Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

Spencer, G. J.

I£S'l'U 1\I U I.00 1CA L SIH'JE'I'Y OF HH1TlSII COL!1 .\II I L\. PI{(H'. (1 ~5 ~) , VOl.. GU. N o,' . 4 , Uj5~ 
16. Downing, R. S. Strains of the European r ed · mite Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch) 
resistant to parathion and malathion jn British Columbia. Proc. Ent. Soc. 
British Columbia 51 : 10·11. 1954. 
17. Downing, R. S., C. V. G. Morgan, and M. D. Proverbs. List of insects and mites 
attacking tree-fruits in the interior of British Columbia. Proc. Ent. Soc. British 
Columbia 52 : 34-35. 1956. 
18. Hoskins, W. M., and H. T. Gordon. Arthropod resistance to chemicals. In Annual 
Review of Entomology 1: 89-122. Annual Reviews, Inc ., Stanford, California. 
1956. 
19. Kennedy, J . S. Physiological condition of the host-plant and susceptibility to aphid 
attack. Ent. expo & appl. 1: 50-65. 1958. 
20. Legault, R. R., and N. Eranzkeit. Can we meet residue tolerances? Washington 
State Hort. Assoc., Proc. 53rd Ann. Meeting 27-32. 1957. 
21. MacPhee, E. D. The report of the Royal Commission on the tree-fruit industry of 
British Columbia. Queen's Printer, Victoria, B.C. 1958. 
22. Marshall, J. Applied entomology in the orchards of British Columbia , 1900-1951. 
Proc. Ent. Soc. British Columbia 48 : 25-31. 1951. 
23. Marshall, J . A decade of pest control in British Columbia orchards. Proc. Ent . 
Soc. British Columbia 49: 7-10. 1952. 
24. Marshall, J . Fruit insects and mites of the interior. Proc . Seventh Pacific Sci. 
Congr. 4: 125-128. 1949 (1953). 
25. Marshall, J. Trend and practice in control of orchard insects. Ann, Rep. Oregon 
Sta. Hort. Soc. 45 : 15-17. 1953. 
26. Marshall, J. Concentrate spraying in deciduous orchards . Pub. 1020. Canada 
Dept. Agr., Ottawa. 1958. 
27. Marshall, J . DDT-tolerant strain of the codling moth. British Columbia Fruit 
Growers' Association Quart. Rep. 3 (2): 13-14. 1958. 
28. Marshall, J., and C. V. G. Morgan. Notes on the limitations of natural control of 
phytophagous insects and mites in a British Columbia orchard. Canadian 
Ent. 87: 1-5. 1955. 
29. Martin, H. The scientific principles of plant protection. 3rd ed. Edward Arnold 
& Co., London. 1940. 
30. Morgan, C. V. G., and N. H. Anderson. Some aspects vf a· ryania-glyodin spray 
schedule in British Columbia apple orchards I. Can. J . PI. Sci. 37: 423-433. 1957. 
31. Morgan, C. V. G., and N. H. Anderson. Notes on parathion-resistant strains of two 
phytophagous mites and a predacious mite in British Columbia. Canadian 
Ent. 90: 92-97. 1958. 
32. Morgan, C. V. G., and N. H. Anderson. Can orchard pests be controlled biologically 
in British Columbia? Research. for Farmers 4 (1): 6-7. 1959. 
33. Morgan, C. V. G., N. H. Andel'son, and J. E. Swales. Influence of some fungicides 
on orchard mites in British Columbia. Can. J . Pl. Sci. 38: 94-105. 1958. 
34. Pickett, A. D., W. L. Putnam, and E. J. LeRoux. Progress in harmonizing biological 
and chemical control of orchard pests in Eastern Canada. Proc . 10th Int. 
Congr. Ent. 3: 169-174. 1956 (1958). 
35. Pielou, D. P. Some problems in the compilation of a compatibility chart of orchard 
spray chemicals for use in British Columbia. Proc. Ent. Soc. British Colum-
bia 56: 1959. 
36. Pielou, D. P., and R. S. Downing. Trithion as an orchard insecticide. Proc. Ent. 
Soc. British Columbia 55: 17-23. 1958. 
37. Pielou, D. P ., and M. D. Proverbs. Diazinon-a summary of recent work on a new 
orchard insecticide. Proc. Ent. Soc. British Columbia 55: 3-6. 1958. 
38. Proverbs, M. D., compiler. Effect of benzene hexachloride on the odour and flavour 
of fruit. Canada, Dept. Agr., Sci. Servo Res. Notes Ser., Ent., No. E-l. 1948. 
39. Proverbs, M. D. · Chemical control of aphids in British Columbia orchards. Proc. 
Ent. Soc. British Columbia 51: 23-30. 1954. 
40. Waddell, D. B.·, and J. M. McArthur. Effects of pruning on spray deposits from 
concentrate orchard sprayers. Can. J . Agr. Sci. 34: 444-450. 1954. 
41. Woodbridge, G. G. Why mineral supplements are used in fruit sprays. Country 
Life in British Columbia 31 : March, p. 10. 1955. 
A Note oli the Gordon Stace-Smith Beetle Collection 
In volume 55 (1958) of · our Proceedings, hastened to t ell me that he had well over 
stated that Mr. Stace-Smith had 2400 2700 species, with at least 50 more on hand 
species of British Columbia beetles in his whic.h would bring. the total number to 28~0 
11 ' HOlD h b t th t speCies, plus or mll10lS a few, all from thiS co ectlOn. e ave, u a was a Province. 
count he sent me some time ago. As soon as -G. J . Spencer, Un ivCTsity Of British Colum · 
he received his copy of our Proceedings he Ilia . Van r ouvP )·. 


