ou(h e rn Coas t 
and \ ' ,1, Larva: head a nd body, pal e g recn; 
redd i-h do rsa l st rip e. 
E. maestosa maestosa (Hl s l). AIIIIIS s p., 
Athal mer. Larvac take n dur ing Jul y pu pated 
ill ,-\U l-!U"f, L arva: "green is !t -yc IlO\,·". 
E. misturata misturata ( Hlst), l~bclIllIIJl S 
/Jllr .. bi,III", ill",111J sp p. ; ~outlt c rn Coaq and 
V, I. Larva : bod y. pal e g r ee n, dark c r at 
te rm inals; c1a rk e r do r sa l and suhd o r;;a l li nes; 
ye ll""'i, 1t s piracular lin e, 
E. nimbicolor (Hlst). Salix sp.; ' Ii ile s 878 
a ll d 12112. ,-\ Iaska l-li g itll' a y , Larva : "a pal e 
yell,-I\ \" (I I' creatn" . 
E. niphadophilata ( I )yar), j llni/Jel IIJ eom-
1II1111i " ~"u th e rll In ter io r; larl'ae tak e ll \[;t" 
2-+ - ,iune 13, pU1)a tcd in ,iull e a nd .lull:; 
:td ll l t ... c llle r g"c d ill Atl g u s t . Larva: hC;td 
p; Jie I-!Tl'C ll i,;1 1 lI 'it It brt)lI·n bl o t c it es ; I)ody- , 
g n ':C' !l , 1 )]; \C k d( q- :.:, ;t\ S 1 ri pc; c r C' ;lI11 coi()u r e, I 
s pir: tc u b r a rC'a; br()\\ ' lli ~ h p; t tcli fI ll ~t1r;lll~d 
pla tC' , 
E. o livacea T ayl. PJi: lldo/l /u!. I Iclxi/oli .!, 
T , /,,~.; iUi!O p/}) 11.1, ,1bieJ ,1I11"bili , (.). 11. 
gr.II:.!I' (2); ~"utl l (,],]1 CO:l s t, L a rva : !tead, 
p a lc h r" " ' II ; 1)( 1111' \'cll "Il'is!J- brnll' ll lI'it lt 
d ;Lrk cr ( li a~.!'-:) ! l;ll 11 1;t rkill g~ :Ll () 11 ,~' d n r :-;l ll 11 . 
E. ornata ( I fbt), Pil/ IIJ fOll /Or/" . P. 1II011 /i· 
rol" I I reco rd ); ~o ut!tern rl ,C. alld Y .l. 
Larva : 1 inch lo ng; head. Ltn; body , ligll t 
(l r "ell ()II' is h-green; fa irl y bri g ht r ed do r ,a l 
q ri pe edgcd lI'ith ycl lo 'I' ; ana l p ro legs :lIlt! 
an al tubercles r edd is lt. 
E. palpata Pack. Pinlls COI//or/d, P. ilion/i· 
eol" p , pOJlderoJa, (3 reco rd s ) ; Ce ntra l aud 
Sout he r n In tc rio r. Larva: pal e t an head; 
g ree ni s h-ye llo ll' body, dark do r sal lill e, Illa y 
be partial ly o bsc ured by r eddi s h o r Dran ge 
do r sulll; ye lleJ\"i s h s pirac ula r s t ripc. 
E. perfusca (Hlst. ), Belllla papyri/em, EIl-
derby, Mara, C rei g hton Val ley, Ho\l'c So un d . 
Larva: slllall tall head; bodl' g r ce ui :; h -
yell oll'; su ranal plat c r cdd is h, 
E. perfusca kootenaiata ( Dyar). SCil ix s p" 
AillllJ sp .. Be/lila s p. ( I r cco rd); ]\;or lil eni 
B.C, alld Tag-is h a nd \V hit eho rse, Y.T. 
