Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

MacCarthy, H. R.

Book review: Research Problems in Biology: lnvestigations for Students. Series 1 and 2

Zuk, Peter

Staphylinids damaging blossoms

Cram, W. T.

Occurrence of the small black root weevil, Trachyphloeus bifoveolatus (Beck) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on strawberry in British Columbia

Spencer, G. J.

Pnoc. E-"TO~LOL. Soc . Burr. Cor.C~I/jL\ , VOL 6~ (1965) , D EC. 1, 1965 21 
One pupated on July 28 in a silken 
cocoon spun in a fold of paper. 
Pupa 
Size 15 mm by 4 mm. Slender, 
wriggled actively when touchp-d; 
wing-cases dull, fuscous; A. segments 
smooth, shiny, sparsely punctate on 
anterior borders, medium brown; 
cremaster two larger hairs with re-
curved tips and about six smaller 
similar ones at the base, all set on a 
rugose projection at the tip of the 
last segment. 
Remarks 
This larva is an excellent example 
of twig simulation in form, colour, 
and attitude, especially when resting 
with its body held out at an angle 
of about 45° to the twig. 
SOME RECORDS OF LYCTIDAE IN VANCOUVER 
G. J. SPENCER' 
In the Proceedings, Vol. 4, pages 
129-148, of the Seventh Pacific 
Science Congress held in New Zea-
land, February 1949, under the head-
ing Regional Pest Faunas, is an arti-
cle "The more important Insect Pes:.s 
of British Columbia" assembled by 
K. M. King from contributions by H. 
Andison, E. R. Buckell, R. Glenden-
ning, J. D. Gregson, K. M. King, J. 
Marshall and H. A. Richmond, all of 
the Federal Entomological Labora-
tories in British Columbia. 
On page 147 of this paper is the 
statement "structural timber is not, 
on the whole, subject to any exten-
sive damage by insects. However, on 
the coast, powderpost beetles, Lyctus 
species, have in a number of in-
stances heavily attacked house tim-
bers, occasionally necessitating the 
replacement of cellar beams." 
I have been interested in house-
hold insects in this Province for many 
years especially those attacking 
structural timbers and have not yet 
come across an instance of this sort 
since all our wooden ouildings are 
of native soft woods; also in the past 
20 years I have inspected many 
buildings suffering from insect attack 
and have found that if a species of 
Lyctus was present, it occurred only 
in timber imported into the Province 
as flooring, veneer, panelling or 
carved ornaments and that building 
timbers were attacked NOT by lyctids 
, Professor Emeritus, University of British Co-
lumbia, Vancouver 8, B.C. 
but by native and introduced anobiid 
beetles, t ermites and carpenter ants; 
the emergence holes of lyctids and 
anobiids are very similar, hence the 
mistake. 
The famil y; Lyctidae 2 is tropical or 
semi-tropical containing only 66 
species known so far, included in 12 
genera of which 10 occur in the New 
World. The genus Lyctus contains 25 
species; other genera, 41 species. So 
far in Vancouver I have taken five 
species of Lyctus and one of Tro-
goxylon, making six in all. However, 
according to distribution lists in 
Gerber's monograph and in Hatch's 
Vol. III of the Beetles of the Pacific 
Northwest, seven species have so far 
been found in this Province, one 
being a single record. 
Considering these species alpha-
betically, we have:-
Lyctus africanus Lesne 
In June 1963 an importer of medi-
cinal herbs brought in a pint of 
orris roots in which a few holes were 
showing; in a few days some beetles 
emerged which traced out to L. 
atricanus Lesne which is very similar 
to L. brunneus except that the 
fourth abdominal sternite of the 
female has a dense conspicuous 
fringe of hairs. The insects are still 
actively breeding in the orris 
rhizomes in about equal numbers of 
males and females (March 1965) , 
2. Gerber, Eugene J . The New World Species of 
Powder-post beetles 'belonging to the Family 
Lyctidae. V.S.D.A. Technical Bulletin No. 1157, 
Wash., D.C. April, 1957. 
22 1' 1:"" E ' ·IU .I I " I.. S' iI .. j :SB]'J. CO IX~I BIA . VOL. 62 (1965 ), D EC. 1, 1965 
and h ave reduced much of th e roots 
to dust . Orris or orrice roots a re the 
rhizomes of three varieties of Iris, 
cultivated in France, Italy a nd Mor-
occo and are imported into North 
America for making a h air tonic '3.nd 
into Vancouver as one of 14 flavor:, 
used in making London Dry Gin and 
therefore this beetle can definitely 
be considered a hostile species and 
a menace to our conviviaiity. It is 
the mos t active of four species of 
lyctids that I have reared out in 
captivity and if the lid is removed 
from the container it fli es out readily 
instead of crawling out '1S other 
species do . 
Other record of L . ajricanus :--four 
specimens emerged on 5 May 1953 
from a child's toy made of liquorice 
wood, Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Nutt.) 
Pursh , imported from California; one, 
on 9 October 1955, from a figurine 
from Kenya and 18 specime!1s from 
one panel only of an insect spreading 
board purchased from a supply com-
pany. The board lay around in the 
laboratory for three years before 
beetles started to emerge from it and 
the latest one emerged on 14 March 
1964. Both halves of the board are 
made of "obeche" wood Trip.ochiton 
schleroxylon imported f rom west 
Africa, identified for me by Professor 
R. W. Wellwood of this University 
who s tated tha t the wood is well 
known to have a high sugar content 
(a necessity for lyctid a ttack). 
Also from this same side of the 
board there emerged from 28 Janu-
ary to 15 March 1965, 34 specimens 
of Lyctus bTUnneus (Stephens) and 
from 26 November 1963 to 8 October 
1965, 8 specimens of Trogoxylon 
prostomoides Gorham, all from one 
strip of wood 12 ins by 2 ins by % 
inch thick. Just when this strip was 
infested by each species is. anybody's 
guess. 
Lyctus brunneus Stephens, the Old 
World Powder Post beetle. 
This species ranges in color from 
medium to dark brown and is only 
slightly smaller than L. planicollis, 
the la rges t lyctid to occur in the 
Province. 
The firs t specimen was !)btained in 
spring 1934 from thin bamboo rods 
from J apan . The next three, obta ined 
3 J anuary 1955 and 9 on 14 April 
1955, came from a window blind of 
thin round bamboo s trips of not 
much greater dia meter than the 
beetles themselves. In April 1958, 
18 were obtained from mahogany 
panelling that had been insta lled in 
a house for one year; in 1963, 10 
from orris root a nd the last group 
of 34 from the obeche wood spread-
ing board as recorded for L . atri-
can us , making 79 in all. 
Lyctus cavicollis Le Conte, the West-
ern Powder Post beetle. 
On 20 July 1955, a druggist brought 
in a handful of bamboo cigarette 
holders (source unknown ;)ut prob-
ably from China) which were heavily 
perforated by tunnels; from these 
emer ged only two beetles which key 
out to cavicollis in Hatch's keY3, 
having a narrow prosternal process 
between the pro-coxal cavities in-
stead of a broad one as in planicollis. 
Lyctus fuscus Linn. 1758 (Lyctus 
linearis Goeze 1777) the Europ-
ean Powder Post beetle. 
This species was my fir .3t record 
of Lyctus in Vancouver, obtained on 
14 May 1926 from a hickory axe 
handle imported from Arkansas; the 
importer said he had a bushel of 
handles from which beetles were 
emerging but he brought up only one 
which I placed on a radiator and in 
short order, six beetles emerged. 
These were identified for me by the 
late Ralph Hopping who returned me 