English

A note on the Gordon Stace-Smith Beetle Collection

E \: 'i'O .\lOl.C H-; ll ' .\1. ~() (' IET Y tlF HI:I T I ~ II { ' Ol.l · :\ IHl.\, PIHH" . ( 19 5 ~). VOl.. 56 . No \". 4 . IH 5~1 
chards where Sevin was used, similar 
results were obtained indicating that 
it is a promising chemical for the con-
trol of the pear psylla . 
SUMMARY 
Good control of eight species of 
insects was obtained from 50 per cent 
Sevin wettable powder fN-methyl-l -
naphthyl carbamate] a p p lie d as 
follows : 
1. Pink bud application on apple; 8 
lb. per acre or , 1.5 lb. per 100 gal. 
Eye-spotted bud moth , Spilonota 
ocellana (D. & S.) . 
Fruit tree leaf roller, Archips 
argyrospila (Wlk.). 
2. Pink bud application on peach and 
apricot; 8 lb . per acre . 
Lecanium coryli L . 
Lecanium cerasifex Fitch. 
3. Pink bud application on apricot ; 
1.5 lb. per 100 gal. 
Peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella 
Zell . 
4. Three or more summer applications 
on apple; 6 lb. per acre . 
Codling moth, Carpocapsa pomon-
ella (L.). 
Apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeG. 
5. Summer application on pear ; 12 lb. 
per acre . 
Pear psylla , Psylla pyricola Foerst. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
Thanks are due to two members of the 
Entomology Laboratory, Summerland : Dr. 
James Marshall, who was responsible for 
the work done on the codling moth and the 
pear psylla, and G. D. Halvorson who as-
sisted in the application of sprays. Two 
former members of the Entomology Labor-
atory, Summerland and now at the Univer-
sity of British Columbia , Vancouver, B.C., 
I. Lamont and K. Taylor assisted in the 
estimation of insect infestations. 
REFERENCES 
1. Anonymous. Experimental insecticide 
Sevin. Agricultural Chemicals Division , 
Union Carbide Chemicals Company, New 
York, N.Y. Feb. 15, 1957. 
2. Pie lou, D. P ., and K. Williams. The effec-
tiveness of insecticide residues in pre-
venting reinfestation by the apple aphid 
.{ph is pomi DeG. In preparation. 
3. Anonymous. Control of tree-fruit pests 
and diseases. British Columbia Dept. 
Agr. poster. 1958. 
4. Proverbs, M.D. Chemical control of the 
peach twig borer, Anar si a l-ineatella Zell. 
\Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae), in the Okan-
agan Valley of British Columbia. Proc. 
Entomol. Soc. British Columbia 51: 31-36. 
1954. 
5. Proverbs, M.D. Control of soft scales 
(Homoptera: Coccidae) in British Colum-
bia peach and apricot orchards. Proc. 
Entomol. Soc. British Columbia 54: 3-8. 
1957. 
Two Unusual Breeding Places of PHnus tectus Boield. Ocellus Brown, 
the Brown Spider Beetle 
A pest control operator consulted me 
about a house which he had twice fumigat-
ed with cyanide for so-called "wood borers" 
which were still coming out of the walls. I 
inspected the place and found spider 
beetles, on stairs on the upper floor, on the 
hall floor and issuing from the inner wall 
of the hall. Enquiry revealed that the own-
ers had finished the top floor and the stairs 
with wall board about o/s -inch thick that 
was apparently of corn stalk pulp bonded 
with casein , and had then papered over it. 
The emergence holes were distributed over 
the slabs of wallboard . Examination of the 
basement r evealed a few beetles that had 
apparently emerged from the inner side of 
the wall board and had dropped or crawled 
down the inside of the wall. I came to the 
conclusion that beetles had oviposited on 
the boards in the factory, having been at-
tracted by the casein bonding glue and that 
the grubs had fed and developed in the ma-
terial and were now emerging as adults. 
The fumigation was not of sufficient strength 
to penetrate the wallpaper and kill the in-
sects in their pupal cases inside the boards. 
Fumigation with methyl bromide corrected 
the trouble. 
The second unusual breeding place oc-
curred in a country cottage south of Lang-
ley. The owners wrote me about " wood-
boring insects" issuing from papered walls 
around a plate glass window and from the 
hall. The walls showed emergence holes as 
plentiful as if the place had been hit by a 
blast from a shotgun. Opening the wall r e-
vealed laths covered with thick building 
paper, which had been stuck to the laths 
with a heavy coating of animal glue_ Appar-
ently spider beetles entered the wall and 
laid eggs on the glued paper; the grubs fed 
between the lath and the paper and formed 
pupal cells just below the wallpaper, 
through which they emerged leaving the 
shot-hole appearance, exactly like the em-
ergence holes of Anobiid beetles . 
- G . .T. Spen ce'r. Un'i1'Prsi t y Of B r it ish CO /1I1iL-
Ili rz . 17a1'lcou1'(T. 


Two unusual breeding places of

Arrand, J. C.

Liocoris spp. collected on alfalfa in central and northern British Columbia

Foxlee, H. R.

I ~ 
Abstract 
A method is described for full -scale 
fE'sting of orcha rd sprayers wi th 
()Utputs up to 100 gallons per ac re. 
Per forma nce is a ssessed from deposit s 
ohta ined on wa xed cards an d trea ted 
ndcroscope slid es. 
Acknowledgment 
The a uth ors thank th e sta ffs of the 
Che m is try and Entomology sect ions, Sum-
IN'rl and , B.C. , [o r suggesti ons an d ass ist-
:II-: C(' in ca rryin g out tes ts, G. F. Lewis and 
G. D. Halverson fo r c onstructing t he spray 
fra me and S. R. Ca nnin gs for ta king the 
pholo graph s. 
References 
1. Cox, C. E. 1954. Ha ndb()ok uf stat is ti cal meth ods. Ca nada De pt. Agr. , Sta. Res. an d 
Ser vo Unit. P r ocessed Puh. NO.3 : 26-33. 
L. Ma rsha ll , .1 . 1952. More a buut co nce n tra te spray ing . P roc. Wash. St ate Hor t. Assoc . 
48 : 72-79 . 
A Note on Catching Insects at a Small Pool 
In 1960 1 was ve ry s uccessf ul in coll ect· 
ing insec ts when 1 sa t uve r a sma ll poo l on 
se veral occasions durin g th e ve ry hol 
s um mer . 1 had ca ugh t several good species 
at the same place in prev ious yea rs. It \\'as 
m uch the same as sitting over a wate r hole 
in Afr ica , bu t with an insect net ins tead of 
a r ifle, and in the heat. of th e a ft e rn oon 
ins tead o[ ,i ust before sund ow n. 1 foun d 
that insects of certa in fam ili es seem to need 
a dr ink in the hottes t par t of th e aftem oo n 
on the rea lly hot days. The ho tt e r it is the 
1110re anxio us fo r " drink a nd Ihe less a ler t 
they a re , 
I had lunch about noo n and res t.ed un ti l 
1:30, then sta rted out. f or the poo l, whi ch 
is a l ittle 'Jess t ha n twu mil es 1rom home, a 
go od half of the wa lk up a s id e- hill t ha t 
f aces so uth. It was generally bet ween 90° 
an d 95° .F. on t he north wa ll of m y house 
when I left home so it must have bee n well 
over 1000 F. going up t. he hill. I told som e 
f rie nd s about. ill a nd one re marked 1 shoul d 
have my h ead examin ed , for J \Va s over 
76 at th e tim e. 
T wa nted to ca tc h species of t.h e Slrati o-
myid genus Euparyphus, but I foun d that 
sever al species of T her evidae cam e for a 
drin k just as readily as the Stra tiom yids, 
although The revidae ar c r epor ted to be dry 
area fl ies. I also ca ught some Ta ba nids. The 
flies took littl e notice of me. Apparently all 
Ihey worri ed a bout was to ge t t.o t he wate r 
for a drink. The bott om of th e cree k was 
cover ed with rocks of different s izes a nd 
when I put my net over a fl y it would .iu st 
walk or fl y through one of th e openin gs 
caused by th e net be ing held up by rocks. 
I was very di sco uraged at catching so fe\\' 
.in proportion to the num bel' I had the net 
ove r and should have bagged had th e sur-
face bee n mor e nea rly level. 
On the way hom e r r eme mbered making 
a ver y small ne t yea rs ago to catch fli es 
aro und the house. That evenin g I made one 
with it r im 5 inches in di a me te r . The fra me 
was of baling wire ; th e ha ndle was the two 
~ tr a nd s of wire twisted tightly togethe r . 
T he ha ndl e \vas only 10 inches long so yo u 
ca n te ll how " ta me" the fli es wer e . The 
small ne t did not get so wet as the large 
one . The Stratiomyids in par ti cul ar li ke d 
logo directl y to the edge of the pool, or t o 
clim b dow n the perpendicul ar fac e of a 
sma ll r ock stand ing a little out in th e 
\Va ter . It was f unny to see them walk down 
th is perpendicular r ock : they wa ddl ed, or 
p erha ps backpeddled , down it. I missed 
q uite a Jew with the small net , but it was 
m uch better th an a large one. I co uld just 
cla p it over so me 01' the r ocks and the 
t rapped fly had to climb in to the net. I 
caught severa l hor se flies bu t had to use the 
l a rge n et for th ese as th ey wer e very alert. 
1 ca ugh t two Tabanus rhombicus O.S. males 
and one Tabanus agrotus O.S. male , besides 
Euparyphus crotchi O.S. , E. crucigerus Coq., 
E. major Hine, and E_ latelimbatus Cn. and 
several Scoliopelta luteipes Will. , all mor e 
or less flyin g together . Ther e wer e ten or a 
dozen species of Therevidae, fou r of which 
we re not in the C.N.C. I did not catch a 
grea t number but most wer e ver y good 
find s. 1 sha ll be watching that place next 
year. 
-- II . rl. /-'11 .1' /1' (', 11 0 /)sfllI . 11.1' . 


