Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

Gregson, J. D.

-i4 
THE T ICK REFERENCE LIBRARY AT KAMLOOPS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, 
AND ITS APPLICATION TO TICK STUDIES IN CA NADA 
J . D. GREGS ON' 
The tick refer ence library at Kam-
loops consists of a bout 5000 refer ences 
on 5 x 8 cards, together with more 
th a n 1200 r eprints. Because th ere is 
no comparable library elsewhere in 
Canada and because it may be of 
ser vice to those en gaged in rela ted 
fi elds of study, pa rticularly those of 
zoonosis, it is timely to draw a ttention 
to its m a in headin gs. Its role in a id -
in g present s tudies on ticks is exem-
plified by references to current and 
future problems on these pa rasites. 
The ticks of Canada receiv ed th eir 
first r ecognition through C. G . Hewitt, 
when, as the Dominion Entomologist 
at Ottawa, he publish ed "A contribu-
tion to the knowled ge of Canadian 
ticks" (Hewitt, 1915) . He cited sixteen 
species a nd emphasized the import-
anr.e of ticks as carri ers of serious 
cliseases to man and a nima ls. Only 
seven of the names then listed r emain 
unchanged in the present lis t of over 
thirty species record ed in Canada 
(Gregson, 1956). On the other hand, 
the cause of the disease, tick paraly-
sis, which had been recognized then 
only for three years, is still little 
understood . 
Proj ected research on ticks did not 
begin un til 1928 when Eric Hearle , 
Officer-in-Charge of the newly-estab-
lish ed Dominion Entomologica l La-
boratory at Kamloops, co mmenced 
his studies on insects a ffectin g live-
s tock a nd man in British Columbia. 
K a mloops h as since remained the 
center for tick studies a nd a ttention 
has acco rdingly been pa id to the com-
pilation of r eferences pertinent to 
this work . At first th ese were ma inly 
confined to North American publica-
tions on taxonom y, with li ttle re gard 
1 H escarcll St a t ion , l30x 210, I'<lmloo ps. B.C. 
to tick- borne diseases south of the 
forty-ninth parallel. As knowledge of 
bird mi grants and parasites increased 
a nd as world-travel became a n every-
day occurrence it became increasin gly 
importa n t to r ecogn ize species of 
ticks a nd diseases transmitted by 
th em th at were of potentia l import-
a n ce to Ca nada. Similarly, as litera-
ture On ticks increased , it beca m e 
desirabl e to refer to a ny fundamental 
research bein g done elsewhere on 
species simila r to those in Canada. 
Thus the r efer ence library now covers 
every aspect of tick research that has 
come to the writer 's attention, includ-
ing publica tions on tick-borne dis-
eases, for these frequently contain 
information on the vectors and their 
hos ts . Reprints have been secured 
wherever possible. However , complete 
works of for eign publications and 
t.heir translations a r e often difficul t 
to obtain . A third of the references 
to ticks and tick-borne d iseases, for 
example, are in fore ign languages; 
more than half of th ese are in Rus-
sian. 
An a rbitra ry filing system was 
adopted to include the main sections 
on systema tics, morphology, tick-
borne diseases, and control. However , 
beca use ma ny of the references 
referred to data on more tha n one of 
these subj ects, priority was given to 
the fir st category. References to spe-
cific t icks a r e fil ed according to their 
respective genera; those containing 
severa l gen era a re fil ed under a 
"groupecl" h eadin g. For co nvenience 
Nearctic references a r e filed separ-
ately. When th e emphasis is on 
morphology, disease, or control, th ey 
a re filed und er these h eadings or 
P':<l(. i<: .'T ' ,II()I. . S", R i:IT. ('''1. , ' .11,:1 .1. ''", .. ;)~I (lH6 ~ ). DIT 1. 1 9ti~ 
subheadings thereof. To da te no at-
tempt has been made to cross index 
the individual references for su bj ect 
matter , or to make an a uthor index 
of the whole series. Both are desir-
able. 
1. Systematics 
Over 1500 separate references are 
in this category. The vas t amount of 
Il1formation in many of th e foreign 
works, Russian in particula r , can be 
extracted only as the publications a r e 
acquired and studied. Such pa pers on 
Old World species, their hosts and 
habits , have much to offer when com-
pared with our own studies, for in 
Canada we a re in a favourable posi-
tion to a ppra ise our north-western 
species in terms of Holarctic origins. 
Considered in this light, it is import-
ant to speculate on their capacity to 
transmit tick-borne diseases at pres -
ent confined to Asia a nd Eu rope. 
Looking southwards, an observant 
eye must be kept on a ll Nearctic 
records and descriptions of ticks , par-
ticula rly those which may be trans-
ported on bird or bat migrants . Recent 
taxo nomic studies of certain argasids 
in this group h ave cast doubt on th e 
id entity of at least one species tha t 
is pres umed to h ave been brought in 
on a bird . Past record s of ticks from 
caves, seashore retreats , beaver 
houses, burrows, and 11uma n dwel-
lings, have shown that th ey may well 
extend their normal range in such 
protected conditions; the biology and 
epizootic significance of south ern 
s pecies cannot be ignored . Amo ngst 
species occurring in Canada are tax-
onomic problems of variation in size, 
host specificity , a nd distribution 
which can profita bly be compa red 
with simila r findings in th e U.S . a nd 
other pa rts of th e world . 
2. Morphology 
This sec tion contains over 600 re fe r-
ences and is broken down to incl ud e 
a n atomical observations, s tud ies on 
behaviour and physiology, reproduc-
tion. and feedin g. Histologica l and 
embryological studies go back little 
further than 1900 . Since then there 
h a ve been several ma j or works on th e 
feeding mechanisms of varions m em-
bers of the Ixodoidea, the last origin-
ating from this la boratory in 1960, 
but controversy and ignorance still 
exist over th e exact function of cer-
tain structures of the sucking appar-
a tus. Considerable study in Europe 
has also been m ade on the cuticle of 
t icks in r elation to wa ter balance; 
again , experience h as shown th at 
these researches could profitably be 
extended to cover local species. 
References to the beh aviou r of 
ticks cover such challenging subjects 
as hos t speCificity, dispause, photo-
periodic rhythm in feeding, qu estin g 
habits, attractants, and phenological 
correlations. Knowled ge of anyon e of 
these topics can a id our search for 
better methods of tick control ; taken 
together they represent the in t rica te 
re la tionships th at exist between the 
tick, its env ironment , and its host. 
Studies on parthenogenesis , fertil-
ity, th e egg waxin g organ, a nd other 
aspects of reproduction are ot specia l 
significance to local population re-
search. This becomes apparen t when 
it is r ealized t hat the potentia lity of 
t ick popula tion is m eas ured la rgely 
in te rms of the several thousand eggs 
that a fema le lays. Because matin g 
causes an increase in the engorging 
rate of female D ermacentor ancZersoni 
Stiles, these studi es a r e also of inter -
est at Ka mloops where attempts are 
being made to feed ticks by a r t ific ia l 
means. 
3. Tick-c orne Disea ses 
There a re over 2000 references to 
tick-born e di seases, with emphasis on 
Texas fever , Rocky Mou nta in spotted 
fever , tularaemia , r ela psing fev er , 
tick paralysis. Q fever , and Colorado 
tick fever. all of wh icl1 occur in Nor th 
PH(H'. I'>' 1'0 .' (01. . SIl<'. B I<lT. CO l.!' .111l1.1 . \'01 .. ~!cI (1!16:!). DI·:(. I. HI62 
America. Except for Texas fe ver , a ll 
ha ve been record ed in Ca n a da. Since 
British Columbia is unique in having 
a greater tick para lysis problem than 
anywhere else in the world , the 350 
references to this disease a r e par-
ticularly complete. In addition , th ere 
a re a bout one hundred references to 
kindred conditions of toxicity pro-
d uced by t ick bite. 
The value of these r efer ences to 
disease will be not so much in their 
practical use as in providing data fo r 
a fund a m ental picture of tick-borne 
disease poten tialities. In Canada, par-
ticularly in British Columbia, a re 
h eavy populations of ticks at the 
border of m a ny urban a r eas. The fact 
t h a t th ese ticks are la rgely free of 
virulent fo rms of disease should not 
be accep ted as a fortuitous circum-
stance- rather, it should be studied 
as a phenomenum pec ulia r perha ps 
to our latitude, a nd correlated with 
records of the complex interrela tions 
that exist between ticks, their hosts, 
and their geographic position s. 
4. Control 
Five hundred refer ences to control 
show that ticks h a ve been fought 
mainly by sprays and dips of a rsen-
icals, and r ecently of chlorinated 
hydrocarbons . R esistance to chemi-
cals has a ppeared in South Africa, 
Australia. Brazil, and th e United 
States. To date none h as occurred in 
Canada; t h e brown do g tick (Rhipi-
cephalus sanguin eus (Lat.) ) will 
probably be theftrst to sh ow resist-
a nce h ere. Russia n references to the 
control of ticks on vegetation by 
smokes, dusts, a nd sprays, and to their 
elimina tion by manipulation of either 
their natura l or domestic hosts are of 
importa nce , particularly in relation 
to tick-wild-life complexes in Can-
a da. Althou gh tick pa rasites have 
been studied a nd released on m any 
occasions, there is a lack of informa -
tion on other m ean s of na tura l con -
trol. such as predation and tick 
diseases . Voles a nd ground beetles 
h a ve been ci ted as devouring t icks, 
a nd ther e is on e r eference to a fun gus 
a ttackin g the genitalia of ticks. The 
causes of fluctuation s in the popula-
tion of ticks in British Columbia a r e 
largely un expla ined . In North Amer-
ica the tick pa rasite, I xodiphagus 
texan us, h as been taken as far north 
as Idaho; in Africa the northward 
movem ent of similar parasites h as 
been observed in a pa rasitized tick on 
a migrating bird . It has not been 
determined whether such parasites 
playa part in British Columbia. 
Hewitt hoped that the meagr eness 
of his records would stimula te other s 
to a dd to the knowledge of a group 
which offered problems of unusual 
interest . Since his time there h ave 
been a bout ninety publications on 
ticks and ti ck - borne diseases in Can-
ada; more than a third of which 
pertain to tick par a lysis. Although 
mu ch fundamental research r em a ins 
to be done there is little dou bt that 
his wish is bein g fulfill ed. 
References 
Gr egso n. J . D. 1956. The Ixodoi cle(l of Ca nada. Ca n. Dept. Agric. Pub. 930. 92 pp. 
Hell·itt. C. G. 1915. A con tr ibut ion to a know ledge of Ca nadian ticks. Trans. Roya l Soc. 
of Ca nad a. 9: 225-239. 