only one specimen. It is amazing that 
any beetles can develop in hickory 
which is almost as hard as ivory but 
close examination shows that the 
tracheae are quite large and where 
these occur in any hardwood, the 
females insert their astonishingly 
long ovipositors and deposit eggs. If 
3 Hatch, M. H. Beetles of the Pacific North· 
west, Vol. m. University of Washington Press, 
Seattle, Wash. 
P )lOL'. E ?o :o:\fI)). Soc. Bn)T . CO ) T~ II : I . \ . Y(lL. 62 (196 5) . DE( . 1, 1965 23 
the tubes are slit open, the beetles 
press the elongated eggs lengthways 
into the grooves. Close-grained wood 
like maple is consequently free from 
a ttack by lyctids as is any wood 
which is varnished or pa in ted to close 
the tracheae . 
Lyctus planicollis Le Conte, the 
Southern Powder Post beetle . 
This is the largest lyctid to come 
in to this Province and the darkest. 
some being nearly black ; females 
m ay measure 5.5 mm in length . This 
is the chief species attacking oak and 
was a problem during the second 
World War when oak for l1aoring 
was either improperly kiln-dried or 
not dried at all. I have 17 records of 
this beetle in oak floorin g dating 
from 1950 to 1960 involving ship-
ments from Cookeville, Tenn. and 
Calico Rock, Arkansas. One firm 
alone in Vancouver averagedimpor-
t a tions of 13 acres per year of oak 
flooring, mostly from Arkansas and 
within one or two years of being laid , 
the floors produced beetles. The oak 
came in two forms, as 16-foot planks 
which were sawn locally into 3-inch 
wide strips for first flooring, and 
bundles of tongue-and-groove short 
ends % inch thick for bedrooms : 
these short ends 2 or 3 inches wide 
and 12 to 16 inches long were most 
heavily infes ted , sometimes neces-
sitating the entire re-Iaying of a 
bedroom floor. 
I conducted many experiments 
with fresh non-infested wood and 
var~.ring numbers of beetles, under 
varying conditions of humidity and 
temperature but was never a ble to 
get a fresh infestation started : the 
last of these experiments was dis-
carded in 1963 having allowed four 
years for a new generation to 
develop. 
Apart from 72 pinned specimens, 
I have a good reserve of this species 
in alcohol. 
Lyctus opaculus Le Conte 
In the Stace Smith addition to our 
collections is one specimen collected 
in Vancouver on 9 July 1930, identi-
fied in 1944 or 1946 by H. B. Leech as 
L. opaculus, in 1957 by M. Hatch as 
L. planicollis and in 1964 by Spencer 
as L . brunneus; definitely it is not 
opaculus and contains characteristics 
of all three species. 
Also in the Stace Smith collection 
is one specimen collected 21 July 1934 
by W. Math ers from "seasoned Afri-
can wood" in Va ncouver and identi-
fied by H. B. Leech as M i n t hea stich-
othrix Reit . without further detaUs. 
Fina lly is the speCies Trogoxylon 
prostomoides Gorham, the smooth-
est-looking of the species on hand, 
with only traces of elytral ridges and 
confused silky pubescence on the 
elytra. My first record was 4 speci-
mens (identified 'by Hatch) from a 
Mexican bamboo basket, on 27 Janu-
ary 1947. On 21 July 1961, 8 speci-
mens emerged from Monkeypod 
(Samanea saman Jacq.) wood bowls 
brought in from Hawaii; on 5 Dec. 
1961, 2 were sent in from a bamboo 
basket in Va ncouver and on 20 Nov. 
1962, 3 were sent in from a North 
Vancouver home where the owner 
could not find the source of the 
beetles. 
On 2 Nov . 1962 a citizen brought 
in a Mexican bamboo basket which 
s howed a few emergen ce holes; in 
the la boratory it produced a steady 
stream of bee tles which avera.ged 10 
per week from Dec. 1963 to March 
19f14, when it was discarded. On 22 
April 1963 a man brough t in one 
beetle which had emerged from a 
3/4 inch oak strip from a floor . From 
4 April to 9 May 1963, 13 beetles 
emerged in the laboratory from a 
carved Mexican figurine of unknown 
wood. On 26 November 1963, 6 were 
obtained from the insect spreading 
boarc!. of west African obecl1e WOOd, 
previously noted. On 3 March 1964, 
one specimen was sent down from 
Powell River in a mass of termite 
frass; the beetle must have come 
from a bamboo basket and was acci-
dentally included in the frass. On 
17 March 1964, 20 specimens were 
sent in from Coquitlam which were 
in process of emerging from the half-
inch thick panelling of American ash 
24 PROC. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COU; MBIA, V OL. 62 (1965), D EC. 1, 1965 
in a large living room. Emergence of 
this brood from the ash started pre-
cisely 2 Y2 years after the house was 
built and had continued up to the 
time the beetles were first sent in 
for identification. The emergence 
from the panelling became so gen-
eral by the end of September 1965 
that the owners had it all ripped off, 
the area behind it thoroughly spray-
ed with a 1 per cent solution of 
lindane in oil and the panelling 
replaced by plywood of a different 
species of wood. The danger from 
this infestation lies in the fact that 
several beetles have emerged from 
the pOlished oak flooring nearest to 
the infested panels, one from the 
next room and one from a room 
beyond that. Apparently the beetles 
spread under the sub floor and the 
extent of their infestation from the 
underside of the oak flooring may 
not become apparent for several 
years. 
Now it has long been known that 
beetles of the family Lyctidae are 
attracted to wood of a high sugar 
content, so T. prostomoides in a con-
tainer were given grains of cane 
sugar upon which they fed for per-
iods up to one hour, apparently by 
licking it. 
To test the possible selectivity of 
this species, one small block each of 
fine grain, hard, eastern European 
oak, Arkansas oak flooring, coarse-
grain northeastern American oak 
possibly from Ontario, 40-year old 
hickory and chips of the same ash 
were placed in to a can and some 16 
adults of both sexes were carefully 
dropped on to the blocks. A few 
grains of sugar were then placed on 
the block of hickory and wetted with 
a drop of water which sank into the 
wood as if it was ,blotting paper. The 
beetles remained longer on the sur-
face of this sugared hiCKory than on 
any of the other blocks. In 12 days 
all the beetles had died so 18 new 
living ones were dropped on to the 
blocks. It may be several years before 
the results of this test are known. 
On 8 February 1965, six specimens 
were sent in from Keremeos where 
they were emerging from Bongo 
drums purchased in Mexico; identiGY 
of the wood in the drums was 
unknown. 
This species, Trogoxylon prosto-
moides, has occurred in Vancouver in 
more species of wood than any other 
-in bamboo from China or Japan, 
in monkeypod wood, heavily in bam-
boo from Mexico, in oak, in M:exican 
h ardwood, in African obeche wood 
and in eastern American ash. It 
seems to be the one species of Lyctid 
beetle that may become acclimatized 
and capable of developing in hard-
wood in British Columbia. 
To my knowledge, NO softwood 
has ever been attacked by Lyct1ls 
beetles in British Columbia. 
Finally, a ninth species is emerg-
ing (November 1965) from boards of 
a packing case recently rer.eived from 
south India. It closely resembles L. 
brunneus in elytral and leg charac-
ters but the front and vertex are 
different. It is being cultured out in 
the same way as T. prostomoides to 
see if it will attack hardwoods other 
than the so-far unidentified wood 
from which it is emerging. 