A Note on Catching Insects at a Small Pool

Condrashoff, S. F.

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE ASPEN LEA F M INER, PHYLLOCNISTIS 
POPULI ELLA CHAM . (LEPIDOPTERA: GRAC IL LARIIDAE ) 
S. F. CONr;RASE OFF ' .'IND J . C . ARRAND " 
In British Columbia a nd th e 
Yukon Terri to ry th e aspen lea f miner , 
Phyllocnis t is populiella Cham. r e-
cently has occurred in great numbers 
throu ghou t th e ran ge of t r emblin g 
aspen, Populus t remulo ides Mich x. 
The labyrinthine mines made by 
th e la rvae cause th e leaves to take on 
a silvery a ppearance. Every year 
inq uiries are received from property 
owners who a re concern ed a bout th e 
unsigh tly effects on aspen trees used 
as ornamen tals or for sh ade. The 
control tests descr ibed h ere were 
a imed a t providin g home owners 
with a method of protection. The 
long-term effect of the leaf miners on 
trees has not been assessed , although 
unpublished reports from Id a h o and 
Wyoming at tribute deaths of aspen 
trees to heavy infestations over sev -
eral years. 
In spring, when the aspen buds 
open, the moths deposit eggs on both 
upper and lower leaf surfaces. Ovi -
position continues until leaves reach 
a pproximately two - thirds full s ize. 
The developin g la rvae mine the upper 
and lower epidermis, a nd a fter a t-
taining full size in 4 or 5 weeks, th ey 
spin cocoons. Nin ety per cen t of the 
mining occurs in the third or fi nal 
minin g instal' which lasts 4 or 5 days. 
The fourth ins ta l' does not min e. The 
pupal stage lasts about 2 weeks . New 
ad ults a re frequently seen in June, 
July , a nd August, restin g on trees a nd 
shrubs; soon afterwa rds they dis-
appear to hibern ate. There is one 
genera tion per year. 
Trunk a pplica tions of a systemic 
pOison were tested fir st . The possi-
bility that th e newly-hatched larvae 
might be easily killed with minute 
1 Forest Enlom o log,\" Labo rato ry . Ve rn on , H.C. 
2 Ass istan t Pro\'inc ial ~ntomol ug i st. Ver non , B.C. 
quantities of ma terial, and the ease 
of applyin g insecticide to th e t r un k 
sugges ted tha t such a method mi gh t 
be ideal fo r home owners, who ordin -
a rily lack adeq uu te spray equipmen t. 
When i t beca me evident that th e 
trunk a pplications were no t effective 
foliage spra ys were tried . 
Proc ed ure and Results 
1. Trun k Applications 
On April 12, 1961, a s buds were 
openin g at 1700 feet elevation at 
La rkin, B.C., Rogol"' emulsion (con-
tain in g 30 per cent active in gredien t4 
or three lb. pel' I mperial gallon) was 
brush ed on to 10 aspen t rees 4- 10 
in ch es d.b .h . picked at ran dom . A 
total of 3.5 oz. of this mater ial was 
used on the 10 trees . Ten untreated 
t rees were ma rked for a ch eck . 
Two weeks later , in the sam e area, 
a fe lt band soa ked with one oz. of 
Ro gor was wound on the trunk of 
three trees. In addition , one-quarter-
inch holes were drilled to a depth of 
about 2 inches in the trunk of 3 trees 
an d one ounce of Rogor emUlsion 
inj ected with a syringe. Assessments 
were based on examin a tions of 200 -
1000 aspen leaves from each treat-
ment. 
Results a r e shown in Ta ble 1. The 
only method tha t showed promise of 
control was injection of th e ma terial 
into drilled holes. The kill achieved 
by this method was much higher 
tha n indicated und er "third instal' 
mines" in Ta ble 1. Since ma n y larvae 
were a lready in the third in sta l' at 
the time of trea tmen t , the proportion 
survivin g to cocoon gives a t ru er 
picture of the kill , which was over 80 
per cent. I n jected trees susta ined 
3 A lso known as Dilll cl hoa le . 
4 i\ l e t h ,\ "j d ! lll c lh ~' lclilhiuph ()sp h o ryla('et "llllid c . 
4 P illH'. f~Ym .\lI) I. . SU( ·. B lnT . C OI X .III:I.I . VOl.. 59 (1962), D I·:c. 1. 1962 
TABLE I.- Effect of Rogor emulsiu n on Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. in trembling 
aspen at 1700 ft. ~ l e\'ati() n , Larkin , B.C. Materia l a ppli ed to trunks by 
various methods, April , 1961. 
Trea tment 
Painted in 6-in . band __ . 
Banded with treated felt 
Injected into V4 in . hol es 
Untreated 
som e In] ury from the insecticide, 
resulting in bla nching of the leaves. 
P ercentage leaf surfaces affected 
All 
min es 
80 
70 
74 
63 
3rd instar 
mines 
68 
70 
38 
62 
Cocoons 
21 
29 
3 
20 
Lower dosages a pplied just before 
bud-burst should be tested . 
TABLE 2.-Eflect on 150 lea 1' 2 5 (300 surfaces) of Thiodan and Rogor sprays on 
Phyllocnistis popul iella Cham. , in trem bling aspen at 3000 It. e levation, 
Vernon , B.C. Three 4-foot trees sprayed wit h 2 oz. of each mater ial in 
1 ga l. wa ter. 24 May, ]961. 
Treatment 
Thiodan __ _ ___ _ ___ . _____ _ 
Rogor ____ ______ _____ ___ _________ _ 
Untreated _____ . _______ _ 
2. Spray Applications 
When trunk applications failed, 
spray tests were conducted at a 
higher elevation, where tree and 
insect development was less a d-
va nced . On May 24, 6 four-foot high 
infested saplings at 3000 feet eleva-
tion near Vernon , were sprayed to the 
point of dripping with a compressed-
a ir h and sprayer. Three of the trees 
were treated with 2 oz. of Thiodan, 
and 3 with 2 oz. of Rogor , in one 
gallon of water. 
As shown in Table 2, both materia ls 
gave excellent control. By June 26, 
33 days after treatment, treated trees 
were markedly green er and h ad 
grown considerably taller than un-
treated trees , which suggests that the 
Infestation after 33 days 
Surfaces Surfaces with signs 
infested of survival to 3rd 
at sprayi ng instal' or beyond 
264 52 
268 31 
284 243 
Cocoons 
7 
6 
163 
leaf miners may reduce growth 
sign ifican tly. 
The control obtained is not surpris-
ing. R eports from other areas show 
th at closely related species are easily 
controlled with a number of mater-
ials_ Ayoub (1960) r eported that 
Phyllocnisti s citrella is readily con-
trolled on citrus trees in Saudi Ara bia 
with sprays containing anyone of the 
following materials: pa rathion, ma la-
thion, h eptachlor, dieldrin, DDT, or 
"Gamma Isomer." In Italy, De Bellis 
(1960) reported that good control of 
Phyllocnistis sufjusella was obtained 
on poplars by spraying infested leaves 
with parathion , malathion, Diazinon , 
demeton, Rogor ,or a mixture of 
parathion and DDT. 
Rderences 
Ayoub, M. AI-S. 1960. PhyllocnisJ-is citrella Stainton, a main citrus pest in Saudi Arabia. 
Bull . Soc. Ent. Egypte, 44: 387-39l. 
De Bellis, E . 1960. Control tests agai nst Phyllocnistis suffusella Z_ Pubbl. Cent. Spero 
Agric. For . Roma, 4: 225-23l. 