English

The tick reference library at Kamloops, British Columbia, and its application to tick studies in Canada

Oldershaw, D. H.

6] 
SOME TECHNIQUES IN INSECT PHOTOGRAPHY 
D. H. OLDERSHAW ' 
Insects a r e very small compared to 
man . Since a verage cameras are buil t 
for panoramic and human photog-
raphy, this means that to photograph 
small objects extra equipment is nec-
essary such as extension tubes , tele-
photo lens or m ulti- lens built for mic-
robe wor k. The camera should h a ve a 
reflex system focusing through the 
lens to r elieve the ca mera -man of 
parallax correction worries. A ve ry 
firm suppor t for th e ca mera should be 
used such as a bench or t ripod . For 
accurate light intensity r eadin g a n 
incident type ligh t meter is prefer-
a ble. 
Reflectors should be made by the 
photographer of s ize and type to suit 
th e occasion . Aluminum foil glued 
over a stiff backing which is then 
mounted in a s tand , a llows two-way 
movement. A smooth-surfaced a lum-
inum foil reflec tor will give a hard , 
clear bea m of light , but a Slightly 
wrinkl ed a luminum surface will give 
a soft er light . If a very soft effect is 
r eq ui red , use a dull whi te r eflector . 
Take care that there is not any light 
bea m ed d irectly in to the camera lens 
from a reflector. 
For shiny convex surfaces of da rk 
color in the subj ect, which is very 
often encountered with in sects, use a 
polar scr een over the lens to cut out 
unwanted r eflections. For extr em ely 
shiny subjects it m ay be necessa ry to 
use pola r screens over the light beam 
and over th e lens. The light source 
may vary from the sun to strobe or 
tungsten. I n a n y case with a number 
of reflec to rs. not only is the light in-
creased, but a lso the h eat factor. This 
can be controlled by h eat sc reens 
which are placed in the light beam, if 
the subj ect is sll sceptible to heat . 
I Apiar ," Ins pect o r, Briti sh Coulmbia D ep t. of 
A gri cult u r e, ·HHi 6 til St. , :"Jew \\ 'cst l11inster. B.C . 
The followin g examples will help to 
show h ow the equ ipment mentioned 
can be used: 
Photographing Wasps Digging 
Burrows 
Havin g observed a wasp a t work , 
imagin e a clock face lying on th e 
ground , its fi gures facin g up, with the 
wasp 's position a t th e centre of the 
dial. Call th is position X. 
The sun's r ays enter at 9 o'clock 
passing through X to 3 o'clock. One 
r eflector placed a t 3 o'clock reflects 
th e sun 's rays to X , a second r efl ector 
at 5 o'clock a lso r eflects the sun 's rays 
to X , while the camera is at 6 o'clock 
with its lens focu sed on X. Check the 
fron t of the lens to make sure tha t no 
ligh t rays a r e dir ectly beaming into it 
from the sun or reflecto rs. If ligh t is 
entering direc tly into the lens, put on 
a lens hood over the lens mount. 
Check the exposu re with a meter , and 
set the lens a perture a nd speed . 
Photographing Into Cavities, 
Cocoons, etc . 
A comb con taining young honey bee 
la rvae is h eld in its natura l ve r t ical 
posit ion , at righ t a n gles and at eye 
level to th e observer who fa ces th e 
sun. 
Ma ke a variable parabolic reflector . 
Ta ke a la rge piece of plywood coa ted 
with a lumin um foil on one of its sur-
faces and cut a small h ole in its 
cen t re . T wo loops of cord posi tion ed 
at either end of the board and tigh t -
ened with a piece of wood twisted be-
tween the cords, produce the parab-
ola . Place this r eflector immediately 
in front of th e observer. Focus the 
camera lens through the h ole in th e 
r eflector . Use a lens hood to preven t 
stray direct light ent ering the lens. 
52 PI{(W. I~'\ T'I.I;()I.. S(,... /3 [<l T. C() I.[ · .I [ [<1 .\. VOl.. G~I (l~6~) . 1)1':( ' . .I. 1962 
Photographing Internal Structures 
of Insects 
Visualize a clock face in its normal 
vertical position . At the dial centre 
(X) place a shallow transparent 
trough containing the organs in fluid . 
Direct a light beam from 4 o'clock to 
pass through X and illuminate the 
organs. The camera is positioned at 2 
o'clock with its lens focused on X. 
Improvised Controlled Artif icial 
Lighting 
Visualizing the clock face once 
more, direct a projector bea m from 9 
o'clock through X where the insect is 
stationed to 3 o'c lock, where a flat or 
pa ra bolic reflector is placed to r e-
direct the beam to X . 
It is lef t to the artistic ability of the 
photographer or his desire to empha-
size certain features as to how far 
from the subject the reflectors are 
placed in these examples. 
Exposure Compensation 
When the subject is closer to the 
camera than 10 times the foca l length 
of the lens the exposure must be in-
creased. For instance with a 4 inch 
lens a ny object less than 40 inches 
a way requires additional exposure. 
The corrected exposure is deter-
mined by the following method: 
Multiply exposure time as indicated 
by meter by a correction factor. 
The correction facto r is (M + 1) 2 
where M = magnification or reduc -
tion . To calculate M , measure the ob-
j ect and its image in the viewing 
screen , and divide the va lu e for the 
obj ect into that for the image. Ex-
ample : wi th insect size and image 
size the same, write (1 + 1) 2 = 4. 
With a meter reading of 1 100 sec. at 
F 11 , we h ave 1 100 x 4 = 1 25 sec . 
at F 11. 
Following are the comparative F 
stop settings for this exposure giving 
a varying depth of focal field : 
1 400 at F 2.8, i.e. the shallowest 
field of focus, 1 50 at F 8. 
1 200 at F 4, 1 25 at F 11. 
1 100 at F 5.6, 1 10 at F 16, i.e . the 
deepest field of focus. 
Reference 
Exposurc Metel' Manual. Photo Research Corpora ti on , Hollywood, U.S .A. 
SCIENTTF'IC NOTE 
An instance of chcmical attraction of the 
ambrosia beetle, Trvpodendron I ineatum 
(Oliv.) , is of enough interest to r ecord. Dur-
ing Decemher, 1957, a batch of hom e·mad e 
beer was prepared, using malt extrac t , 
suga r , bakers yeas t, hops and gelatin. It 
was capped and held for abo ut three months . 
After use , a few bottles were put in a base-
ment. , these still containing small amounts 
of li quid a nd sett lpd materia l, possibly in -
cluding living as we ll as dead yeast ce ll s. 
The following May, after th e spring fli ght 
of t he a mbrosia beetl es , it was noted that 
there were several dozen Trvpodendron in 
the bottles. They had appar ently ent.e red 
t he basement a nd crawled throu gh th e necks 
of the bottles and had drowned in th e liquid 
residue . Four or five bottles had attracted 
a nd trapped an estimated 80 - ] 00 beetles. 
Yo ubou is the site of a large sawmi ll and 
log booms are com mon on Cowichan Lake, 
close to the town. Although beetl es may 
have been attr ... cted to the ge neral area by 
th e flo at ing logs 01' freshly sawn lumber, 
th ey have not been known to enter houses 
in num bel'S. It is ass um ed, therefore, th at a 
strong attractant was produced in the beer 
res idue, leading beetles, presumably at the 
tim e of t heir spring attack fli ght, to enter 
t he basement, find th e bottles a nd cra wl 
inside them. 
No oth er in sec ts were found wit h the 
beetl es, whic h were readily recognized as 
T. lineatum. The British Columbia Forest 
PJ'oducts Company has ca rri ed out control 
operatio ns against thi s species in recent 
~' ear~ , a nd thl' species is fa milia r. 
Thi s observati on is being placed on record 
as a res ult of the interest of J . A. Cha pman 
a nd .J . M. Kingham , Forest Entomology a nd 
Pathology Laboratory, Ca na da Department 
of F'orcstr~' , Victoria , B.C. 
- 1\ '. /': . lJil/ iou . 8.C. /-'0"",,/ P J'()lIIII'/" ('0 .. 
} "/ JIIIHJII. ./) . C . 