English

Some records of Lyctidae in Vancouver

Wilkinson, P. R.

28 PROC. ENTOMOL. Soc. BlllT. COL1JMBIA, VOL. 62 (1965), DEC. 1. 1965 
A FIRST RECORD OF PARALYSIS OF A DEER BY Dermtlcentor tlntlersoni 
(STILES)AND NOTES ON THE "HOST-POTENTIAL" 
OF DEER IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 
P. R. WILKINSON' 
Despite the large numbers of rec-
ords of paralysis of domestic animals 
and man by Dermacentor andersoni 
Stiles in the northwestern part of its 
range, the only record of paralysis of 
native ungulates concerns Bison 
bison (Linnaeus) in Montana (Greg-
son, 1958). In winter and spring 
mule deer, Odocoilells hemionus 
hemionus (Rafinesque) , frequent 
lightly timbered or open south-facing 
slopes, attracted by freedom from 
snow and presence of browse shrubs 
(e.g. Amelanchier, Mahonia) (Kleb-
enow, 1965). This shrub - growth, 
which is often associated with rocky 
or coarse soils, provides food and 
refuge to rodent hosts of the imma-
ture stages of D . andersoni, and soil-
temperatures on these warm slopes 
are favourable to the development of 
the free-living stages (Wilkinson, 
1964). Fresh deer signs l.re frequently 
seen on heavily infested tick foci, so 
deer presumably pick up many ticks. 
As spring is not the hunting season, 
there are fewer records of D. ander-
soni on deer than might be expected, 
and it is still unknown whether the 
tick engorges readily on deer. 
Of about 190 records of ticks on 
mule deer at the Kamloops laboratory 
only seventeen concern n. andersoni, 
and of these only four of the original 
specimens are still available for 
examination. Only one of these (four 
females and one male from Creston, 
B.C., 15 April, 1941) contains fully 
engorged andersoni with a note that 
it was taken from a deer 'nearly dead 
and covered with ticks.' Cowan 
(1944), after describing heavy infes-
tations with Dermacentor albipictus 
Packard on deer in Banff and Jasper 
National Parks, noted that D. ander-
, Research station, Canada Department of Ag-
riculture, Box 210, Kamloops, B.C. 
soni was 'of regular occurrence on 
the deer range' but 'in its present 
numbers is not known to be detri-
mental to game.' Bishopp and Trem-
bley (1945) recorded four lots of D. 
andersoni from mule dp.er of which 
three lots contained five females 
ranging from unfed to fully engorged. 
Cooley (1938) summarising the work 
of several authors gives O. hemionus 
as a host of D. andersoni but does not 
state the degree of engorgement 
observed. 
Milne (1949), in his stUdies of 
Ixodes ricinus introduced the term 
'host-potential', defining it as the 
number of the host animals in the 
study area multiplied by the average 
number of ticks infesting each ani-
mal. This should be qualified by a 
term to cover the proportion of these 
ticks maturing to the next instar, 
or the number of eggs layed by adult 
female ticks maturing on this host 
species. since some hosts develop 
hypersensitive reactions which pre-
vent ticks engorging (Trager, 1939, 
Riek, 1962, Wilkinson, 1962), or they 
remove ticks by scratchin~, rubbing, 
licking or biting. Where the range of 
the host animal is considerably 
greater than the size of the tick 
focus, a term covering the proportion 
of engorged ticks returned to the 
focus would be needed. 
Considering situations in North 
America without domestic animals, 
if ticks are picked up by deer and 
fail to engorge, the presence of deer 
would tend to reduce tick popula-
tions. If ticks maturing on deer 
produce more eggs than if the same 
ticks had been dependant on alter-
native hosts such as porcupines, the 
presence of deer would tend to in-
crease the number of ticks, unless 
the wide range of the deer caused 
a large proportion of the engorged 
PHOC. E NTO:lfOL. Soc. BRIT. CO LUMRIA , VOL. 62 (1965), DEC. 1, 1965 29 
ticks to fall in places with unsuitable 
microclimate, or without :mitable 
rodent hosts for the next generation 
of immature stages. 
As part of a program to obtain 
more information on the 'host-
potential' of deer, a bottle-fed male 
fawn about one month old was 
infested with 20 male and 20 female 
D. andersoni on 3 July, 1964. The 
ticks had been taken on 18 March, 
1964 by 'flagging' vegetation and had 
since been kept at 6-10 C over water. 
The ticks were shaken into a girdle 
covering the underneath and sides 
of the belly, and the deer was exam-
ined daily between 7 and 11 .July. At 
9 AM on 9 July there were three 
females on the head, one on the neck 
and seven on the side of the chest; a 
female nearing repletion and weigh-
ing 476 mg was removed, so that it 
would not be lost. At 9 PM paralysis 
of the hind quarters had developed 
and female ticks weighing 338, 253 
and 150 mg were removed to assist 
the deer's recovery. On 10 July the 
paralysis involved the forelegs as 
well as the rear legs, and a pair of 
ticks was removed from the neck, the 
female weighing 470 mg. At 1 PM a 
movie of the paralysis symptoms was 
taken and the remaining female 
ticks, which were in the partly 
engorged 'tan-coloured' stage, were 
removed and preserved. On 11 July 
the deer had recovered. 
From this it appeared that if the 
ticks had not been removed and the 
deer had not succumbed to paralysis, 
the majority of ticks would have 
matured and oviposited. Two engorg-
ed ticks placed in an incubator at 25 
C produced viable larvae, with a 
normal percentage of eggs hatching. 
Tests with ticks fed on sheep have 
shown that the number of eggs laid 
is approximately related to the 
weight of the female (W.F., in mg) by 