_\lcIJulln o ug h ( 19-+9) , g i,'es t he fo ll ,m'in g di ;;-
Iribllti o ll: " F;ti rl y gc neral in th e south 
cellt ral reg io n o f Bri t is h Col ulllbi a·'. Larva : 
" body ,'cI IO\,· is h lI 'ith da r k lo ng di a 1llo nd 
patt e rn un do r sum." 
E . placidata Ta y\. T hll j,; plic,l/a . f IlJlil)efl!J 
JcoplllolIlJlI; ~()u th e rn H.C. nu nll li, AIe .. GlIl -
dr i:t ill the Int e ri o r , Larva: rcse lllb ies cedar 
o r JUlllpe r tll'ig-, H ead, LIII; hud y, g reen; 
hbck ur hroll' n do rsa l lill e. in In nn 0 1 a SIII:t11 
L o n t he p rot I1Ora" , a nd a c h:ti n of d i;t -
Ill OIH ls Oil th e dur suill Uj' th e abd olllen; a 
rusty brO\l' II pat ch u n ,\-+ and ;\ i 
E. pseudotsugata \ lad": , PJelido/JIIga /axi· 
/oli'). Picea gl,,"ct! ( I r cco rd); So uth c rn .I n -
tcr io r. Larva: "head, ta ll; ho dy gree ni s h (> 1' 
ye ll o ll'is h ; r eddi sh- hro ll'n do r sulll \\'illl d:trk 
do r sal lin e." Apparently Ian'ae o f thi s 
s pecies !J;II'e hccn con fu sed in tIle pas t lI'it h 
E. ol'llahl and [. p"lp,I/({. 
E. ravocostaliata Pack. Saiix sp.; Ce nt ral 
a nd So uthern lnt er io r and V .I, Larva : head 
and bod y bri g lt t g ree n; o li ,'e -g ree ll dors:t\ 
ami subdorsa l lin es ; yel lo ll' subs pirac ular 
lin c, edged bel o ll' lI'itlt r ed; r ed anal 
t ube rcles. 
E. rotundopuncta Pack. Salix sp., Picet! 
si/ciJellJis (h os t ' ), l'rince I,upert; Quc e n 
Charlo t te Js land s. Larva : hcad, broll' n; bod y, 
p:tl e brOl\'lI; b ro ke n bn>l"n lin es o n do r sum , 
E . satyrata (HlllI.), SCilix s p. , J\ I ile 108-+ 
Alaska H ig h ll'ay; Carcros s, Y.T. 
E. transcanadata \lac T":'. PJe/ldolS lI,~a faxi · 
folia, Picea engelllltllJlli, T Jllgd iJe/eropiJyl/a, 
Abie.r laJiocCll'pa, A, 8 I'ane/i.r, T hllia /)/iccilt! . Larix 
occie/ell/alis, L. lal'icill(l ; Cent ra l a nd So u1 hern 
1 nt e ri o r, a nd '\ V cs t Prin ce I, upe rt F o rcst 
D is tri c t. Larva: hody , g r ec ni s h; dark r ed -
d is ll do rsa l lin e; fin e dark subdo rs ;t1 lin es; 
1;l n ';t , 'c ry ;; illlilar to E, palpd/a. 
E. unicolor ( H b t. ). T imid pliuhl. Pselld() /· 
Jlig" ",xifoli" . TJlIg'} be/eml}!;)!I" (3) , A bie..-
s pp" \ ' ,'1. ~outltcrll ('"asi. I_a n 'ac t ;tk en 
\ 1<1,' -+ 1<> .l ui" 1~ ; pupac Cl>lIc,'ICd ill Li l ler 
Ilai i oi J uly; ;((Iu lt ,; c ll lcr" cd in ill sectar, ' 
Ironl [ull e Ix tl) ,-\u !.( ll sl 11. Larva: a tll · i ,~' 
nlilllic' "" lllclI'hat sim i'la r t ll r. 1,1.leid.I/. I ; "head 
r edd i"h e"c c ptin g th e 1<'1'. lI 'hic h is pale," 
E . usurpata 1'e:lr,; , /1bieJ tllII"!Jili., , A, 
k l,lIIt1iJ. T '"g .l be/em/lb) lla ( I ). T iJll j" /)Iic"/ ,, 
( 1) ; \ ' ,1. a nd ~otIth e l'lI Coa s t. L a rva: II(' ad. 
hr ight tall; ,'a r icga ted b ro ll'n d iag'u llal p:t t -
ter ll o n \t " dy; irreg ul;tr y ello ll· spiracuiar 
lin c ; do r sal :lnd suhdo rsal lill cs at' termin al s. 