Some techniques in insect photography

Marshall, J.

their backs twitching when disturbed . 
Turned right side up, the larger one 
slowly burrowed into the food but the 
smaller seemed unable to burrow. It 
is likely that they had eaten some 
food during' the 7 months. 
Another 25 larvae from the same 
stock were put into the drawer with 
coarse lindane. The effect of the poi-
son was more rapid than it h ad been 
on the first group. In 6 days most were 
dead or paralysed and 11 showed 
movement under 600 to 900 f.c.; one 
larva seemed stimulated and crawled 
s lowly and incessantly ; in 18 days 
this was the only survivor and it 
finally died on the 49th day. 
These experiments show that 1 
gram of lindane scattered on the floor 
of a drawer of insects will immobilise 
and eventually kill dermestid la rvae 
and should prevent others from be-
coming established. One ounce of 
lindane will treat 28 drawers for a 
year. 
BACKGROUND FOR INTEGRATED SPRAYING IN THE ORCHARDS 
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
J. MARSHALL 
Research Station, Summerland , B.C. 
The practical meaning of integrat-
ed spraying is the production of a 
maximum crop of high quality fruit 
with a minimum of pesticides. In con-
trolling our orchard pests the idea is 
to work with Nature as closely as we 
can rather than to disregard her by 
relying blindly on preventive spray-
ing and "shotgun" spray chemicals. 
The ultimate objective is to improve 
our competitive position , and stay in 
business. 
In 1944 Country Life in British 
Columbia (28 : 6. 5) carried an unor-
thodox item on orchard pest control. 
Titled, "Is it advisable to spray for 
the three types of mites in B.C. 
orchards?" , the article was a fore-
runner of a number of others, pub-
lished elsewhere, that are helping to 
put orchard pest control on a logical 
basis. That early item drew attention 
to the importance of natural factors 
in controlling orchard pests. It point-
ed out that when a spray treatment 
kills beneficial species as well as pest 
species, it may, in the long run , do 
more h arm than good . In local or-
chard circles the a rticl e aroused 
brief speculation. Then this entomo-
logical fir ecracker quietly fizzed out . 
Like the American Austin it was 
a h ead of its time. 
But, during the interven ing years , 
t hin gs h ave been happening in the 
en tomological world. In 1946 Pickett, 
Patterson , Stultz and Lord (Scientific 
Agriculture 26 : 11 ) published the first 
of a series of articles dealing with 
th e inftuence of spray programs on 
the fauna of apple orchards in Nova 
Scotia . Their well documented work 
aroused considerable discussion . It 
stimulated inquiry in various other 
fruit growing areas; notably in Hol-
land , Belgium, Great Britain and 
California . The outcome has been the 
firm realization that we cannot hope 
to subdue our orchard pests by any 
one method of control; and, in par-
ticular , that chemical control should 
be applied with caution . During the 
la.~t 10 or 12 years this note of caution 
has been heavily underscored by the 
development of resistance to pesti-
cides in a wide variety of noxious 
insects a nd mites. 
For m any years it had been known 
that insects might become resistan t 
to such very different inorganic 
PROf; . E N T01\fOL. SO(' . BRIT. COI,UlIfRIA. VOL. 60 (1963), DEC. I, 1963 27 
preparations as acid lead arsenate 
and lime sulphur. But only in the 
'fifties, after the introduction of DDT 
and its many successors, did the full 
significance of resistance become 
clearly evident. The problem is wide-
spread ; all over the world pesticide-
resistant insects, mites and ticks are 
evolving rapidly under the stimulus 
of chemical selection. Synthetic mole-
cules of high initial effectiveness 
become useless one after another. 
The chemists are hard put to keep 
pace with the ceaseless change. Some 
entomologists claim that a pesticide 
used at low dosage may lead more 
quickly to the segregation of a resist-
ant strain of pest than at high dos-
age. Other entomologists incline to 
the opposite view. We have to balance 
uncertainty there, against certainty 
otherwise, that the low dosage is 
preferable. 
The man on the land may not real-
ize that the way in which he uses a 
pesticide can have a bearing on its 
period of usefulness. Apart from 
being a waste of money the needless-
ly frequent use of a pesticide may be 
an open invitation to chemical selec-
tion. The more often a pest population 
is exposed to a pesticide the sooner 
will a resistant strain be segregated. 
And there is another matter to think 
about. Some pesticides are hlghly 
toxic to certain pests, but only mod-
erately toxic to certain beneficial 
species. Heavily applied these com-
pounds may be indiscriminately 
lethal. But, if used at a dosage just 
high enough to kill pests, they may 
spare t he beneficial species. 
The careful use of pesticides yields 
yet another, and very different divi-
dend . !The lower the dosage of pesti-
cide the lower the spray residue on 
the fruit at harvest. The consumer is 
becoming increasingly uneasy about 
spray residues, and understandably 
so. There is no point in giving any 
justification for public concern. That 
brings ,us to a modern best-seller. 
Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring 
(Houghton & Mifflin, Boston, 1962), is 
already one of the most quoted, and 
most editorialized books of our time. 
In lovely, fiowing English it evokes 
a grisly spectre. With spine-chilling 
examples of death already done, it 
warns of the mass pOisoning of our 
environment by sinister pesticides 
synthesized with diabolical skill in 
the laboratories of modern merchants 
of death. To millions unacquainted 
with the facts (most consumers) 
Silent Spring's impressively technical 
list of references, and its frequent 
dropping of n rumes in science and 
medicine, greatly emphasize its cred-
ibility. And of special concern to fruit 
growers, spray residue, writ large 
throughout the book, becomes a term 
to rank with thrut modern abomina-
tion, atomic fallout. 
Regardless of the fact that Silent 
Spring is woefully biased, and in fact 
misleading, our methods of pest con-
trol will assuredly be modified by 
spray residues, the needless destruc-
tion of beneficial, or aesthetically 
desirable organisms, and the develop-
ment of pesticide resistance. That is 
why, as the author of the long-
deiiunct Country Life article that sug-
gested more thought and less spray, 
I think the time has come for action . 
In 1961 we of the Summerland Re-
search Station began a long-term 
experiment in a commercial orchard 
at Summerland. The purpose was 
primarily to demonstrate the influ-
ence of various dormant sprays on 
the abundance of pests, predators, 
and parasites. Following the applica-
tion of the dormant sprays (one plot 
received no dormant spray) we ap-
plied foliage sprays only when pest-
induced, commerCial loss was clearly 
imminent, and used selective pesti-