the expression N= 10.5 (W.F. - 12.5), 
for ticks weighing between 420 - 750 
mg. 
To test the ability of ticks to 
engorge on older animals, and to 
obtain more information while the 
fawn was available, it was reinfested 
on 11 December with 31 male and 
24 female ticks taken from vegetation 
in the spring of 1964, and stored as 
before. On 20 December an almost 
replete female weighing 645 mg was 
removed from the back of the neck. 
Another female engorged slowly, and 
a further eight males were added on 
21 December in case this was due to 
a shortage of males. This female tick 
was removed tightly distended on 
31 December, but weighed only 390 
mg. The smaller 'proportion of ticks 
maturing may be accounted for by 
the long storage of the ticks and the 
loss of some of them during the 
struggles of the deer. An infestation 
with 10 males and 10 females obtain-
ed by sweeping vegetation on 13 
March, 1965, and placed on the deer 
on 25 March yielded a female of 668 
mg on 2 April. The fawn did not 
become paralysed during the Decem~ 
ber and March infestations. 
Considering the repeated observa-
tion of engorgement of ticks on the 
fawn, and the marked paralysis pro-
duced by the first infestation, the 
scarCity of records of paralysis and 
tick engorgement is surprising. Pos-
sibly most fawns are born too late 
to encounter many ticks, because 
ticks are commencing ~estivation 
and because deer are migrating to 
summer feeding grounds, while adult 
deer in spring may be resistant. 
Gregson (personal communication) 
has suggested that immune reactions 
to D. albipictus, with which most B.C. 
deer are infested from fall to spring, 
may cause a cross-resistance to the 
engorgement of D. andersoni. The 
possibility of this cross-resistance 
should be amenable to investigation 
on tethered deer and stalled cattle, 
meanwhile further information is 
needed on tick infestatIons of deer 
in spring. 
Acknowledgements 
Thanks are due to Mr. R. Ritcey, Game 
Biologist, Kamloops for providing the fawn. 
30 PIlOC. ENTOMOL. Soc. Burr. COL1: MIlIA, VOL. 62 (1965 ), DEC. 1, 1965 
References 
Bishopp, F. C. and Trembley, H. L. (1945). Distribution and hosts of certain North 
American ticks. J. Parasitology 31: 1-54. 
Cooley, R. A. (1938). The genera Dermacentor and Otocentor (Ixodidae) in the United 
States, with studies in variation. U.S. Nat. Inst. Health Bull. 171: 89 pp. 
Cowan, I. McTaggart (1944). Parasites, Diseases and Injuries of Game Animals in Banff, 
Jasper, and Kootenay National Parks. Canada Dept. of Mines and Resources. 
Gregson, J. D. (1958). Host susceptibility to paralysis by the tick Dermacentor andersoni 
Stiles (Acarina: Ixodidae). Canad. Ent. 90 (7): 421-424. 
Klebenow, D. A. (1965). A montane forest winter deer habitat in Western Montana. J. 
Wildl. Mgmt. 29: 27-33. 
Milne, A. (1949). The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Host relationships of 
the tick. Parasitology" 39: 167-172. 
Riek, R. F. (1962). Studies on the reactions of animals to infestations with ticks. Aust. J. 
Agric. Res. 13: 532-550. 
Trager, W. (1939). Acquired immunity in ticks. J. Parasitology 25: 57-81. 
Wilkinson, P. R. (1962). Selection of cattle for tick resistance, and the effects of herds 
of different susceptibility on Boophilus populations. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13: 
974-983. 
Wilkinson, P . R. (1964). Factors affecting distribution of the Rocky Mountain wood tick 
(Dermacentor andersoni Stiles) in British Columbia. (Abstract). Bull. Eco!. Soc. 
America 45: 53. 
REPOSITORIES OF SYMBIOTIC FUNGUS IN THE AMBROSIA BEETLE 
Monllrthrum stutellllre LEC. (COLEOPTERA :SCOL YTI DAE) 
By S. H. FARRIS 
Department of Forestry of Canada 
Forest Research Laboratory, Victoria, B.C. 
Introduction 
Specialized structures or mycangia 
that contain symbiotic fungi have 
been identified by several workers in 
a number of scolytid ambrosia 
beetles. Since Francke - Gro.;;mann 
(1956a) first described structures 
with this function in Trypodendron 
lineatum Oliv., workers have report-
ed mycangia in other s p e c i e s 
(Francke - Grosmann, 1956b, 1958; 
Fernando, 1960; Schedl, 1962; Finne-
gan, 1963; Farris, 1963; Batra, 1963) . 
Only females of most species possess 
these structures but in eorthylus 
punctatissimus Zimm. (Finnegan, 
1963) , Gnathotrichus retusus Lec., 
and G. sulcatus Lec. (Farris, 1963) 
only males have mycangia. 
Batra (1963), working with Monar-
thrum taciatum Say and M. mali 
Fitch found mycangia to be enlarge-
ments of the forecoxal cavit.ies in the 
female beetles. Because of this and 
the previous work of Francke-Gros-
mann and Batra (Francke-Gros-
mann, 1963) with these two species 
of Monarthrum it seemed reasonable 
to suspect that Monarthr1lm scuteZ-
lare Lec. would possess mycangia ~n 
a similar position. This insect attacks 
logs or weakened trees of the genus 
Quercus from British Columbia south 
to California (Chamberlin, 1958), its 
host on Vancouver Island being Q. 
garryana DougI. 
Materials and Methods 
Adult beetles were excavated from 
their host and either l"ill- fixed in 
alcoholic Bouin's solution for section-
ing or stored a live in a refrigerator 
for dissecting and culturi.ng later. 
Specimens for sectioning were de-
hydrated with tertiary bntyl alcohol 
(Johansen, 1940), embedded with 
Fisher 's "Tissuemat," and serial sag-
ittal sections were cut at 15 and 20 
microns on a rotary microtome. The 
sections were treated with a modified 
Gram-Weigert stain (Leach, 1940) 
and counter stained with eosin Y, 
previously used by Fernando (1960), 