E. vinsullata :-'f:lc K. Pselldo/.f llga I</xi/oli" 
Sout he rn Int e ri o r. Larva : Hbody, pale 
bro ll' lI o r yc llowish; da rk do rsal lin e, fi ll e 
lateral linc; li g ht spiracubr li ne." 
38 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BR ITISH COLUMBIA, P ROC. ( 1955) , VOL. 52, APRIL 30, 1956 
Acknowledgments 
:\Ios t of the ad ult s in our coll ection were ident ified by :\[iss :\L H .. :\[acl"::,,,·. E n to-
mology Divisio n, Ottawa. Our rela tive ly advanced s tage o f knowledge o f this g ro up is 
due to th e interest that l\li ss :\JacKay took in Eupitbecia while she was statio ned at the 
Ve rno n la borato ry . 
Des criptions o f larvae appea ring in quotati on m a rk s were m ade by labo ra to ry pe rs,::m ·· 
nel o th cr than th e autho rs. 
R eferences 
\facK ay, :\ f . J\. S pec ies o f Eupi/beeicl rcared in th e Fo re ;; t ln sec t S ur vey in B riti sl o Colulll-
bi a. Canad. Ent. R3 :7i -9 1. 19.:; 1. 
_\fc Dunnoug h, ]. H. Revi, io ll o f th e N o rth A lll cri c; lll ;; pcc ics o f th e g cnu s [/lpi/ bal.: . Tl ull. 
Am er . . \[u s. )Ja l. Hi s!. 93(8) :537-728. 1949. 
ANNOTATED LIST OF FOREST INSECTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
PART IV-HYDRIOMENA SPP. (GEOMETRIDAE)1 
D . A . R oss2 AND D . EVAN S3 
These loopers are considered to be 
of no economi c impo rtance since they 
occur in small numbers and have not 
been known to cause a ny appreciable 
defoli a tion. Of t he 11 species notcd 
here, 7 a re conifer feeder s; t he others 
feed on broad-leaved hosts. The la rvae 
of most species of Hydriomena are 
brownish ; some species a re banded, at 
least in t he early in sta rs. 
H. albimontanata, d;v;sar;a, irata, 1lllbilo-
fasciata, and remmc;ata overwinter in the 
pupal s tage ; som e, if not a ll o f the 
oth er species ove rwintc r in the larva l 
stage. 
H . irata Swet t. A ll o f our typical /rel/(/ 
spec im cll s cam e from Picea Jilcbel/ jiJ 0 11 th e 
Quee n Cha rlotte I sla nd s. McDunn,ollgh des~ 
ig na ted o th er se ries of s pecimens as 
" probahl y all fo rms o f H . ira/a" . Th e latter 
were reared from. T jllg(/ be/eropb;ll", T. 1I1e1'-
/emi"na, Pjeudo/Jllga laxi/olicl, and Pice" sp. 
in " ar ious pa r ts o f B riti sh Columbia south 
o f 54 0 latitud e. Larva: pal e hrO\\'n head 
a nd sur:1l1a l pla te; ea rl y in sta l'S banded with 
reddi sh -brow n o r drah g ree n ; lat er in sta l'S 
\\·ith dar k broken subd o rsa l a nd spiracular 
lin es . 
H. marinata exaspera ta B. & :\f c n. P.rell -
dOIJuga laxi/olia, Qualicum; Abiej grandiJ, 
1 Contri bution ).10. 22\ F ores t Biology Di" is ion , 
~c i e nce S{'I"\' ice, l)epartlllen t of A g- ric ttltlll"c . Ot t a\\'a , 
Call?tia . 