cides whenever possrble. During the 
28 PROC. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA. VOL. 60 (1963), DEC. 1, 1963 
second year the per-acre outlay for 
pesticides in the owner-sprayed part 
of the orchard (sprayed "according 
to the book") was about 25 dollars 
more than the outlay in the experi-
mental block. Yet the owner-sprayed 
trees were no healthier, and the crop 
returns no larger. And equally im-
portant, the owner, a very competent 
operato~, had a more efficient sprayer 
than thrut employed in the experi-
mental block. 
This demonstration of savings in 
operational costs shows what can be 
done with integrated spraying. But 
it does not go far enough. The or-
chard in question is in a cool part of 
the Summerland district. Pest con-
trol there is considerably less difficult 
than in, for example, the hotter and 
drier Oliver-Osoyoos district. What 
we need now is an extension of this 
sort of thing into each major fruilt 
producing area of the B.C. interior; 
and that is what we are planning. 
Working together, the Horticultural 
Branch of the British Columbia De-
partment of Agriculture, and the 
Summerland Research Station of the 
Canada Department of Agriculture 
are arranging comprehensive demon-
strations, Adjo~ning blocks of mature 
pear trees and mature apple trees 
(except for a thil'd of each treated 
with dormant oil, and a third treated 
with dormant lime sulphur), will be 
sprayed only when spraying is un-
questionably necessary. That will hold 
whether against insects, mites, or 
fungus diseases. Preference will be 
given to selective pesticides. Indis-
criminate compounds, such as DDT, 
will be avoided if at all possible. By 
doing all we can to ensure the sur-
vival of predatory and parasitic 
speCies, and by enlisting the aid of 
the weather whenever the weather 
can help us we shall aim for the max-
imum reduction of pests by natural 
control agenCies, and hence the mini-
mum application of chemical control 
measures. In the Okanagan Valley 
there will be demonstration blocks of 
from 3 to 5 acres each at Oliver, 
Summerland, Kelowna and Vernon. 
In the Similkameen Valley there will 
be a block at Keremeos. 
We shall have to ensure that the 
spraying technique is adequate, and 
that the spray chemicals are deposit-
ed in the amounts intended. To that 
end foliage and fruits will be sampled 
from the tops and bottoms of the 
trees in each orchard. The samples 
will then be analyzed in the chemical 
laboratory. 
Of the many interrelaited forms of 
life that exist in British Columbia 
orchards, we know relatively little. 
Until fairly recently the resources of 
the Entomology Laboratory at Sum-
merland had to be largely devoted to 
the "brushfire" type of research-the 
day-to-day job of keeping abreast of 
the codling moth and its associated 
problem makers, the orchard mites. 
With the codling moth prdblem con-
tained for the moment, thanks to the 
two modern synthetiC preparations 
Guthion and Sevin, we can now 
tackle the broader issues. Some of 
these issues are inherent in the pro-
posed project on integrated pest con-
trol. As long as the project is in 
operation (at least 5 years) we shall 
assess 'the rise and fall of pest species. 
parasites, and predators. This ecol-
ogical work is fundamental; without 
it we are, in a sense, without a com-
pass. In making our pest control 
recommendations we shall eventually 
be on more solid ground. 
Let us now consider where we stand 
with our present spray practice. Al-
though perhaps unnoticed by many 
fruit growers, the use of pesticides in 
the British Columbia fruit industry 
has been progressively put on a more 
rational basis over the last 13 years. 
We took the first step in 1949 with the 
PRoc . E NTOMOr.. 80(,. BRIT. C OLUMBIA. VOL. 60 (1963), DEC. 1, 1963 29 
introduction of low-volume (concen-
trate) spraying, a technique in which 
our industry is a recognized leader. 
At once the growers were able to re-
duce quite substantially the per-acre 
quantities of pesticides. The next 
step was in 1960 when we further re-
duced >the dosages of pesticides. After 
that date the recommended amounts 
presupposed good equipment, pro-
perly operated (minimum dosages ), 
rather than as previously, poor equip-
ment, poorly operated (maximum 
dosages) . The latter procedure is still 
followed in many other fruit growing 
areas. And finally, by undertaking the 
demonstration of integrated spray-
ing, we are preparing to take the third 
step. When we have shown the wis-
dom of spraying only when spraying 
is clearly necessary, instead of as a 
just-in-case preventive measure, we 
shall have reduced the use of pesti-
cides to an absolute minimum ; and 
that will be a good thing. But none 
of us, research people or fruit grow-
ers, can afford to forget that the very 
survival of the fruit industry still 
depends on pesticides. 
The next job will be 'to develop 
radically new pest control techniques. 
The autocidal (sterile male) project 
for contrOlling the codling moth, that 
has been under way at the Summer-
land Reserurch Strution since 1956, 
represents such a technique . Al-
though this new method of control 
looks more and more promiSing as the 
work goes on, it is still some years 
from practical application even if all 
can tinues to go well. 
We plan to follow the demonstra-
tions of integrated spraying with 
the preparation and distribution of 
a grower's manual to illustrate clearly 
the essentials of the procedure. The 
manual, a loose-leaf publication in 
full color, would be used in conjunc-
tion with >the annually-revised spray 
recommendations. Primarily a pic-
torial representation of symptoms of 
pest infestation, and disease infec-
tion, rather than of the pests or 
disease organisms themselves, it 
would illustrate the stage of damage, 
or pest abundance, at which spraying 
becomes necessary. It would also 
carry illustrations of the most import-
ant agents of biological control. 
Integrated control requires that 
pests be associ ruted with the symp-
toms of their attack. For that reason 
certain pests such as the European 
red mit e and the McDaniel mite, and 
their eggs, would likewise be illustrat-
ed. The manual would also carry full-
color illustrations of symptoms of the 
various mineral defiCiencies that may 
be found in British Columbia or-
chards. Sometimes such symptoms 
are confused with pest injury, or with 
disease symptoms. 
No deciduous fruit industry has yet 
been provided with a manual of the 
type tha't we propose. The reasons, 
doubtless, are that the best of color 
reproduction, which is what we would 
need, is expensive ; and it necessitates 
superior photography. BUlt, if our 
demonstrations of integrated spray-
ing should prove successful, prepara-
tion of the manual will be such an 
obvious step that the growers them-
selves will insist on it. That is why, in 
anticipation of success, the Research 
Sta:tion photographer will get on with 
the job this year. 