A first record of paralysis of a deer by Dermacentor andersoni Stiles and notes on the "host-potential" of deer in British Columbia

Kimmich, Helmut P.

10 JOU H i\" AL ENTO~10L. Soc. BItTT. COLUMBIA, VOL. 63 (1966), DEC. 1, 1966 
ANNOTATED LIST OF FOREST INSECTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: 
PROC. ENT. SOC. B.C. 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1954. Part I-Lasiocampidae , Saturniidae, Liparidae. 51 :40·43. 
Ross, D. A. 1954. Part II- Laspeyresia spp. (Olethreutidael. 51 :44. 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1956. Part II1-Eupithecia spp. (Geometridae). 52:36-38. 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1956. Part IV-Hydriomena spp. (Geometridae ). 52:38-39. 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1957. Part V-Dioryctria spp. (pyralidae). 53 :10·11. 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1957. Part VI- Plusia (5yngrapha) sp p. (Noctuidae). 54:18. 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1957. Part VIl- Apatela (Acronicta) spp. ,Noctuidae) . 54:16-17 . 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1958. Part VIII- Semiothisa spp. (Geometridae) . 55:40·41. 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1959. Part IX- Caripeta spp. (Geometridae). 56:15. 
Ross, D. A. and D. Evans. 1961. Part X- Notodontidae. 58 :30-32. 
Sugden, B. A. and D. A. Ross. 1963. Part XI- Papilio spp. (Papilionidae). 60:17-18. 
Sugden, B. A. 1964. Part XII-Boarmiini and MeJanoJophiini (Geometriciae). 61 :36-39. 
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THREE ARCTIID MOTHS FROM 
BRITrSH COLUMBIA 
HELMUT P. KIMMICH 
Neoarctia brucei H. Edw. 
N. brucei is not listed by Jones 
(1951). It inhabits the southern 
slopes of alpine meadows in Manning 
Park at altitudes of about 6,500 feet, 
and is rare in collections. With a 
wingspan of 35 mm, this is a moth of 
striking beauty having black fore-
wings with broad rose coloured grid 
lines and bright red hindwings with 
heavy, broad spots, confluent at the 
outer margins. 
After hibernation the small larv:.le 
appear in June, at first on bare spots 
around trees and later mostly along 
the edges of still remaining snow 
patches. There, with maximum ex-
posure to the warmth of the sun, they 
rest in a curled position on the bafe 
ground or walk swiftly, covering con-
siderable distances in search of their 
favorite food plants: the tender 
sprouts and shoots of Senecio, moun-
tain grass, phlox, and buds of Vac-
cinium. By the time the last snow 
patches have melted, the larvae have 
hidden in the thickets of fast-grow-
ing alpine flora. They reach maturity 
before the leaves of the dwarf Vac-
cinium turn dark green. The moth 
emerges in July after two weeks in 
the pupal stage . Flight and copula 
take place at dusk. 
The female lays between 80 and 
120 eggs in batches. The ovum is 
spherical and gold coloured. Hatch-
ing follows 10 days after oviposition 
and there a re six larval instars. At 
maturity the larva measures 30 mm, 
the head is small and black, the body 
and t ubercles are black, dotted with 
shiny spots, visible in the reflection 
of light, and with soft tufts consisting 
of black and white hairs, the white 
ones more numerous at the sides. The 
dorsum is adorned with tufts of pale 
olive green . 
The pupa is 17 x 5 mm, with the 
wingcases translucent reddish, the 
mobile cremaster dusted with slate 
blue, the segments blackish and bor-
dered, and the head furnished with 
inconspicuous bristles. It rests in a 
light cocoon of plant material. 
Caged caterpillars are reluctant to 
accept substitutes for their native 
food plants. Taking only mature lar-
vae and presenting them a variety Df 
wild, native plants is critical for suc-
cessful rearing. The picked plants 
preserved in tightly closed jars and 
kept cool, will prove satisfactory. 
However, a new brood emerging in 
confinement can be succes..sfully rear-
ed on Taraxacum if they have not 
hibernated. Ample space, artificial 
JOURN AL ENT02lfOL. SOC. BRIT. COLlJ MIHA , VOl .. 63 (1966), DEL 1, 1966 11 
heat and adequate moisture are es-
sential. A second brood in the same 
season may even be partly brought 
to pupation. Creating conditions sim-
ilar to those found under a cover of 
snow, will give modest success with a 
brood in hibernation . The box used 
for overwintering should not contain 
anything of plant origin because of 
the disastrous effects of moulds and 
fungi. To induce copulation in cap-
tivity, the breeder must use his field 
observations of the impetuous flight 
of the male and of the climatic condi-
tions at the time of mating. The pro-
vision of cages with ample space for 
fligh t, cold air at dusk, and a breeze 
in the evening will reproduce some 
of the factors for mating. The male 
is able to enter more than one copula-
tion. 
A tiny parasitic wasp of 2 mm 
wingspan takes advantage of the con-
spicuous exposure of resting larvae to 
reduce the overwintered stock dras-
tically every year. 
Apantesis elongata Stretch 