Chemical control of the aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Handford, R. H.

Bergis, Imants

PHI" ' . E STO ."' II .. :,i", .. H inT. (''' LI ·.IIII I .I . \ . ,,1. . 5 !, (1!16:!). Ih :l. 1. l ! l (j:! II 
INDICATIONS OF RES ISTANCE TO DDT BY THE IMPORTED 
CABBAGEWORM IN THE OKA NAGAN VALLEY 1 
R. H. HANDFOR D I\ND IMANTS BERGIS 2 
R eports of dissa ti s faction with 
DDT as used against the imported 
cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), in 
the Okanagan Va ll ey in 1960 . sug-
gested that experimental tests were 
a dvisable. Accordingly, an experi-
m ent was se t up in Ju ne , 1961 , in a 
field of P ennstate Ba llhead cabbages 
on the farm of S . and J . Low near 
K elowna, B.C . Ther e were five t r eat-
m en ts arranged in four randomized 
blocks. Each plot measured 16.5 ft. x 
16.5 ft. and conta in ed 80 to 100 plan ts . 
The cabbage plants were set out on 
June 25 and the plots were s taked on 
June 27 . The insecticide for each plo t 
was measur ed sepa rately in to two 
quarts of water a nd applied with a 
knapsack sprayer. Spraying· was done 
on June 28, Ju ly 7, 18, 28 , Au gust 9 
a nd 21. Dibrom was substituted for 
DDT on August 21 to a void illegal 
r esidues at harvest. Otherwise the 
treatments on each date were as fol -
lows: 
1. DDT , 50% wettable powder , 4 lb. 
per acre. 
2. Thuricide , 30 billion viable spores 
per gram, 1 lb. per acre . 
3. Phosdrin E.C ., 1.54 lb . actual per 
20 fl. oz., 8 fl . oz. per ac re. 
4. Dibrom E.C. , 9.6 lb. actual per 
U.S. gal. , 16 fl. oz. per acr e. 
5. Untreated check . 
The effec tiveness of the treatment 
was determin ed by counting the la r-
vae on 12 plants selected at ra ndom 
in each plot on July 6, II , 27 . August 
9 and 21 , before trea tmen t in each 
instance. The dia m eter of the cab-
bage heads was m easured at the end 
of the experiment . 
I Cunt.rib u ti o n f ro rn tIll: l n lo ill olo g:-.' Li-li)orator.\'. 
Cana cla D e p<'lrtrnc nt uf '\ g rit'ul u lrc. I: esear'ch 
.!3 rallch. Ka ll11 oops~ B.C. 
2 0lTicc r in Charge ,J Ile! (~ r een h(Jll Setl1an , t'e spec· 
lil · e l ~ · . 
The total number of larvae on 48 
plants per treatment, coun ted on th e 
fiv e da tes indica ted , was divided by 
th e number of r eplicates (fo ur) to 
give th e following m eans: 
Phosd rin 7.8 
Thuricide 11.3 
Dibrom 13.8 
DDT 27.0 
Check 51.3 
Diffe rence necessary for signific-
anc e at the 5% point was 3.95. 
Difference necessary for sign ific-
ance at the 1% pOin t was 5.54. 
The differ ence in amount or dam-
age to the leaves and h eads was con-
sid era bly gTeater tha n indicated by 
the differences in numbers of cater-
pilla rs . Morta lity in plots trea ted wi th 
Phosdrin a nd Dibrom was very high 
immediately following treatment , and 
the worms found in these and the 
Th uriCide plots just before treatment 
were very small as compa red to those 
in the check plots a nd in those 
trea ted with DDT. 
The average sizes in inches of h eads 
in plots receiving the differen t treat-
m en t s were a s follows : 
Dibrom 5.36 
Phosdrin 5.30 
Thuricide 5.02 
DDT 4.69 
Check .... .. . 4.41 
Difference necessary fo r signific-
ance at the 5% point was 0.22 . 
Differe n ce necessary for sign ific-
ance at th e 1% poin t was 0.3 l. 
Again., as in the comparison of the 
number of larvae, the differences in 
damage , a nd probably in marketabl e 
heads, was much greater than th e 
differences in size , but in th e same 
direc tion. 
1'? 
It was obvious, from both criteri a, 
that DDT, a lthou gh used at double 
the strength r ecommend ed in prev-
ious control cha r ts, did not giv e sa tis-
factory control. 
Although no counts werc made of 
a phid populations, it was obse rved 
that they wer e n umerous enou gh to 
cause considera blc injury to plants in 
the ch eck plots and to t hose treated 
with Th ur icid e. They increased less 
ra pidly on plants r eceivin g DDT . an e! 
were not observed on those treated 
with Dibrom or Phosdrin . This m ay 
h ave accounted in pa rt, at least, for 
th e la r ge r h eads produced in the plots 
trea tee! wi th Dibrom or Phosdrin . 
We sho uld like to express our 
thanks to Mr. E. M. Kin g, Horticul -
turi st (Vege tabl es), B.C. Departmen t 
of Agricu l tu re , Kelowna, for indicat-
ing the n eed for th e experiment and 
for a rrangin g for a suita ble experi -
m en tal si teo 
EFFECT OF TWO SPRAY PROGRAMS ON LEAFHOPPERS IN CHERRY 
ORCHARDS IN THE KOOTENAY VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA1 
W . H . A . WILDE 2 
Introduction 
The purpose of this pa per is to 
presen t resul ts of an experimen t to 
assess the va lue of di eldrin ground 
sprays as compa r ed to DDT and SUI-
phenone tr ee sprays for control of 
leafhoppers in swee t ch erry orchards . 
Assessm ents of spray programs wer e 
made by comparing the numbers of 
leafhoppers caught on sticky boards 
in t h e tree canopies (2) . Spraying 
t ree canopies with DDT a nd Sulphen-
one was a proced ure used by some 
Kootenay Valley growers for con -
tro lling leafhoppers and mites. Diel-
dr in was selected for use as a ground 
spray because of i ts reported residual 
a ction against ear wigs , spittle bugs, 
a nd thrips, p ests prevalent in Koot-
enay Valley ch erry orchard cover 
crops, and because it was consider ed 
possible that such a n insecticide 
wo uld provide economic con t l' 0 I 
against leafhopper populations . Most 
of the leafhoppers r ecorded in this 
test work a re known to spend part of 
their li fe -cyc le in covel' crops. 
Materials and Methods 
Three plots were used, each con -
sisting of a block of 24 sweet cherry 
1 Contri butio n No. ;)V, Resea rc h Stat io n, Resea rc h 
Branch , Ca nada D epartment of A g ri culture, Su rn ~ 
merlancl , Br iti sh Co lu mbia. 
2 Entomo log i st. 
::'I H exac h lo ro-e po x:y'·oc l a hydro-eli m ethanonaphtha-
Jc nc, She ll Oil Company o f Ca nada, Limite d , 
t r ees, a lmost a ll of the Lambert 
variety, 10 to 16 yea rs old. Each plot 
was bord ered by a buffer row of trees 
on a ll sid es. The two treated plots 
were in one orchard and the check 
plot was in a nother. The two orchards 
immediately a djoined each other and 
were sepa r a ted by a fence somewhat 
over grown with native shrubs includ-
ing Symphoricarpus sp ., Ribes sp ., 
Crataegus sp., a nd Rosa s p . The check 
plot, which simula ted conditions in 
many K ootenay Va lley ch erry or-
ch a rds , was not irrigated , mowed , 
pruned , or sp rayed for eight years , 
includin g the year of the experiment ; 
the ground cover was tall couch grass. 
The check t r ees were vigorous but 
growth was not so succulent as that 
in the trea ted plots. 
The sprays were a pplied by a high 
volume sprayer. Fogging in the tree 
canopy a pplications held spray run-
off to a minimum. The ground sprays 
of 20 per cent emulsible d ieldrin 3 at 
t h e r ate of 0.75 gallon per 100 gallons 
of water wer e applied on May 15 and 
August 12. The tree spray was 50 per 
cent DDT wetta ble powder at 3 
pounds per 100 gallons with 40 per 
cen t Sulphenone wettable powder at 
2.5 pounds per 100 gallons applied on 
May 15 and August 12. A s ingle spray 