Background for integrated spraying in the orchards of British Columbia

Woods, T. A. D.

44 PROC. EN TOM OJ", Soc . BRIT. COLUMBIA, VOL. 60 (1963). DEC. 1, 1963 
Howard, L. O. 1918. A note on insects found on snow at high elevations, Ent. News 29: 
375. 
Johnson, C. G. 1953. The aerial dispersal of aphids, Discovery 1953: 19·22. 
Johnson, C. G. 1954. Aphid migration in relation to weather, Bioi. Rev. 29: 87-118. 
Johnson, C. G. 1962. A functional approach to insect migration and dispersal and its 
bearing on future study, Proc. XI Int. Congr. Ent. 3: 50··53. 
Koerber, T. W. 1963. Leptoglossus occidental is (Hemiptera, Coreidae) a newly discovered 
pest of coniferous seed, Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 56: 229-234. 
Leston, D. 1957. Spread potential and the colonisation of islands. 5yst. Zool. 6: 4146. 
Mani, M .S. 1962. Introduction to High Altitude Entomology. insect life above timber 
line in the Northwest Himalaya. Methuen, London. 
Medler, J .T. 1962. Long-range displacement of Homoptera in the Central United States, 
Proc. XI Int. Congr. Ent. 3: 30-35. 
Parshley, H. M. 1923. Key to Heteropterous families; and the Termatophylidae, Antho-
coridae, Cimicidae, Nabidae, Phymatidae, Enicocephalidae, Piesmidae, Tingidae, 
Neididae, Coreidae, Alydidae, Corizidae, Pentatom<i.dae, Cydnidae, and Scutel-
leridae in The Hemiptera of Connecticut, Bull. Conn. Geol·. Nat. Hist. Surv. 34: 
383-385, 665-674, 692-707, 737-783. 
Rainey, R. C. 1962. The mechanisms of Desert Locust Swarm movements and the migra-
tion of insects, Proc. XI Int. Congr. Ent. 3: 47-49. 
Robinson, A. G. and Hsu, Sze-Jih. 1963. Host plant records and biology of aphids on 
cereal grains and! grasses in Manitoba (Homoptera: Aphididae), Canad. Ent. 
95: 134-137. 
Van Dyke, E. C. 1919. A few observations on the tendency of insects tol collect on ridges 
and mountain snow fields, Ent. News 30: 241-244. 
Westdal, P H., Barrett, C. F., and Richardson, H. P. 1961. The six-spotted leaf hopper, 
Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal.) and aster yellows in Manitoba. Canad. J . PI. Sci. 
41: 320-331. 
Williams, C. B. 1958. Insect Migration, Collins, London. 
Yoshimoto, C. M. and Gressitt, J . L. 1959. Trapping of air-borne insects on ships on the 
Pacific. (Part II), Proc. Hawaiia l'i ent . Soc. 17: 150-155. 
Yoshimoto, C. M. and Gressitt, J. L. 1960. Trapping of air-borne insects on ships on the 
Pacific, (Part 3). Pacif. Ins. 2: 239-243. 
Yoshimoto, C. M., Gressitt, J. L. and Wolff, T 1962. Air-borne insects from the Galathea 
Expedition, Pacif. Ins. 4: 269-291. 
Zimmerman, E. C. 1958. Introduction, Insects of Hawaii 1: 1-206. 
The Eastern Larch Beetle, DENDROCTONUS SIMPLEX Lee. In 
British Columbia and Yukon Territory 
The occurrence of the eastern larch 
>beetle, Dendroctonus simplex Lee., in Brit-
ish Columbia wa's estalblished June 1, 1960, 
when the writer collected 'adults and young 
larvae from a felled estern larch, Lal"ix 
laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, four miles west 
of Chetwynd on the Hart Highway. In mid-
July 1960, adults and Iarvae were found i n 
two fiood-dama'ged trees 19 miles south of 
Fort Nelson. Dead parent adults, living 
pupae, and teneral adults were collected 
from these trees on August 18. 
Further records were obtained by E. 
Pottinger on June 6, 1962, five miles east of 
Ohetwynd. Adults ;were collected from two 
larch logs averaging 10 inches d .'b.h. A 
montih later an adjacent standing larch that 
-had -been !heavily attacked in the spring was 
discovered. The foliage was beginning to 
fade and adults, large larvae, and teneral 
adults were found beneath the ,bark. On 
September 4, teneral adults were a,lready 
taking on 1Jhe dark colour of mature beetles. 
The eastern larch -beetle was found near 
Watson Lake, Yukon Terri tory in 1962 Ihy 
J. V. C. Holms. Adults and larvae were 
recovered on July 19 from an 8-inch trap 
tree which had 'been felled on May 26. The 
attack had :been much heavier on the stump 
than on the log. 
Judging 'by the distribution of our rec-
ords, it s-eems proba;ble that the eastern 
larch 'beetle occurs throughout the r-ange 
of its host in northeastern BTlitish Columbia 
and southeastern Yukon Territory. 
Identification of the -beetles collected has 
been verified -by G. R Hopping of the Cal-
g,aryForest Entomology and Pathology 
-Laboratory. 
-'1'. A. D . Woods, F or est Entomology 
[,aboratory. Vernon, B.a. 


The eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex Lec. in British Columbia and Yukon Territory

Finlayson, D. G.

Noble, M. D.

PROC. E NTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. CoLUMBIA, VOL. 61 (1964 ), DEC. I, 1964 11 
THE EFFECT OF DOSAGE OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES ON 
THE EMERGENCE OF RADISH SEEDLINGS AND ON DAMAGE BY 
CABBAGE MAGGOTS I 
D. G. FINLAYSON AND M. D. NOBLE 
Introduction 
With the development of a strain 
of cabbage maggot (Hylemya bras-
sicae [Bouche]) resistant to the 
cyclodiene group of the organochlor-
ine insecticides in the Pacific North-
west, it once again became virtually 
impossible to grow marketable root 
and stem brassicas on Vancouver 
Island and in the lower Fraser Val-
ley. Work by Howitt and Cole (1962) 
and by Finlayson and Noble (1964) 
indicated that maggots attacking 
root crops might be controlled with 
several organophosphates. However, 
reduced numbers of emergent seed-
lings when granular formulations 
were applied in the furrow indicated 
that further work was needed. This 
paper reports on the effects of vari-
ous rates of several organophosphate 
insecticides in three soil types on 
emergence of seedlings and preven-
tion of damage in radish by resistant 
strains of cabbage maggots. 
Materials and Methods 
The insecticides were in granular 
formulations as follows : 
Diazinon O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) 
phosphorothi()ate; 5% on walnut shell ; F,isons (Canada) 
Ltd., Toronto, Ont. 
Guthion . . . O.O-dimethyl S·(4-oxo-1,2,3,benzotriazin-3(4H)-ylmethyl 
phosphorodithioate; 10%; Chemagro Corp., Kansas City, Mo. 
Heptachlor 1,4,5,6,7 ,8,8-heptachioro.3a,4, 7,7 a ·tetrahydro-4, 7· 
methanoindene; 5%; Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, Ill. 
Nemacide (V·C 13) O,O-diethyl O·2,4-dichlorophenyl phosphorothioate; 5%; 
Pennsalt Chemicals Corp., Tacoma, Wash. 
Zinophos O,O-diethyl 0-2·pyrazinyl phosphorothioote; 10%; 
American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J. 
The Early Scarlet Globe variety of 
radish was used. 
The investigation was conducted 
at three sites: at Essondale in muck 
soil ; at Victoria in peat soil; and at 
the University Farm in Vancouver 
in sandy soil. The design, a split-plot 
latin square, consisted of five insec-
ticides applied at four rates, 0, 7. 14, 
and 28 g of toxicant per 1,000 feet 
of row, replicated five times. A plot 
consisted of four 20-foot rows, each 
row treated at one of the above 
rates. The insecticides were applied 
with three grams of seed (approxi-