This species is listed as No . 1050 
by Jones (1951) . It was identified in 
Ottawa after its discovery several 
years ago in Manning Park. A. elon-
gata and N. brucei have similar life 
histories and share the same habitat. 
The male, with a wingspan of 30 
mm, has black forewings with fine 
white grid lines which sometimes are 
partly missing, and the typical "W" 
at the outer margin. The hindwings 
are black also with a circular black 
spot in the discoidal cell bordered by 
a broad white band. Below t.he cell a 
distinct white line extends from the 
thorax towards the outer margin, its 
widened end sometimes connected 
with the aforementioned black spot. 
The abdomen is black with an ochra-
ceous stripe on both sides. Some males 
exhibit mutations with broad whi!:e 
grid lines in the discal area. Such 
aberrant males have completely black 
abdomens. The white pattern on the 
hindwings of the male is typical and 
dominant, but an ochraceous pattern 
occurs rarely. 
The female has forewings like 
those of the male, but the hindwings 
ar e ochraceous with broad black spots 
at the outer margins, sometimes con-
flu ent. The line extending from the 
thorax into the limbal area is black. 
Females showing the typical geomet-
rical pattern On the hind wings are 
quite rare. Mutations, showing black 
hindwings with only a shade of ochra-
ceous left and forewings with a white 
broad blotch in the discal area also 
occur. 
In nature the larvae are found 
associated with N. brucei and can be 
reared in the same way. They are 
more agile but less exposed and bet-
ter camouflaged. This may explain 
why they were parasitised less than 
the larvae of N. brucei. A brood in 
confinement, unlike N. brucei, will 
not reach maturity without hiberna-
tion . 
The ovum is ,<;pherical, pale yel-
low and much smaller than that of 
N . brucei. The female produces up 
to 200 eggs, which are laid loosely 
and apparently casually. 
The mature larva measures 30 
mm. The head and body are black, 
the tubercles black and dotted with 
tiny white spots reflecting the light; 
the tufts are rough and short, black 
on the dorsum, maroon at the sides. 
The dorsal line is comprised of lines 
and spots in an alternate pattern of 
white, brown or ochre. Often the dor-
sal line is missing. 
The pupa is dusted WIth slate 
blue , the sea ms black, the cremaster 
mobile, the head with short black 
bris tles, more accentuated than in 
N. brucei. 
Parasemia (Hyphoraia) parthenos 
Harr. 
This superb Arctiid is distributed 
throughout the Northern Atlantic 
States and Canada. Its occurrence in 
British CoI'umbia is sporadic and ap-
parently restricted to small localities 
in light, damp forests with under-
brush, often hundreds of miles apart. 
Wherever Sighted, the number of 
specimens appears always very lim-
ited . Undoubtedly this moth is rare 
12 J oUC\ .\1. E."TO~IO I. . SO(' . BlOT . C OI.I ·."nlA. VOl .. 63 (1966 ), DF:c. 1, 1966 
and probably permanently endan-
gered by civilization. It should be 
high on the list of insects to be pro-
tected in nature. The moth survives 
only in undisturbed environment wi th 
ideal and balanced conditions. 
By the end of June it !s on the 
wing, but only in even - numbered 
years, which indicates a two-year life 
cycle. Males will come to a light, but 
not femal es which appear to avoid 
a ny kind of trap. In th e course of 
obtaining breeding material , I have 
sacrificed many night hours in vain 
at different places and have never 
seen a female landing in th e vicini ty 
of the light. The number of ma les 
appearing never exceeded five, an in-
dication of its scarcity a nd limited 
n umber. On June 30, 1962, near Wes t -
bank, B.C ., a female was found by ac-
cident, r estin g on a doorstep. On July 
1 it laid about 80 eggs in a mass. The 
eggs were white, dull , and globula r , 
sligh tly flattened. 
In ten days the larvae hatched 
and were kept in small closed jars 
with perforated lids, exposed during 
dayligh t to artificial h eat . Since a ll 
known breeding places had abundant 
growth of Symphoricarpos, this sh ru b 
was tried as a food plant, a nd was 
very s uccessful. 
By August 22 in the VIIIth instar, 
about 70 per cent of the larvae had 
reached m aturity without further 
loss. Thus on e hibernation was elim-
inated, th,anks to artifiCial heat and 
adequate moisture in the jars. The 
m a ture la rvae continued to feed until 
they refused further food in the very 
late fall. 
Hibernation took place in a box-
like conta iner outdoors under a roo f. 
Inside was sterilized moss, which was 
mOistened from time to time. How-
ever, most of the larvae died during 
the winter and early spring un til 
finall y only three remained to pupa te 
in late spring. These also perish ed . 
The failure was probably caused by 
uncontrolled mois ture which a llowed 
fungi and mildew to grow. Obvious-
ly conditions were not equivalent to 
those in nature . 
Extensive search for larvae in the 
vic ini ty of breeding places did not 
prodUce res ul ts, s ince these feed at 