2 F orest Hiology L ;lbnr ato ry, Vern on, R. C. 
3 Fores t Biology Laborator y , Vi c tori a , D.C. 
Sooke ; Picea Ji/riJenJiJ, Knig ht Inl er. P upa-
t ion occurs in Jun e; adult s em e rge late in 
Jun e o r ea r ly Ju ly. 
H . probably edena ta grandis B. & ~lcD. 
PJeudolwga /clXi/o lia, Col\Vood o n \" a ncouver 
J s land. Larva pupated April 29 : au ult 
cme rg ed in :\[ay. 
H. divisaria Wlk. Pieea engellll.lIIf11. PJeIl-
do/.ruga taxi/olia, A biej laJiocarpa; Ce nt ra l and 
~outhern Int er io r. 
H . renuncia ta \ 'Vlle AII2tH s pp . :\[ os t of 
th e specim ens irom V.I. and th e Sout hern 
Coast arc des ignated as H. ,.. colli III bicl!a. 
O th er s pec im ens from thi s area and Ce n t ral 
and So uth e rn Int erio r B .C. are des igna ted a ~; 
H . ,·ell/illeia/a. Pro bably this is th e ~common­
e>t o f th e fo rest H ydriomena in B.C. Larva : 
head and pro tho r,;cic shi eld , hr(>\\'n; hody, 
\I·ith jJurpli sh ha nd s ; pale douh le do rsal, 
wid e suud o r, ;tI, and s piracular li nes. 
H . albi monta na ta :\IcD . Pselldots ll g.1 laxi· 
/oli", Sou th e rn Int e ri o r. Larva : he :td , tan; 
uody, li g ht hrO\\'n, with a sll1 ;tl l dark bLown 
pat ch o n do rsum o f each seglll elll ; sm ;tll 
IJrO\\'n pa tches on sid es of tho rax. 
H. furca ta Bo rg . Scdix spp. \'. r. a lHI 
Coast, and Ce ntra l Inl erio r . l'n p:diu n a s 
ea rl y as J un e I I ; fi r s t adult elll erRencc date 
is July 13. L a rva: I inch; ve r ~' dark browll 
head an d body ; li g ht subdorsal a nd spir-
;l(' ula r lin es; ind is t inct pal e supraspirac ular 
lin e. 
H . speciosata Pack. PIIlII J COII/ O l"/.I . PU ll' 
d"/JIIgCl laxijoli". T J/l g" be/eroth),!!,,; \ ' .r. O ne 
spcc im en frolll A bie.r GfCllldis .. \ -a lde.- [sla nd, 
o ne from PJelldo/JII gCl /"xi/oli" . Salt S prin g 
lsland, an d n ne from TSll gCl beterapb)!!.I. Ilute 
J n1cl \\'e re de sig nat ed as H. s. io rm "1)'lori 


Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia Part III - Eupithecia spp. (Geometridae)

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1955) , VOL. 52, APRIL 30, 1956 
IN MEMORIAM 
James Rushton John Llewellyn-Jones, 1894-1954 
James R. J. Llewellyn-Jones, an only child, was born in N ewcote West 
Avenue, Exeter, England, on 27th July, 1894. His father died in 1902 and 
d uring the First World War when James was in one .of the branches of the 
a rmed services, his m other (nee Rushton) passed away; early in 1951 hi s 
aunt, sister of his mother, also died leaving James the last remaining member 
of both sides of hi s family. 
I have not been able to get any information about his life in England 
beyond the fact that he was M.A. in Theology froOm Cambridge University, 
probably completing his w.ork there after the war and was later attached to 
Exeter Cathedral for a short time. He was elected a Member of the Royal 
Entomological Society of London in 1925. 