mately 300) sown with a V-belt 
seeder. The seedlings were counted 
I Contribution No. 77, Research Station, Re· 
search Branch, Canada Department of Agrlcul· 
ture, 6660 N.W. Marine Drlve, Vancouver 8, B.C. 
about 15 days after planting. At 
harvest random samples of 50 
radishes per sub-plot were collected, 
washed, and inspected for maggot 
tunnels. A radish was considered 
damaged if there was any blemish 
caused by maggots. Percentage dam-
age was calculated in terms of the 
number of radishes damaged. 
Results and Discussion 
Counts of emergent seedlings and 
percentage damage by root maggots 
are given in Table 1. Only Zinophos 
caused an appreciable reduction in 
emergence and this was more evi-
dent in light sandy loam than in 
organic soils. There was no maggot 
damage in any treatment nor in the 
untreated checks at Vancouver and 
Essondale. At Victoria damage rang-
12 PRO(, . E'iTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COU; MBI A. VOL. 61 (1964), DEC. 1, 1964 
I 
I 
I 
TABLE I.-Materials and rate of application, average number of seedlings, and percen-
tage damage by root maggots in radish in British Columbia, 1962. 
Toxicant in g Emergent seedlings per 20 row·feet Percentage 
Granular per 1000 row· Essondale Victoria Vancouver damage 
insecticide feet (muck) (peat) (sandy) Victoria 
0 245 250 229 79 
Diazinon 7 232 252 223 60 
5% 14 248 257 222 24 28 252 253 212 31 
! 0 218 249 230 82 
7 245 223 Gutmon 211 14 202 10% 
28 233 
0 225 
7 210 Heptachlor 14 218 5% 28 208 
0 211 
Nemacide 7 222 
5% 14 223 
28 216 
0 249 
7 225 
Zinophos 14 218 
10% 28 225 
Difference necessary 
for significance, P=.05 N.S.D. 
ed from 4% in plots treated with 28 
g of Zinophos to an average of 93% 
in treatments with heptachlor and 
87% in untreated plots. 
Howitt and Cole (1962) reported 
that cabbage maggots resistant to 
ryclodiene insecticides in Washing-
ton State appeared to be resistant 
also to organophosphates. Maggots 
of the strain at Victoria were sus-
ceptible however, especially to Zino-
phos. All treatments with organo-
phosphate insecticides reduced the 
amount of damage. With the excep-
tion of a slight reversal at the 14 
and 28 g rates with diazinon, the 
percentage damage decreased as the 
dosage increased. 
Zinophos was the most effective 
insecticide. At 7 g per 1,000 rOw-feet 
only 12% damage was recorded, and 
this was very minor. Unfortunately, 
Zinophos caused some reduction in 
the numbers of emergent seedlings 
in the light soil. In peat and muck 
soils there was no appreciable re-
duction. At Victoria at the 28 grate 
56 
262 236 48 
237 220 36 
248 225 92 
257 232 93 
260 232 93 
262 214 92 
246 239 96 
244 233 75 
234 220 69 
238 221 55 
257 227 87 
237 152 12 
230 119 9 
199 61 4 
N.S.D. 14 13 
emergent seedlings were reduced 
20%. The reduction was not signifi-
cant. At Vancouver on the light soil 
even at 7 g per 1,000 feet of row 
approximately 30% fewer radishes 
emerged; at 14 g about 50%; and at 
28 g the emergence was only 27% of 
the numbers recorded for the un-
treated plots. 
Summary 
At Vancouver, Victoria, and Es-
sondale, furrow treatments with 
granular formulations of diazinon, 
Guthion, heptachlor, Nemacide, and 
Zinophos were applied at 0, 7, 14, 
and 28 g toxicant per 1,000 row-feet. 
No maggot damage was recorded at 
Vancouver and Essondale. At Vic-
toria damage ranged from 4% in 
plots treated with Zinophos at 28 g 
to 93% for heptachlor treatments 
and 87% for untreated checks. Only 
Zinophos caused any appreciable 
reduction in the numbers of emerg-
ent seedlings. This was more evident 
in light sandy soil at Vancouver than 
in organic soils at Victoria and 
PROl'. E:I"TOMOr.. SoC'. BRIT. CoLUMRIA, VOL. 61 (1964). DEC. 1, 1964 13 
Essondale. At Vancouver the average 
number of seedlings per 20 row-feet 
at 0, 7, 14, and 28 g of Zinophos was 
227, 152, 118, and 61 respectively. 
Acknowledgements 
Grateful acknowledgment is made for 
assistance from our colleagues, H. R. Mac-
Carthy and A. T. S. Wilkinson, and for 
technical assistance by N. J. Filmer. 
References 
Finlayson, D. G., and M. D. Noble. 1964. The efficacy of organocarbamate, organoch-
lorine, and organophosphate insecticides against turnip maggots and resistant 
cabbage maggots in rutabaga in British Columbia. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Brit. 
Columbia 61:3-10. 
Howitt, A. J., and S. G. Cole. 1962. Chemical control of Hylemya brassicae in the Pa-
cific Northwest. J. Econ. Entomol. 55:33-::18. 
EXPERIMENTS AGAINST CARROT RUST FLY (Psi. IDS,. (F')) 
RESISTANT TO CYCLODIENE ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES' 
D. G. FINLAYSON, H . G. FULTON, ANDM. D. NOBLE 
In July, 1961 reports from the 
Provincial Government's Colony 
Farm at Essondale, near Vancouver, 
to the effect that aldrin was no 
longer protecting carrots from dam-
age by carrot maggots (Psila rosae 
[F.l), led to an investigation to de-
termine: if strains of flies resistant 
to cyclodiene insecticides were pres-
ent, and if suitable control measures 
could be developed. 
The first spring seeding of carrots 
at Essondale was destroyed because 
the damage was so severe. Although 
recommended chemicals had been 
applied it soon became evident that 
the second crop also was hea vily 
infested. Random samples in mid-
August showed that at least 50% of 
the carrots were damaged. Collec-
tions of pupae were made at this 
time by sifting the soil for three 
inches on each side of the row to a 
depth of about six inches. Forty-five 
feet of row yielded more than 750 
puparia plus an additional 1,200 from 
the maggots in the infested carrots. 
Samples of these puparia were shipped 
to the Entomological Laboratory at 
Chatham, Ont. , for screening against 
I Contribution No. 78, Research Station, Re-
search Branch, Canada Department of Agricul-
ture, 6660 N .W. Marine Drive, Vancouver 8, B.C. 
various insecticides. The results of 
these tests (Niemczyk and Harris, 
1962) showed that the flies were 
highly resistant to aldrin but very 
susceptible to diazinon. The toxicity 
of malathion was about mid-way 
between the other two. 
Based on results obtained during 
investigations to find effective insec-
ticides against resistant strains of 
onion maggots (Finlayson, 1959 and 
Howitt, 1958) ; cabbage maggots 
(Finlayson and Noble, 1964a and b 
and Howitt and Cole, 1962); and 
carrot maggots (Howitt and Cole, 
1959); experiments were designed to 
test the effective insecticides against 
the second generation of carrot rust 
fly at Essondale. This paper reports 
on the experiments in 1961, 1962, 
and 1963. A temporary method was 
developed for preventing damage 
and the effects are shown of several 
dosages of chemicals on seedling 
emergence in various soil types. In 
the lower Fraser Valley commercial 
carrots are usually grown in muck 
soil . 
Materials and Methods 
The pesticides used in the investi-
gation are listed in Table 1 and are 
identified chemically in accordance 
with Billings (1963) and Kenaga 