Indications of resistance to DDT by the imported cabbageworm in the Okanagan Valley

Hardy, George A.

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORIES OF ONE BUTTERFLY AND THREE 
MOTHS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE, 
PHALAENIDAE AND GEOMETRIDAE) 
GEORGE A. H ARDY ' 
Strymon sylvinus Bdv . 
Five species of Stl'ymon are record-
ed for Bri t ish Columbia, but only 2 
of these on Vancouver Island . They 
are a ll small butterflies with a wing-
span averaging 25 mm. The wings of 
S. sylvinu's a r e dark brown above with 
orange spots in the anal angle of the 
secondaries; below, they are charac-
teristically brownish-ash dotted with 
black. 
Two femal es tak en in th e Malahat 
district on August 5, 1960 were con-
fin ed over twigs of Salix mackenziana. 
By August 7 several ova were laid in 
the axils of the leaf scar s close 
against the stem, in a row of two to 
six . Her e they rema ined for the fol -
lowing win tel'. 
Ovum 
Size 0.8 mm. by 0.5 mm ., turba n 
sh aped, coarsely reticu la te. a djoining 
angles projected into blunt hyaline 
spines; light fuscou s brown with an 
olive tinge, becoming whitish towards 
maturity. Hatched April 2, 1961. 
Larva-l st Instar 
Len gth 1 mm. Head small , retracted 
into T. I , dark brown. Body tapering 
from the h ead , pa le brown , with 2 
paler lin es on the dorsum, ancl 4 rows 
of short, s tiff, curved hairs directed 
forward on the T. segments, but back-
wards on the rest . It fed on the under 
sid e of the willow leaves, eating sm a ll 
holes in the epidermis. 
2nd Instar 
April 26. Length 3 mm. Head black. 
Body onisciform, pale gr een, with 4 
whitish str ipes a long the dorsum, 
their ma rgins blending in to the 
gTound colour; h a irs short and dis -
tributed over th e body. 
1 Provin cia! :\luseul11 , V ictor ia , B.C. tR tcl .) 
3rd Instar 
May 20 . Length 11 mm. Head nearly 
quadrate, narrow above, dark brown . 
Body onisciform, tapering dorsally 
and late rally from the T. segments ; 
pale green sides, h aving a dark green 
dorsal stripe with ye llow margins. 
broad on the T. segments, t a pering to 
a point on A. 8 ; 10 double, oblique , 
fain t, whitish lines on each side; 
spiracular line yellow; underside dark 
green; shor t pubescence chiefly in 4 
rows; small white mushroom- sh aped 
bodies thickly sprinkled over the 
whole body. 
May 25. Length 17 mm. Full grown. 
Turned to dark purplish just before 
pupation, which took place on th e 
underside of a piece of bark. The la rva 
spun a silken m a t a nd put a strand of 
silk round the thorax. Pupated June 
1. 
Pupa 
Size 12 mm. by 5 mm. Dull , with an 
irregula r band of short brown se tae 
a long the juncture of the upper and 
lower surfaces, and a few thinly scat-
tered h a irs on th e upper sid e of th e 
A. segments. Da rk mahogany brown . 
No cremaster noticeabl e. 
Imago 
Emerged J une 20, 1961. 
Euxoa vetusta Wl k . 
A female taken at rest in Saanich , 
laid a bout 300 ova in a loose pile on 
the bottom of the box, by September 
14 , 1960 . 
Ovum 
Si ze 0.75 mm. by 0.50 mm. Hemis-
pheric. smooth , faintly close -ribbed 
and cross-ribbed; white, turn in g in a 
day 0 1' so to pale cream with a pink 
dot in the cen tre and a broken ring 
of the same colour round the sho uld -
er. Hatch ed Septe mber 26 . 
Larva-1st Instar 
Len gth 2.5 mm. Head smooth, dark 
brown. Body dull gr ey, soon showin g 
sign s of green from ingested food ; 
cervica l plate da rk brown. F ed on 
Plantago lanceola ta, Tr itoli1l1n alba, 
a nd later Hypochaeris radicata. They 
showed a m a rked preference fo r th e 
latter. 
By October 2 they wer e slu ggish , 
tending to congregate in a heap be-
neath the h erbage. General colour 
brown with fin e whitish broken sub-
dorsal lin es. 
2nd Instar 
October 12 . Length 6 mm. Head med-
iu m brown . Body olive grey with a 
pair of dark m a rks like paren these 
on th e dorsum of each segmen t, and 
a da rk fuscous line just above th e 
black spiracles; t uber cles shiny, 
black ; the underside dark olive-gr een . 
They dropped from the leaves at the 
slightest disturbance, and fed at 
night. 
3rd Instar 
October 24 . Len gth 8 mm. Appear-
a nce similar to the second instal' . 
They grew slowly and showed some 
tendency to hibernate. 
4th Instar 
November 22. Length 14 mm. Head 
shiny, da rk brown with darker 
patch es on th e s ides . Body with a 
da rk grey dorsa l band ed ged with 
fuscous a nd a faint, double, fuscous 
doral line; the sides with a lightly 
banded effect of grey, beige, and 
fu scous; spiracula r line light gr ey, 
t h e edges blendin g into the ground 
colour ; tubercles shiny, black and 
conspicuous; unders ide, legs and 
clasper s du ll grey; cervical plate da rk 
brown with 3 white lon gitudinal lines. 
5th Instar 
Dece mber 20 . Length 35 mm. Head, 
pale brown with broad obliqu e dark 
brown ba r on each sid e, the rest 
fa intly reticulated with the same 
colour . Body ground colour pa le 
clouded grey, with a faint double dor-
sal lin e, subdorsal lines thin, pale 
fuscous; spiracula r line indica ted by 
a suffused fuscous line along the row 
of black spiracles; tubercles shiny 
black, prominen t , larger a long the 
su bdorsal lin es; underside a nd clasp-
ers pale grey ; th e legs pa le brown. 
The la r vae were geotropic, and moved 
up to fe ed at night. 
6 th In star 
April 19, 196 1. Length 35 mm. Head 
as described. Body integument grey, 
tough and leathery; th e subdorsal 
lin es faint , broken, and ligh t grey ; 
th e s id es with a wavy darker gr ey 
band just a bove the indistinctly light 