nigh t and are well hidden during day-
li gh t. The only remaining chance was 
to watch for ma ture larvae in late fall 
wh en th ey travel i '. search of hiber-
nation s ites. Occasionally they cross 
roads in full sunlight, In 1965 ten 
mature larvae were found in this way, 
which were fed with leaves of Sym-
phnricarpos un t il th ey rolled up for 
1 h e win ter. At maturity the larvae 
were 40 to 45 mm long, with head and 
body black, hairs lon g and black, the 
t ubercles greyish white a nd incon-
spicuous . 
Larvae of th is family spend a 
great part of their lives under a cover 
of snow, a nd th ey h ave an exceptional 
need for moisture. But direct mois-
ture seemed to be deadly, prodUCing 
fung i, particularly on the prolegs. 
The container for hibernation, con-
s isted of two parts : the upper pa rt 
covered with curta in fabri c with a 
perforated bottom ; th e lower part a 
rese rvoir for water. The perforated 
bottom was covered with a layer of 
cotton fa bric and two rocks were 
placed on it a nd covered with a dou-
ble layer of cotton fa bric to leave 
caveli ke spaces beneath. The whole 
assembly was sh eltered by an A-
frame wi th an impervious cover and 
placed ou tdoors under spruce t rees 
a nd close to a s tump covered with 
shrUbs. The layers of fabric were 
moistened every two days except in 
th e snow season . 
At th e end of February, 1966 one 
larva was fo und dead, a victim of 
fungus. In March several more suc-
cumbed. Temperature changes in 
ea rl y spring caused frequent inter-
r up tions of the winter s leep . At the 
end of Ma rch th e r ema ining three 
larvae became active and prepared 
for pupation by emptying their intes-
t in es . On April 1 they began to spin 
loose cocoons, and on April 5 one 
la rva fini shed its cocoon of mixed silk 
a nd hairs, choosing the curtain fabric 
as a suitable place. Two others spun 
JOURNAL E NTOMOL. SOC. BlnT. COIX .\WU. VOL. 63 (1966), DE('. 1. 1966 13 
cocoons between the rocks under the 
double layer of fabric, On April 16 a 
pupa could be seen in the cocoon 
under the curtain fabric. It was 27 
mm long, black and shiny. A female 
emerged on June 1, after six weeks 
pupation, A male emerged from a 
cocoon between th e rocks on June 11. 
The third pupa was killed by mildew. 
The moths em erged 10 days earlier 
than those observed in nature, a sign 
that th e hibernation place was too 
warm and the a mbient air too dry. 
None of the larvae reared was para-
sitised. 
Reference 
Jones, J, R. J . L. 1951. An annotated check list of the Macrolepidoptera of British 
Columbia , Entomol. Soc. Brit. Columbia Occasional Paper No . 1. 
RECORDS OF TICK PARAL YSIS IN LIVESTOCK IN 
BRrTISH COLUMBIA 
J. D. GREGSON1 
ABSTRACT 
Reports of 189 outbreaks of tick 
paralysis in livestock in British Col-
umbia are tabulated with regard to 
distribution, the kind and number of 
animals involved, the annual inci-
dence of paralysis, and the dates and 
sizes of the major outbreaks. The 
disease is most prevalent in the west-
ern half of the interior dry belt 
where there have been apparent peak 
years of cases. The recorded totals 
are in excess of 2010, 1849, 9, and 13 
for cattle, sheep, horses, and dogs, re-
spectively. Most of the loss from the 
disease results from the extra man-
power needed to care for affected ani-
mals, reduced animal condition, and 
disuse of otherwise valuable pasture. 
Almost every year since its incep-
tion in 1928, the entomology labora-
tory at Kamloops, B.C., has received 
word of cases of tick paralysis in live-
stock and humans in this province. 
Since the published records refer only 
to 11 out of some 190 outbreaks of 
the disease in livestock, it is felt that 
more information should be made 
available from data in this labora-
tory's files. 
I Research Station, Research Branch, Canada 
Department of Agriculture, Kamloops, B.C. 
Tick paralysis was first recognized 
as a dis ease in North America when 
Todd, in 1912, accumulated case his-
tories of the effects a ssociated with 
tick bites in humans and differenti-
ated the symptoms from those of 
Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Had-
wen (1913) associated the disease 
with a condition observed in the 
Vicinity of Keremeos, where for three 
years a farmer had up to 300 of his 
sheep affected by a form of paralysis. 
Hadwen proved experimentally that 
the disease was caused by the bite of 
Dermacentor venustus Banks ( = D . 
andersoni Stiles) . His theory that a 
toxin caused the symptoms remains 
unchallenged. 
Other than Bruce's (1920) warn-
ing to ranchers of tick paralysis, there 
are no further references to outbreaks 
until Bruce's publication in 1922. In 
this, h e r ecords witnessing an out-
break at Vavenby where Moilliet had 
200 sheep affected out of a band of 
400. Subsequent unpublished refer-
ences to this rancher indicate that up 
to 1928 as many as 10% of his flock 
of 1300 were sometimes paralysed. 
In 1928, at the request of the B .C. 
ranching industry, a laboratory was 
established at Kamloops for the study 