The effect of dosage of organophosphate insecticides on the emergence of radish seedlings and on damage by cabbage maggots

Arnott, D. A.

Arrand, J. C.

A preliminary test with DDT for control of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin)

Hatch, Melville H.

46 PROC. ENl'OMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA, VOL. 61 (1964), DEC. 1, 1964 
GORDON STACE SMITH 
(1886-1962) * 
"An Insect-Chaser and a Sonnet-Weaver" 
Gordon Stace Smith, coleopterist 
of Creston, British Columbia, was 
born in Beausejour, Manitoba, Octo-
ber 10, 1886, the eldest child of John 
Stace Smith (1862-1921) and Jean 
Horsburgh Grant (1861-1939). His 
family moved to Salmon Arm in 
1890, where Gordon passed his boy-
hood and where he finished his for-
mal education at the age of 14 in 
1901. There followed twenty years of 
wandering at numerous occupations 
in many places - stone-quarryman, 
lumberman, hard rock miner, pros-
pector, mining foreman - a rough, 
hard, and varied life that gave a 
wealth of experience but resulted 
in few worldly goods. 
Gordon married Elizabeth Ann 
Martin (1876-1960) in April 1914 at 
Phoenix, B.C. His connection with 
Creston dated from 1921, but he was 
not continuously resident there until 
late 1944 or 1945. His interests were 
varied -literature, postage stamps, 
Indian artifacts, birds, butterflies-
but his most creative work centered 
in writing verses and in collecting 
and studying beetles. His verses 
were collected in three choice vol-
umes: In the Kootenays and Other 
Verses (London, 1930), Poems and a 
Reverie (Toronto, 1940), and Far 
West and Book of Sonnets (London, 
1960) . 
Gordon's interest in beetles dated 
from the early or middle 1920's. At 
first, his son tells me, he was com-
pelled to keep his specimens in 
tobacco tins, cutting out discs of 
corrugated cardboard to press into 
the tins to receive the insect pins, 
and it was a great and happy event 
when he was able to buy regulation 
double insect boxes from London. 
• For assistance in preparing this note I 
am indebted to Mr. Stace-Smith 's son, Mr. J. 
Gordon Stace-Smith of Alberni, B.C. It is 
condensed from a longer manuscript that 
may be published elsewhere. 
From 1927 to 1930 Stace Smith 
worked at Copper Mountain, B.C., in 
the eastern Cascade Mountains a 
little south of Princeton. The result 
of his collecting at Copper Moun-
tain was Gordon's most important 
publication, a list of 323 species of 
beetles that appeared in two num-
bers of Museum and Art Notes (4, 
1929 : 69-74; 5, 1930: 22-25), pub-
lished by the Art, Historical and 
Scientific Association of Vancouver, 
B.C. By nearly a hundred species 
this was the longest list of beetles 
from a single locality that had been 
published from the Pacific North-
west up to this time. Gordon's other 
publications consisted mostly of 17 
notes in the Proceedings of the 
Entomological Society of British Co-
lumbia appearing between 1945 and 
1957. 
The years from 1934 to 1944 Stace 
Smith spent in mining at Duparquet, 
Quebec, between 48° and 49° north 
latitude, near Abitibi Lake and only 
a few miles from the Ontario line. 
He had by 1934 been pretty much 
committed to forming a specialized 
collection of B r i tis h Columbia 
beetles. He applied himself vigor-
ously, however, to the Abitibi fauna 
and eventually gathered a collection 
of over 16,000 specimens in 45 insect 
boxes, which he sold to the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences about 
1951. 
Mr. Stace Smith organized his COl-
lections in the most approved man-
ner, each specimen carefully mount-
ed with full locality and frequently 
with host plant or other ecological 
data. Moreover each specimen that 
had been named by a correspondent 
bore the name of the identifier and 
the name or Leng Catalogue number 
of the beetle, and frequently the 
same specimen would come to carry 
several different names. He had a 
binocular microscope and studied his 
specimens closely, but most of his 
P ilOt' . E :-; TO \lO l.. Sq, R IO T . C OI .I · \lIHA . VOL. 61 (1 964) . DEC. 1. 1964 47 
48 PROC. E N TO MOL. Soc. B RI T . COL CM IlI A, V O L. 61 (1964 ) , DEC. 1, 1964 
identifications were based on a skill-
ful comparison with specimens nam-
ed for him by others. His library was 
insufficient to allow him to go very 
far on his own. 
Gordon was a tireless collector, 
mostly on foo t . He processed his 
specimens immedia tely upon return-
ing from the field - mounting or 
papering or discarding, labeling and 
identifying and incorporating in his 
collection the same evening. When 
he found he had taken something 
new or rare, h e would be back at the 
very same spot the next day and the 
day after that and so on, or at the 
same spot the following year , so that 
he was frequently able to build up 
extensive suites of specimens of rare 
species. Specimens taken in copula -
tion were so marked and in a group 
like the flea beetles he did not col-
lec t specimens unless he could 
ascertain the host. His collection of 
British Columbia beetles came to 
number about 2,800 species in 145 
insect boxes. He restricted his series 
of a species to 20 or 25 specimens, 
sufficient, however, to allow for 
specimens illustrating variation and 
distribution within the Province. 
He corresponded widely. In his 
Copper Mountain list (1930) Ralph 
Hopping (1868-1941 ) , W. J . Brown, 
G. A. Hardy, Alan S . Nicolay (d . 
1950 ), and Karl E. Schedl helped 
with ident ifica tions . In 1934 th e fol-
lowing additional coleopter is ts were 
assistin g him : J . B. Wallis (1877-
1962 ), Charles A. BaIlon, Kenneth W. 
Cooper , Frank E. Blaisdell (1862-
1946), R. E. Bar rett, and J ohn W. 
An gell (1885-1946). Among other 
correspondents may be men tioned 
C. A. Frost (1872-1962), Hugh B. 
Leech, George Ball , and Carl Lind-
roth . 
The presen t writer visited Mr . 
Stace Smith 10 times between 1948 
and 1960 . His home was modest, 
even humble- a mile north of Cres-
ton overlooking the flood plain of 
the Kootenay River and the Nelson 
Range beyond. By the middle 1940's 
Gordon's collection of British Co-
lumbia beetles was the most import-
ant collection in the Province and it 
behooved any 0 n e interested in 
beetles from this corner of the con-
tinent to see what it contained. 
Among coleopterists known to me to 
have visited Creston at this time 
were Hugh B. Leech, W. J . Brown, 
Mont A. Cazier, M. C. Lane, George 
Ball, Henry and Anne Howden, Jim 
Grant, and Carl Lindroth . . 
Desiring to keep his collection in 
the Province, early in 1960 Stace 
Smith sold his collection to the Uni-
versity of British Columbia in Van-
couver for $6,000 and was in the 
process of transferring it at the time 
of h is death. It was said to number 
2,800 species in 1959 (Spencer, Proc. 
Ent. Soc. B.C. 56, 1959 : 12) . Especial-
ly noteworthy was his collection 
from the viCinity of Creston, which, 
if my memory serves me correctly, 
numbered 1,200 or 1,500 species ; and 
it is hoped that the list of these 
species may be assembled and pub-
lished . 
Mrs. Stace Smith was laid low by 
paralysis in November 1957 and Gor-
don 's life became troubled. She was 
ta ken by air to the home of a daugh-
ter in Penticton , B.C. in 1958, where 
sh e died March 19, 1960. Gordon 
con tinued on in Creston , but seems 
to h ave n eglected h imself. Returning 
to Cres ton from a visit on Vancou-
ver Island wi th two daughters and 
a son in December 1961 and January 
1962 , h e developed a cold. Enterin g 
th e Creston Valley Hospita l on Feb-
ruary 10 in extreme cyanosis, h e 
died on February 19 with a dia gnosis 
of chronic myocarditis, arterio-
sclerosis, and chronic bronch itis. He 
was in his 76th year. 
-MELVILLE H. HATCH 
* For assistance in preparing this note I 
am indebted to Mr. Stace Smith's son, Mr. J. 
Gordon Stare Smith of Alberni, B.C. It is 
condensed from a longer manuscript that 
may be published el sewhere. 


Gordon Stace Smith (1886-1962): "An Insect-Chaser and a Sonnet-Weaver"

Ross, D. A.

Control of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. brood in logs with lindane emulsion

Farris, S. H.