grey spiracular line ; tubercles black 
and conspic uous. They pupated in 
ear th en cavities beneath th e moss 
a bou t th e end of May. 
Pupa 
Size 18 mm. by 5 mm. Smooth and 
shiny, th e a nterior border of the A. 
segments fin ely punctate; da rk 
piceous brown ; cremaster 2 short, 
stra igh t, s li ghtly dive r gent spines a t 
the tip of the last segment. 
Imago 
Emer ged from July 14 to July 20 , 
1961. 
Remarks 
The data a bove were obtained from 
2 groups of la rvae from the same 
batch of ova. On October 24, 1960, 
a bout h a lf were put with earth, moss 
and a foo d supply into a lO-inch 
flower pot, which was p laced outdoors 
un der th e eaves of the south wa ll 
of a house . Th e rem a inder were kept 
indoors. Those kept outdoors hiber-
na ted on cold days, feeding infre -
quently in mild weather ; those kept 
indoors continued to feed and grow 
s lowly. On J anuary 21 , 1961, the out-
door group averaged 10-15 mm., while 
the indoor group aver aged 30-35 mm. 
in length. Under normal cond itions 
th e larvae go into hibernation after 
abou t the second moul t , resu ming 
activity in the followin g spring. 
Mos t of the outdoor group success-
full y co mpleted the m etamorphosis, 
but the indoor group died before 
pupa tin g, a ppa rently from inabili ty 
to feed rath er th an from disease. 
Xylom ages s ~ mplex W!k . 
Ei ght of the 10 species of Xyl07nig es 
recorded in British Columbia a r e from 
Vancouver I sland . They form a com-
pact gro up in s ize, gener a l appear-
a nce, and t ime 01' fli ght , which is 
usua lly early in the seaso n . 
X . simplex h as a wing expa n se av-
eraging 40 mm. It is li gh t ash grey 
m a rked with an intrica t e pattern of 
black ba r s, li nes and dots. It is on the 
wing from Ma r ch to May . 
A femal e taken at Royal Oak on 
Ma rch 24, 1961 h ad laid 300 ova by 
Ma rch 27 . They wer e in a single com-
pact layer on th e sid e of t h e con-
tainer . I n another case the ova wer e 
disposed in sever a l groups. but 
a lways in a sin gle layer. 
Ovum 
Size 0.9 mm. by 0.5 mm. A depressed 
h emisphere with a bout 50 close -set 
ribs; pale cr eam with a greenish 
ti n ge, turning pink by Ma rch 31 , and 
lead grey by April 18. Hatched on 
April 21. 
larva-1st Instar 
Length 2 mm. Head smooth , shin y, 
jet black . Bod y translucent, whitish 
soon becoming gr een with ingested 
food ; cer vical plate black; tubercles 
black and conspicuous. After t rying 
many plants t h e larvae fin a lly a te 
AlnlLs rlLbra. They concealed th em-
selves in fo ld ed leaves or between 2 
leaves h eld togeth er by a few strands 
of silk . 
2nd I"star 
May 5. Len gth 6 mm. Heacl as des-
cr ibed. Bocl y fu scous gr een; cervical 
plate black with lines coinciding with 
the doral and subdorsal lines. which 
were thin and whitish ; tubercles 
prominent. black-ringed with white 
~­
." 
at their bases; spiracular li ne th in 
and white , with black spiracles; 
undersid e fuscous; legs and claspers 
blac k. 
3rd !"star 
May 16. Length 15 mm. Head as 
described . Body dark fuscou s oliv e-
green; cervica l plate as desc r ibed ; 
dorsa l and subdorsal li nes thin a nd 
n':ilk-whi te; spiracul ar line broa d , 
ye llow, threaded with a suffused rusty 
tinge a long the centre ; tuber cles 
hlack, each bearing a short white 
h air; underside dark olive green; 
legs and clasper s black . Each la rva 
rested in a half curled pos it ion be-
tween 2 leaves or in a fo ld of a sin gle 
leaf. 
4th Instar 
May 23 . Length 20 mm. Appearance 
as described . The body with a t in ge of 
yellowish grey; spiracula r lin e orange. 
5th Instar 
May 30. Length 30 mm. Head round , 
la rge in proportion to the body, 
smooth, shiny, r eddish brown. Body 
s uffused with ligh t pink over a ye l-
lowish background; dorsal and su b-
dorsal lines ve ry ind istinct, pale 
cream; s pi rac les black on a pal e yel-
low spiracular line; tuber cles h a rdly 
d iscernible; under side concolorous 
with t h e upper. 
At this stage a ll the larvae died 
from some cause unknown . These 
notes wer e completed from m atur e 
la r vae coll ec ted in th e fie ld in 1960 . 
Pupa 
Size 16 mm. by 5 111m. Smooth. 
shiny and brown; anterior pa rt of the 
A. segments fin ely and closely punc-
tate; cremas ter 2 ver y short , closely 
set se tae with r ecurved t ips a nd 4 
small er ones at their base, 'set upon 
th e smooth rounded en d of th e last 
segment . The pupae were in cells 
a mong the debris at the bottom of 
the conta iner. 
08 PI:r )(' . F: ~' ro .",, ' .. S il l ' . Blo'l'. ('(} IX.l 1 1\ 1.\ , VIII. . f) ~l ( U I62). Ol·:l' . 1. 196:! 
Pero morrisonarius Hy. Edw. 
Four species of the genus Pero are 
recorded for British Columbia. All are 
similar in shape and colour, the wings 
with mottled shades of brown or grey 
and a broad central band of darker 
brown . 
From a specimen of rnorrisonarius 
taken at Royal Oak , ova wer e obtain-
ed on June 6 and 7, 1960 . They were 
laid in small irregular clusters or 
singly , mostly on raised fibres of the 
wooden box , affixed by the small end 
which ga ve them stalked appeara nce . 
Ovum 
Size 1 mm. by 0.75 mm. Broa dly 
oval, smooth, shiny, translucent; pale 
green becoming dark olive at matur-
ity. Hatched on June 17. 
Larva-1st Instar 
Length 5 mm. Head light honey-
brown. Body very slender; olive green 
with darker intersegmental rings . 
They were very active and readily 
suspended themselves by a thread at 
the least disturbance. After various 
trials they ate COl'nus occidentalis . 
The food plants listed in the litera-
ture are a ll conifers. 
2nd Instar 