Notes on the biology of three Arctiid moths from British Columbia

Graham, K.


.1111 ' ](, .11 . E .'Tmllll.. SO!. U I<I "I" . C OI.l ; :'IBIA. VOl.. 63 (1966). DEC. 1, 1966 
In ~£mortam 
GEORGE J OHNSTON SPENCER 
Jan . 16. 1888 ; July 24, 1966 
This valiant soldi er , t his scholar , 
this leader and inspirer of m en wh Q 
became a legend in his own t ime. ever 
reacly for a j est, mocked at his own 
in firmi ty even as death beckoned . 
Defyin g the in evitable, h e con tinued 
hi s sch olarly work so that posterity 
might be richer for his having come 
this way. It is with deep regret tha t 
we record his passin g. 
Professor Spen cer was born in 
S =uth I ndia Ja nuary 16, 1888 . After 
lere ivin g h is ea rl y education in Ban-
galore. h e attended the Regent Stree t 
Polytechnic Institute in London , and 
th e LJ n i versi ty of Manci1ester. Com-
in g to Canada in 1908 h e obtained the 
B.S.A. degree from the Ontario Agri -
cultura l Coll ege in 1914. As an officer 
with the Canad ian Expeditionary 
Force in World War I h e ""as cited fo r 
va lour. Returning to s tudies, he ob-
ta ined the M.S . degree from the Un i-
versity of Ill inois in 1924 . The same 
year he was appointed to the faculty 
of the Univers ity of Bri tish Columbia 
where he taught general zoology, hIS-
tolo gy and entomology until his re-
t irement in 1956 . Reappo inted as a 
speCial lecturer in 1957 11e gradually 
phased out his tea ching dut ies whil e 
devo ti n g more time to r esearch and 
professional consulting . 
Profe.ssor Spencer was renowned 
as a teacher who infused his stud ents 
with some of his own speCia l kind of 
enthusiasm. HIS lectures were m em -
orable fo r his vivid word p ictures . hIS 
drama tiza tion with pan tomime and 
his amusing allegori es . His well-
judged h umour occasionally burst 
forth in startling contrast to his 
quie t . though audible, del ivery . Testi-
mony of his inspiration to disciples is 
to be found in the s uccess achieved 
by 11 umerous forme r stud ents. 
As a public lecturer he was a lways 
in popular demand. With a n app c·ar-
m~ c e a n d m anner wl1ich at once CO ;'ll-
manded attention and respect, he 
gradually brought listeners to the 
ed ge of their seats, waiting for the 
next r evelation of the wonders of na-
ture or the nex t rib-tickling Spencer-
ism. 
As a scientis t l1e direc ted much of 
h is energy to assemblin g a represen-
tative collection of the insec t fauna 
of British Columbia . I n recogniti.on 
or t his work he was honoured by his 
former students who sponsored the 
equippin g of a room to be known as 
t h e Spencer Entomological Museum. 
On the bas is of many years of r e-
search among the sun-drenched hills 
of Kamloops , Professor Spencer pub-
lished a s ignificant work on ecology 
of grasshoppers . He devoted much 
time to the study of external parasites 
of birds and mammals of British Co-
lumbia. Publication of his main 
works , interrupted by his death , will 
be brought to completion for him by 
Dr . G. G . E. Scudder. He contributed 
m any pa pers on diverse insect pests 
of man , of man 's clothing, his dwell -
in gs, and his domestic pets. He was 
a lso kn owledgeable on "mental insect 
a ttacks," a condition otherwise known 
as entomophobia . 
Professor Spencer was, in the 
word s of Dr. H. R. MacCarthy, " a 
source of strength to the (Entomo-
logi cal ) Society (of B.C. ), and one of 
its most ardent supporters . His col-
ourful presentation of papers was a 
high light of the annual meeting ." 
HIS eminence was recognized by his 
bein g !11vited as the keynote speaker 
at the Centennial celebrations in ot-
tawa in 1963 . The British Columbia 
a n d Canadian Entomological Societies 
awarded him honourary membership, 
and the American Society bestowed a 
Fe ll owship on him. 
Wi th skill, patience , tact and good 
h umour . h e served the public with 
hi.,> ('()unselling on insect problems . 
.,vL ·st of hIS service was gratis, as he 
dealt with all m a nner of problems, 
both real and imaginary, brought to 
l!l .n by al l manner of people from th e 
'], c . ' C humble to the most haughty , 
JOURNAL E:-ITO~lOL. S OC. BRIT. C OLT7 MRIA, VOL. 63 (1966), DEC. I ,
 1966 43 
and from the unwash ed to the over-
scrubbed. 
He was a kindly, generous-hearted 
m an who liked people, adored chil-
dren and was fond of animals. He 
was a devoted husband to his wife 
Alice, loving father to his da ughter 
Ann, and proud grandfather to his 
three grandchildren, and all respond-
ed with warm affection. Throughout 
his hours of greates t trial , Mrs. Spen-
cer remained steadfastly and reassur-
ingly by his s ide. 
Professor Spencer will long be re-
membered . 
K. GRAHAM 
October 11, 1966 
GEORGE AUSTIN HARDY 
(1888-1966 ) 
The a ll .. round naturalist of a gen-
eration ago was a very special type 
of perscTl . He was one who was well-
versed i J~ all phases of the out-of-
doors and at the same time was an 
authority in one or two special fields . 
He could name a lmost every tree, 
shrub or flower in the ~ :2~i ~l1a t. he 
roamed and could ider ' ifv e'lt ry bird 
and msec t that came . ' 'w tice. At 
the same t.ime h e cou1 1 llloerpret the 
patterns of life tha ~,';':Iftowed by in 
terms of rocks, soil al ,"';' climate that 
made up the physical world a round 
h im. 
Such a person was George Austin 
Hardy . Stimulated by direct contact 
with a countryside rich in living 
things he developed a keen interest 
in nature as a youth in the Glasgow 
area where he was brought up. In 
those days, more than 60 years ago, 
formal traini ~1g in n a tural science . 
was not easy to come by but this lack 
was offset by living in an area rela-
tively Qn.'5poiled by set t lement and by 
associa t icn with n aturalists who were 
willi'1E. to offer h elp and encourage-
ment. 
Af' .or r eceiving some training as a 
taxidern , i:) ~ and havin g taken some 
cours ' ,". m biology at Glasgow Tech-
nical School Hardy emigrated to Can-
ada 'Where h e maintained his interest 
in natural history while homestead-
ing in Alberta. In time he returned 
to Brit.iin and worked for a period 
as a taxidermist, first in London and 
thel~ at the Essex Museum. But Can-
ada .5~ill had an appeal so he returned 
to tht: Old homestead in Alberta where 
he made extensive collections of 
pla~t..", b!.rds and mammals for the 
Essex Museum. 
Even tually h e moved to the Coast 
and after trying his hand at several 
jobs he Joined the staff of th e Provin-
Cial Museum in 1924 as Assistant Bi-
ologist, a post h e occupied for 4 years . 
After an interlude spent partly in 
:d iJ~rta and partly on Vancouver Is-
land he 'ej oined the Museum staff in 
1941 a," 'Botanist. There followed his 
'1lost vroductive period until his re-
tj l{:~ent in 1953. 
No m a t ter where he was located 
George was fasc inated by the whole 
gamut of nature. The plant associa-
tion characteristic of the various bi-
otic areas of the province were a con-
stant source of delight and a topic of 
study, and the communities of living 
creatures a long the sea-shore regu-
larly intrigued him. 
He was particularly interested in 
insects and a great part of his life 
was devoted to their study. For many 
years h e assiduously collected and 
worked over the Cerambycidae of the 
province and eventually became an 
auL10rity on this particular group of 
wood· boring beetles. They remained 
hIS fi rst love and continued to inter-
est h im through the years. 
While most of his time at the 
Muse um was taken up with herbar-
ium work he also took care of the 
entomological needs of the institution 
and devoted most of his spare time to 
collecting and studying insects around 
his home m Saanich. 
Field work in various parts of the 
province gave him opportunity to 
widen his scope and his lanky frame 
clad in short pants and armed with 
a butterfly net and a va.sculum star-


George Johnston Spencer: Jan 16, 1888 - July 24, 1966

The mature larvae of 57 species of forest geometrids are described briefly and their distribution and hosts, as determined from samples collected by personnel of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey, are given

Sugden, B. A.

Annotated list of forest insects of British Columbia Part XIV, Ennominae (Geometridae)

Arrand, J. C.

Peters, W. C.

A record of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran from Creston, British Columbia

Banham, F. L.

Notes on the diapause of the tomato hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in British Columbia

Not a member yet