30 PIlOC. ENTOMOL. Soc. Burr. COL1: MIlIA, VOL. 62 (1965 ), DEC. 1, 1965 
References 
Bishopp, F. C. and Trembley, H. L. (1945). Distribution and hosts of certain North 
American ticks. J. Parasitology 31: 1-54. 
Cooley, R. A. (1938). The genera Dermacentor and Otocentor (Ixodidae) in the United 
States, with studies in variation. U.S. Nat. Inst. Health Bull. 171: 89 pp. 
Cowan, I. McTaggart (1944). Parasites, Diseases and Injuries of Game Animals in Banff, 
Jasper, and Kootenay National Parks. Canada Dept. of Mines and Resources. 
Gregson, J. D. (1958). Host susceptibility to paralysis by the tick Dermacentor andersoni 
Stiles (Acarina: Ixodidae). Canad. Ent. 90 (7): 421-424. 
Klebenow, D. A. (1965). A montane forest winter deer habitat in Western Montana. J. 
Wildl. Mgmt. 29: 27-33. 
Milne, A. (1949). The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Host relationships of 
the tick. Parasitology" 39: 167-172. 
Riek, R. F. (1962). Studies on the reactions of animals to infestations with ticks. Aust. J. 
Agric. Res. 13: 532-550. 
Trager, W. (1939). Acquired immunity in ticks. J. Parasitology 25: 57-81. 
Wilkinson, P. R. (1962). Selection of cattle for tick resistance, and the effects of herds 
of different susceptibility on Boophilus populations. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13: 
974-983. 
Wilkinson, P . R. (1964). Factors affecting distribution of the Rocky Mountain wood tick 
(Dermacentor andersoni Stiles) in British Columbia. (Abstract). Bull. Eco!. Soc. 
America 45: 53. 
REPOSITORIES OF SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS IN THE AMBROSIA BEETLE 
Monllrthrum stutellllre LEC. (COLEOPTERA :SCOL YTI DAE) 
By S. H. FARRIS 
Department of Forestry of Canada 
Forest Research Laboratory, Victoria, B.C. 
Introduction 
Specialized structures or mycangia 
that contain symbiotic fungi have 
been identified by several workers in 
a number of scolytid ambrosia 
beetles. Since Francke - Gro.;;mann 
(1956a) first described structures 
with this function in Trypodendron 
lineatum Oliv., workers have report-
ed mycangia in other s p e c i e s 
(Francke - Grosmann, 1956b, 1958; 
Fernando, 1960; Schedl, 1962; Finne-
gan, 1963; Farris, 1963; Batra, 1963) . 
Only females of most species possess 
these structures but in eorthylus 
punctatissimus Zimm. (Finnegan, 
1963) , Gnathotrichus retusus Lec., 
and G. sulcatus Lec. (Farris, 1963) 
only males have mycangia. 
Batra (1963), working with Monar-
thrum taciatum Say and M. mali 
Fitch found mycangia to be enlarge-
ments of the forecoxal cavit.ies in the 
female beetles. Because of this and 
the previous work of Francke-Gros-
mann and Batra (Francke-Gros-
mann, 1963) with these two species 
of Monarthrum it seemed reasonable 
to suspect that Monarthr1lm scuteZ-
lare Lec. would possess mycangia ~n 
a similar position. This insect attacks 
logs or weakened trees of the genus 
Quercus from British Columbia south 
to California (Chamberlin, 1958), its 
host on Vancouver Island being Q. 
garryana DougI. 
Materials and Methods 
Adult beetles were excavated from 
their host and either l"ill- fixed in 
alcoholic Bouin's solution for section-
ing or stored a live in a refrigerator 
for dissecting and culturi.ng later. 
Specimens for sectioning were de-
hydrated with tertiary bntyl alcohol 
(Johansen, 1940), embedded with 
Fisher 's "Tissuemat," and serial sag-
ittal sections were cut at 15 and 20 
microns on a rotary microtome. The 
sections were treated with a modified 
Gram-Weigert stain (Leach, 1940) 
and counter stained with eosin Y, 
previously used by Fernando (1960), 
PROC. E "'TOllIOL. Soc. BUIT. COLlJlIWrA, VOL. 62 (1965), DEC. 1, 1965 
Illustrations 
Fig. 1.-Sagittal section, 15 microns, of a whole 'i? M. scutellare stained with a modified 
Gram-Weigert stain, showing the location (cc) of the mycangia . 22X. 
Fig. 2.-Sagittal section, 20 microns, of the enlarged 'i? forecoxal cavity (cc), stained with 
a modified Gram-Weigert stain to show the fungous cells (fc), glandular tissue 
(gc), brush (b) and coxal indentation (ci). 180X. 
Fig. 3.-Sagittal section, 15 microns, of a ~ coxal cavity (cc). 180X. 
Fig. 4.-Ventral view of ~ and 'i? M. scutellare adults with forecoxae removed to show 
whitish fungous layer (£1) and complete median ridge in 'i? (mr), and the lack of 
same in ~. 20X. 
Symbol Legend 
cc -Coxal cavity 
£1 -Fungous layer 
gc -Gland cells 
b -Brush 
ci -Coxal indentation 
fc -Fungous cells 
mr -Median ridge 
fcx -Forecoxae 
31 
32 PHOC. E N T 0 Jl10L. Soc. BIl),!". C OL1,;M HIA , V OL 62 ( 1965), D EC. 1, 1965 
Farris (1963) and Farris and Funk 
(1965) , to differentiate fungous de-
posits from other tissue in beetle 
sections. 
To corroborate findings in the 
stained se::!tions, the forecoxae were 
removed from refrigerated beetles of 
both sexes and the coxal cavities 
examined under a dissecting micro-
scope. Cultures were made from the 
cavity contents and the fungns iden-
tified as Monilia brunnea Verrall 
(Funk,1965). 
Results and Discussion 
Stamed sagittal sections of female 
beetles showed enlargem~ ~1 ~s .')f the 
fore coxal cavities (Figs. 1 alld 2) 
containing blue and pink coloured 
fungous material consisting of glob-
ose cells and short hyphal filaments 
(Fig. 2) . The male forecoxal cav-
ities were not enlarged (Fig. 3) a nd 
did not contain fungous material. The 
meso coxal and metacoxal cavities of 
both sexes were not enlarged and 
likewise contained no fungous ma-
terial. A whitish layer of fungous 
material was visible when the fore-
coxae of the female were removed 
from their sockets. This was absent 
in the male (Fig. 4). 
After staining with the modified 
Gram-Weigert stain and eosin Y, 
some of the globose fungal cells 
found in the forecoxal cavities show-
ed a Gram-positive reaction by re-
tair.ing the blue stain, and others 
showed a Gram-negative reaction by 
turning pink. When these cells were 
viewed under polarized light, a por-
tion of the walls of the Gram-positive 
cells was birefringent but no bire-
fringence was seen in the Gram-
negative cells. The significance of 
the birefringence is unknown. Fresh 
fungous material taken from the 
coxal cavities showed no birefring-
ence. 
The median ridge between the 
forecoxal ca vi ties of the female is 
complete, forming part of the my-
cangial wall (Fig. 4) separating the 
two cavities. This ridge is incom-
plete in the male (Fig. 4) . 
The fungous cells are not contained 
in a structure with a separate spe-
ci a lized opening as in T . Uneatum, 
but lie in a loosely compressed hemis-
pherical cake in the cavity (Fig. 2). 
Within the anterior wall of the 
cavity in the femal e there is a series 
of gland cells which appear to lead 
into the cavity (Fig. 2), but these are 
absent or greatly reduced in the 
ma le. In her work with several 
species of a mbrosia beetles Francke-
Grosmann suggested th:1t secretions 
from similar cells a re ben eficial to 
the fungous spores . Possibly the gland 
cells serve a simila r fun ction in M. 
scutellare. 
Not only are the female cavities 
enlarged, making a place for fungus 
transport, but the forecoxae have a 
slight indentation which makes the 
cavity even larger (Fig. 2) . At the 
anterior edge of this indentation, 
opposite the glandular tissue, there 
arises a sci erotized group of bristles 
forming a brush (Fig. 2) . The bristle.3 
are pOinted or bent away from the 
main body of fungous cells. The 
orientation of the brush on the coxae 
indicates that it could move the 
fungous cells forward and out of the 
cavity when the beetle walks about 
in its gallery, thus inoculating the 
host with the fungus. 
Schedl (1962) has described simi-
lar mycangia and methods of host 
inoculation in the ambrosia beetles 
Pterocyclon brasiliensis Schedl and 
P. nudum Schedl, both from Brazil. 
Summary 
Adult female beetles of Monar-
thrum scuteZZare Lec. carry symbiotic 
fungi in mycangia. These are en-
largements of the foreco:{al cavities 
similar to those described by Batra 
(1963) for other members of the 
genus. Male beetles do not have 
these structures. 
PROC. E :'ITOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLU ~[BIA, VOL. 62 (1965), DEC. 1, 1965 33 
Acknowledgements 
I gratefully acknowledge the advice 
received from Dr. J. A. Chapman during 
this investigation and his assistance in 
collecting the insect material. Mr. G. R. 
Hopping, formerly' of the Forest Entomol-
ogy and Pathology Laboratory, Calgary, 
Alberta, kindly identified the beetles. I 
also wish to thank Dr. A. Funk for cultur-
ing the coxal cavity contents; Mr. A. Hedlin 
and Mr. E. D. A. Dyer for reviewing the 
manuscript, and Mr. A. Craigmyle for the 
photographic work. 
References 
Batra, Lekh R. 1963. Ecology of ambrosia fungi and their dissemination by beetles. 
Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci . 66: 213·236. 
Chamberlin, W. J. 1958. The Scolytoidea of the Northwest· Oregon. Washington, Idaho 
and British Columbia. Oregon State Monogr. Corvallis (;:,Lu'::. Ent.) 2: 205 pp. 
Farris, S. H. 1963. Ambrosia fungus storage in two species of Gnathotrichus Eichhoff 
(Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can ad. Ent. 95: 257-259. 
Farris, S. H. and A. Funk. 1965. Repositories of symbiotic fungus in the ambrosia beetle 
Platypus wilsoni Swaine (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) . Canad. Ent. 97: 527·532. 
Fernando, E. F. W. 1960. Storage and transmission of ambrosia fungus in the adult 
Xyleborus fornicatus Eich. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 
13 (2): 475·480. 
Finnegan, R. J. 1963. The storage of ambrosia fungus spores by the Pitted Ambrosia 
Beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canad. Ent. 
95: 137-139. 
Francke·Grosmann, H. 1956a. Zur Ubertrangung der Nahrpilze bei Ambrosiakafern . 
Naturwissenchaften 43 (12): 286-287. 
Francke·Grosmann, H. 1956b. Hautdrtisen als trager der Pilzsymbiose bei Ambrosia· 
kafern. Z. Morph u . Okol Tiere, 45: 275-308. 
Francke-Grosmann, H. 1958. Uber die Ambrosiazucht holzbrtitender Ipiden im Hinblick 
auf das System. 14. Verhand. der Deutschen Gesell. f. angewandte Ent. 1957. 
139-144. 
Francke·Grosmann, H. 1963. Some new aspects in forest entomology. Ann. Rev. Ent. 8: 
415-483. 
Funk, A. 1965. The symbiotic fungi of certain ambrosia beetles in British Columbia. Can. 
J. Bot. In press. 
Johansen, D. A. 1940. Plant Microtechnique. First Ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc. 
New York and London. 
Leach, J. G. 1940. Insect transmission of plant diseases. First Ed. McGraw·Hill Book Co., 
Inc., New York and London. 
Schedl, Wolfgang. 1962. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis de Pilztibertragungsweise bei 
xylomycetophagen Scolytiden (Coleoptera). Sitzungsberichten der Osterr. 
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathern. - Naturw. Kl., Abt. 1. 171 Bd., 8. bis 10. 
Heft.: 363-387. Springer-Verlag, Wien. 


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Some techniques in insect photography

Background for integrated spraying in the orchards of British Columbia

The eastern larch beetle, Dendroctonus simplex Lec. in British Columbia and Yukon Territory

The effect of dosage of organophosphate insecticides on the emergence of radish seedlings and on damage by cabbage maggots

A preliminary test with DDT for control of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin)

Gordon Stace Smith (1886-1962): "An Insect-Chaser and a Sonnet-Weaver"

Control of mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. brood in logs with lindane emulsion

Repositories of symbiotic fungus in the ambrosia beetle Monarthrum scutellare Lec. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Book review: Insect Pests, by H.S. Zim and G.S. Fichter

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