June 23. Length 10 mm. Head light 
brown dotted with dark brown on the 
sides. Body brownish-green; dorsal 
line faint , dark green , broader on the 
T. segments and on A. 7 to 9; subdor-
sal lines lighter green . They spent 
considerable time suspended by a 
thread from the cover of the con-
tainer, especially prior to moulting. 
3rd Instar 
Jun e 30. Length 18 mm. Head da rk 
brown 011 the vertex a nd sides, with 
a white pa tch on the front . Bod y pale 
oliv e-brown with several fin e, a lter-
n a tely dark a nd li gh t lines a long the 
do rsum: t uber cles n ot iceably bla ck , 
2 on th e dor sum of each segm ent; a 
shor t fuscous lin e on th e dorum of 
tll e T . segments and segments A. 7 to 
9; A. 6 with a n a rrow-sh a ped dark 
brown spot on the centre of the dor-
sum ; underside pale brown with 
alternate light and dark dashes along 
the median line. Some larvae had an 
additiona l small dark brown spot on 
A. 7, while others had a larger area 
of dark brown on the sides of A. 6. 
4th Instar 
July G. Length 25 mm. Head 
notched, dark brown above but whit-
ish below. Body cylindrical , with a 
slight hump on A. 9, light olive -brown 
with several faint, thin , pale lines on 
the dorsum; A. 1 with 2 small irregu-
lar brown spots on the dorsum, A. 6 
with 2 oblique dark brown dashes on 
the dorsum followed by a horseshoe 
spot of the same colour, A. 7 with 2 
parallel brown dashes, A. 9 with a 
dark transverse bar, and a brown 
patch on each side of the T. seg-
ments; tubercles black and conspicu-
ous. The intensity of these markings 
varied with individuals. 
5th Instar 
July 20. Length 45 mm. Appearance 
as described but the general colour 
more yellowish brown. In one or two 
specimens the body was uniformly 
p a I e brown lightly and evenly 
freckled with dark brown ; underside 
of A. 3 with a pair of dark brown 
fleshy tubercles on each side. 
Pupated in the moss at the bottom 
of the container on August l. 
Pupa 
Size 14 mm. by 5 mm. Wing-cases 
dull , roughened by minute etchings 
and piceous brown , the rest of the 
pupa smooth , shiny, mahogany-
brown ; an terior part of the A. seg-
m en ts closely punctate ; cremaster 2 
parallel , closely set s pines with the 
tips slightly excurved , and 1 or 2 very 
short, fin e hairs with recurved tips, 
se t on a smoo th , shiny, SU b-conical 
boss at the end of th e las t segm en t . 
Imago 
Emerged Ma y 31 , 1961. Other s peci-
men s con t in u ed to emer ge up to J une 
1 e. 
Reference 
Jon es, J. H. J. L . 1951. An anno ta tecl chec k list of the i\1acroiepidopter;t of Briti,h 
Columhia . Entom ol. Soc. Brit. Columbia , Occas ion a l Paper l. 
APHIDS OF STRAWBERRIES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA1 
A . R. FORBES 
Consid erable. interest is being taken 
in the aphids found on strawberries 
because of their importance in trans-
mitting viruses. Since 1956 special 
attention h as been given to collecting 
a phids from strawberries in British 
Columbia in connection with a major 
proj ect on strawberry viruses . This 
paper r eports data from the collec -
tions. 
Methods 
From 1956 to 1961 , a bout 75 coll ec-
t ions of aphids were made from 
strawberry fields on the lower main-
la nd and Vancouver I sland, which 
a re maj or strawberry growin g a reas 
of British Columbia . Commercial va-
rieties sampled included British Sov-
ereign, Marsh a ll , Siletz, and Puget 
Beauty. Several collections were a lso 
made from strawberries in green-
houses . Some r earing was don e in th e 
insectary at Vancouver. 
The aphid s were preserved in 80 
per cent ethyl a lcohol and mounted 
by the method of Hill e Ris La mbers 
(Hille Ris Lam bers, 1950 : Spencer, 
1959). Iden t ifica tions were ma de by 
the author and by Dr. W. R. Rich a rd s, 
Taxonomy Section, Entomology Re-
search Institute, Ottawa. 
Only a phids that wer e actua lly re-
producing on s trawberries a r e dis-
cussed in this paper. The a late str a ys 
which wer e fr equently found on the 
pla nts a r e not included. 
1 Co nlributi on !\o. 45 , Resea rc h Stal io n. Research 
B r a nch. Ca na d a Deparlment 01" Ag r icu ltu r e. 6660 
N .\¥. Ma rin e Drive, \ "ilI1COU\"e r , B.C . 
Species Found 
Nine species of a phids were found 
colonizing on strawberry: Pentatri-
chopus jragaejolii (Cockerell) , Pen-
tatrichopus thomasi H.R.L. , Macro-
siphum euphorbiae (Thomas) , Myzu s 
ascalonicus Doncaster, A u lacorth um 
solemi (Kalt.), Fimb1"iaphis jimbriata 
Richa rds , Myzus ornatus La ing, Aphis 
jorbesi Weed , and Acyrthosiphon mal-
vae subspec . rog ersi i (Theoba ld) . 
These are lis ted in their approximate 
order of a bunda nce. 
Discussion 
P. jragaejolii and P . thomasi a r e 
the common es t aphids on str awberry 
in the area , one or both being presen t 
in la rge n umbers in every fi eld ex-
a mined. Un til 1953 both were iden ti-
fi ed as P. jragaejolii . Hille Ris La m-
bers th en r ecognized two morpho-
types: one with 6 m a r gina l capitate 
setae on a bdominal tergites II-IV and 
one with the 6 margin a l plus 6 sub -
margina l se tae . Cocker ell 's t y p e 
lacked the submargina l setae and so 
the name jragaejolii applied to this 
species . Hille Ris Lambers named the 
other thomasi (Hille Ris La mbers. 
1953 pp. 72-73) . P . thomasi was iden-
t ified from British Co lumbia in 1957 
(Forbes, 1959). 
The chaetotaxy On which this sepa -
ration i s based is subject to variation 
however and Hille Ris Lambers rec-
ognized this in his description wh en 
h e said : ·· I n exceptiona l specimens 
th e inner pa ir of m a rgin al hairs fsu b-