He came .out to Canada in 1930 and in 1931 settled at Arranmore, Cobble 
Hill, in a large hou se and some twelve acres of beautiful grounds. Beyond 
te llin g us that he was the owner of the smallest registered yacht in the 
Brit ish Empire he very rarely said a nything about himself and seemed to 
"pend his time collecting and rea ring Macro-Lepidoptera. Shortly after 
coming out, he joined the EntomoI.ogical Society of British Columbia of 
whi ch he was an enthusiastic member, never missing an annual meeting and, 
O\'er the years, publishing nine papers in our Proceedings, on the "Food 
plants of British Columbia Lepido ptera". He was President of our Society 
from 1943 toO 1947 inclu sive and showed more presidential enthusiasm than anv 
o ther occ upant of th e position in thirty years. . 
In hi s Presidential addresses he advocated and strove to accomplish three 
r~ bjects (1) the increase of entomological literature in the Province, (2) 
t he establishment of sc holarships in aid .of deserving students in Entomology 
a nd (3) a reserve fund for publi shing our Proceedings. Towards the first 
!\vo it ems, he generously w ill ed hi s entomological library to the University 
a nd for some seven years awarded the entomological scholarship which boOre 
his name, to the Un ivers ity, T o establi sh a reserve fund for publishing our 
Proceed in gs, he, as a s in gle man without a ny relatives and being possessed 
(,I considerable private means, w ill ed hi s estate upon his death, to the Society. 
Bein g a very mDdest a nd quiet man, he was in sistent that this matter should 
no t be made known to the membe rs of the Society but now that he has 
passed on, it can be mentioned as an indication of his general interest in 
E ntomology and hi s wi sh to help ou r Proceedings. Unfortunately, the 
"econd world ,,'ar so depleted hi s investme nts which were still in England, 
t hat in 1951 he ,,'as forced to cancel thi s disposition of his estate. At this 
period al so, he \\'a s forced to pu t up his house and grounds for sale and 
earl,' in 193-1, he mm'cc1 to a hotel in Vancouver, sendin g hi s large cabinet 
(,I snme five thou sand specimen s o f lIacro-Lepidoptera to the University for 
:,a nctuary, Since he had publi shed "An Annota t ed Check List of the ,Macro-
Lepido pt era o f British Columbi a" as Occasional Pape r No, 1 of the Entomo-
I{)gic;tl Suc iety o f Briti s h Columhia in June 1951, at hi s own ex pense, hi s 
cr ,lIectin n of perfect ly mounted , labelled and cata logued specime ns makes , 
" ' ith thi s annotat ed check li s t, a maj o r controb ution to our science and to 
t he Lni\'e rsit y of thi s PrO\'in ce . 
Afte r mO\'in g to Y a ncouver :'f r , J ones used to come out toO the Unive rsity 
e \'ery vVednesday mo rnin g for a couple of hours to ,,'ork ove,' his coll ect ion, 
insert ne\\- material and genera ll y keep it up to date; this, in spite ,of the 
iact that for a couple of years he had bee n in extremely roor health, B ,' 
the a utumn of 1954 hi s hea lth had improved ve ry conside rably and the doctors' 
re port s \\'ere very encouraging, On the 24th of Novembe r he came o ut to 
the U ni\'ersity as usual, \\'as ve ry chee rful , looked quite fit and sa id that he 
\ \'as feeling very much better. Some time during the ni ght of 25/ 26 Novem-
be r. he passed ;l\\'ay in hi s s leep and \\'as buried on December 4th from St. 
,lames Anglican Ch urch, Six members of th e Soc iety acted as pallbearers 
;l11 d a co nside rable numbe r of friends attended the service and follO\\ied to 
Ocean View Cemetery \\'here our friend and c.olleague lies buried, 
(~ fy thanks are exte nded to Mrs, Janet Patter<;on, of Steves ton, to ::-'fr. 
:\ , D, Crease. soli cito r of Victoria and to :'1r. R .r. P, Barriscale iJf '-an-
UJl t\'er for info rmatio n concerlli ng the early lii e o f :'[r, LIe\\iell yn -Jones,) 
-G, ]. Spence}', 
4i 

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CHAPMAN '" WARWICK LTD . 
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