Notes on the life histories of one butterfly and three moths from Vancouver Island (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Phalaenidae and Geometridae

Binion, W. E.

52 PI{(W. I~'\ T'I.I;()I.. S(,... /3 [<l T. C() I.[ · .I [ [<1 .\. VOl.. G~I (l~6~) . 1)1':( ' . .I. 1962 
Photographing Internal Structures 
of Insects 
Visualize a clock face in its normal 
vertical position . At the dial centre 
(X) place a shallow transparent 
trough containing the organs in fluid . 
Direct a light beam from 4 o'clock to 
pass through X and illuminate the 
organs. The camera is positioned at 2 
o'clock with its lens focused on X. 
Improvised Controlled Artif icial 
Lighting 
Visualizing the clock face once 
more, direct a projector bea m from 9 
o'clock through X where the insect is 
stationed to 3 o'c lock, where a flat or 
pa ra bolic reflector is placed to r e-
direct the beam to X . 
It is lef t to the artistic ability of the 
photographer or his desire to empha-
size certain features as to how far 
from the subject the reflectors are 
placed in these examples. 
Exposure Compensation 
When the subject is closer to the 
camera than 10 times the foca l length 
of the lens the exposure must be in-
creased. For instance with a 4 inch 
lens a ny object less than 40 inches 
a way requires additional exposure. 
The corrected exposure is deter-
mined by the following method: 
Multiply exposure time as indicated 
by meter by a correction factor. 
The correction facto r is (M + 1) 2 
where M = magnification or reduc -
tion . To calculate M , measure the ob-
j ect and its image in the viewing 
screen , and divide the va lu e for the 
obj ect into that for the image. Ex-
ample : wi th insect size and image 
size the same, write (1 + 1) 2 = 4. 
With a meter reading of 1 100 sec. at 
F 11 , we h ave 1 100 x 4 = 1 25 sec . 
at F 11. 
Following are the comparative F 
stop settings for this exposure giving 
a varying depth of focal field : 
1 400 at F 2.8, i.e. the shallowest 
field of focus, 1 50 at F 8. 
1 200 at F 4, 1 25 at F 11. 
1 100 at F 5.6, 1 10 at F 16, i.e . the 
deepest field of focus. 
Reference 
Exposurc Metel' Manual. Photo Research Corpora ti on , Hollywood, U.S .A. 
SCIENTTF'IC NOTE 
An instance of chcmical attraction of the 
ambrosia beetle, Trvpodendron I ineatum 
(Oliv.) , is of enough interest to r ecord. Dur-
ing Decemher, 1957, a batch of hom e·mad e 
beer was prepared, using malt extrac t , 
suga r , bakers yeas t, hops and gelatin. It 
was capped and held for abo ut three months . 
After use , a few bottles were put in a base-
ment. , these still containing small amounts 
of li quid a nd sett lpd materia l, possibly in -
cluding living as we ll as dead yeast ce ll s. 
The following May, after th e spring fli ght 
of t he a mbrosia beetl es , it was noted that 
there were several dozen Trvpodendron in 
the bottles. They had appar ently ent.e red 
t he basement a nd crawled throu gh th e necks 
of the bottles and had drowned in th e liquid 
residue . Four or five bottles had attracted 
a nd trapped an estimated 80 - ] 00 beetles. 
Yo ubou is the site of a large sawmi ll and 
log booms are com mon on Cowichan Lake, 
close to the town. Although beetl es may 
have been attr ... cted to the ge neral area by 
th e flo at ing logs 01' freshly sawn lumber, 
th ey have not been known to enter houses 
in num bel'S. It is ass um ed, therefore, th at a 
strong attractant was produced in the beer 
res idue, leading beetles, presumably at the 
tim e of t heir spring attack fli ght, to enter 
t he basement, find th e bottles a nd cra wl 
inside them. 
No oth er in sec ts were found wit h the 
beetl es, whic h were readily recognized as 
T. lineatum. The British Columbia Forest 
PJ'oducts Company has ca rri ed out control 
operatio ns against thi s species in recent 
~' ear~ , a nd thl' species is fa milia r. 
Thi s observati on is being placed on record 
as a res ult of the interest of J . A. Cha pman 
a nd .J . M. Kingham , Forest Entomology a nd 
Pathology Laboratory, Ca na da Department 
of F'orcstr~' , Victoria , B.C. 
- 1\ '. /': . lJil/ iou . 8.C. /-'0"",,/ P J'()lIIII'/" ('0 .. 
} "/ JIIIHJII. ./) . C . 


Trvpodendron lineatum

Dennys, A. A.

Phidippus and the wasp

Wilde, W. H. A.

48 PROf'. ENTOMOr.. SOC . BRIT. COl.lT~rRTA. VOl •. 60 (1963). DEC. 1, 1963 
HYPERPREDATORS OF THE PEAR PSYLLA, Psylla pyricola Foerster' 
(HOMOPTERA: CHERMIDAE) 
W. H. A. WILDE2 
Torre-Bueno (1950) defines a 
hyperparasite as "a form .parasitic 
upon another parasite." Hence a 
hyperpredator may be defined as a 
predator that attacks another pred-
ator. This note concerns hyperpred-
ators in relationship to the pear 
psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster. 
Hyperpredators were observed in a 
bionomics study of the pear psylla 
started in the Kootenay Valley of 
British Columbia in 1960 and con-
tinued in the Okanagan Valley· in 
1961, 1962, and 1963. 
In the Kootenay Valley larval and 
adult lacewings (Chrysopa oculata 
Say) were found entrapped in spider 
webs in the crotches of pear trees and 
spiders (Philodromus spp.) were seen 
with lacewing adults in their mandi-
bles. 
In the Okanagan Valley, hyper-
predation was observed between an-
thocorid nymphs (Anthocorus mel-
anocerus Reut.) and lacewing larvae. 
Success in this type of predation was 
reversible, and depended on the 
relative sizes of the predators. The 
larger predator always emerged vic-
tor, e.g., a fifth instar anthocorid 
nymph could overcome a first or sec-
ond instar neuropteran larva (Fig. 
1A) but a third instar neuropteran 
, Contribution No. 135, Research station, Re-
search Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, 
Summerland, B.C. 
2 Entomologist. 
larva could easily overcome a second 
third or even a fifth instar anthocorid 
nymph (Fig. 1B) . Spiders were also 
observed feeding on anthocorid 
nymphs and adults and On lacewing 
larvae and adults. As well, anthocor-
ids and lacewings were observed 
entrapped in spider webs in tree 
canopies. 
The role of ants (Lasius sitkaensis 
Pergande) in relation to the pear 
psylla is unclear. On two occasions 
ants were seen threatening and mol-
esting lacewing larvae that were 
feeding on second, third, and fourth 
instar psyllid nymph. On three 
occasions ants were noted in close 
proximity to sluggish or semi-
paralyzed lacewing larvae. Observa-
tions in July and August indicate 
that ants protect psyllid nymphs but 
in late September and October ants 
were observed carrying freshly killed 
psyllid nymphs along the limbs and 
down the trunks of pear trees. 
Raphidians (Agulla sp.) were ob-
served in six orchards and on test 
trees in the laboratory feeding on 
anthocorid nymphs and adults. This 
was the only predator observed in 
four years that caught fiying pear 
psyllids. 
Hyperpredators discussed her e 
were identified -by the Entomology 
Research Institute, Canada Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. 
Reference 
1 Torre-Bueno, J. R. de lao 1950. A Glossary of Entomology. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Brook-
lyn, New York, U.S.A. 
r'ROC. ENTG MOI .. Soc. BarT. COUll,I!!I}'. - IJI .. 60 ( 1963) . DEc. 1. 1963 49 
Figure lA-Fifth instar anthocorid nymph feeding on a 1st instar lacewing larva. " bout 
20X. 
Figure lB-Third instar lacewing larva feeding on a 5th instar anthocorid nymph. About 
8X. 


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