Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia

Smith, G. Stace

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROc. (1956), VOL. 53, FEB. 15, 195 7 11 
mechanically injured portion of bole) ; 
generally distributed throughout In-
terior B.C. Larva forms a mass of 
frass and castings about burrow en-
trance; the cone boring form over-
winters on the ground as a fully 
developed larva in a silky cocoon 
coated with adhering bits of duff and 
soil. Douglas fir cones were infe sted 
lightly throughout much of the 
Southern Interior during 1950 and 
1951, although the species was 
less numerou s than Barbara colfaxiana. 
Larva: } inch ; head, reddish-brown, 
prothoracic shield paler; upper half 
of body, pinkish-red, rather obscure 
dark dorsal and subdo rsal stripes; 
venter pale; surana l plate and centre 
of As pale tan, speckled with bro·wn. 
D. reniculella Grt . complex. Picea 
glallca, Picea enge/manl1i, Pseudo/suga men-
zies;i, Abies lasiocarpa; generally dis-
tributed. The form on spruce may be 
a species distinct from the fir feeders. 
D . renimlella is almost exclusively a 
needle feeder in British Columbia; 
only one adult was r eared from a 
Douglas fir cone. No outbreaks 
recorded. Larva: ~ inch; head, tan t o 
dark brown to black; pro thoracic 
shield yellowish-tan; ground colour 
of body, pale yellow; upper portions 
of body, pale cinnamon, with faint 
yellowish dorsal and subdorsal stripes; 
dark brown patches or black stripe 
along supraspiracular area. 
D. zimmermani (Grt.). Pinlls con-
torta (bole and branches, and ex 
Cfonartilnll sp. galls on branches) ; 
Pinus mon/ico/a (bole). This species is 
chiefly secondary and only occasion-
ally is primary in British Columbia; 
generally distributed through the In-
terio r. Larva:l inch; head, reddish-
brown, m outhparts, blackish; prothor-
acic shield dark brown ; suranal plate 
pale tan; body, dirty off-white; black-
ish pinacula; irregular rows of minute 
black plate lets on thorax and abdomen 
observable under magnification. 
D. sp. nr. zimmermani~ Pin!ls pon-
derosa (bole); Nicola R. Valley. Four 
adults were reared from the area sur-
rounding a patch o f rodent-damaged 
bark. Larva: unknown. 
D. cambiicola Dyar. Pinus ponderosa 
(twigs); Okanagan Valley. A light 
infestation occurred in mature pon-
derosa pine. Summerland Experimen-
tal Farm, 1953-1954. The larvae bore 
into sides of twigs and feed on the 
hark and cambium of branchlets; 
their pre sence is indicated by a mass 
of pitch-coated frass and castings. 
Th e terminal portion of the infe sted 
branch dies. Larva: "~ inch; head, 
reddish-brown, black about mouth-
parts; prothoracic shield, black; body, 
dirty white; blackish pinacula; under 
magnification, irregular row s of 
minute black platelets discernible on 
thorax and abdomen; centre of sur-
anal plate and anal prolegs. reddish-
brown or black. 
Acknowledgment and note 
The writers are indebted to Dr. E. Munroe for identifying adult material reared during 
inves tigations of the genus Diol"yctria. 
One change in a species name was made by the se nio r aut hor after the pape r was in press. 
This was done following a perusal of the newly released "American lVf o ths of the Subfamily 
Phycitinae" by C. H einric h. U.S.N.M. Bull. 207. 1956 
Gyrophaena Insolens Csy. 
GYl"ophaena in so/ens Csy. (Coleo ptera: Sta -
phylinidae). I took a good series of this 
ins ec t at Creston. B.C., from a large ye llow 
mushroom.9-IX-19Sl. By that time Seeve rs' 
Revision of Gyrophaena was a lread y in press , 
so my capture was too lat e to r eceive notice. 
But in his letter identifying the species 
Seevers mentioned he had seen only three 
or four specimens of illso/ens, thes e from the 
tvne locality, I sle Royale, 1[ichigan. The 
Revi sion li s ts five species from B.C., all of 
\\"hich I have: af1illiJ SahIb., lIIeana Csy., keeni 
Csy., c:dijornica Csy. and nana Payk. But 
inJO/enJ is larger and more distinctive than 
any of these.- G". Stace Smith, Creston, B.C. 


English

Gyrophaena insolens Csy.

Spencer, G. J.

20 ENTOMOLOGICAL SoCIETY OF BRITISH CoLUMBIA, PROC. (1956), VOL. 53, FEB. 15, 19H 
of contamination from the external 
surfaces of the insects. Capillary 
tubes drawn to extremely fine diamet-
ers were used to penetrate the 
exoskeleton of abdominal areas, and 
the body lluids that entered the tubes 
were then applied to the membrane-
covered copper screens for electron 
microscope examination. 
Studies were made of all stages of 
C. tene/lus, the beet leafhopper. No 
brochosomes were found within the 
egg although they occurred on ex-
ternal surfaces of the egg. Some 
were found in internal body fluids and 
on external surfaces of the first, 
second, third, and fourth instars. 
Brochosomes were also found on 
external surfaces of Drosophila melano-
gaster Mg. and Musca domestica L. None 
were found in the body fluids of these 
species, nor were they found external-
lyon or internally in Apis mellifera L., 
Vespula arenaria (Fab.), Leptocoris trivit-
tatus (Say), or M yzus persicae (Sulz.). 
Specimens of the last six species test-
ed were collected near Logan, Utah. 
References 
1. Tulloc h, G. S., J. E. Shapiro, a nd G. W. Cochrane. The occurrence of ultramicroscopic 
bodies with leafhoppers and mo squitoes. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 47: 41-42. 1952. 
2. Tulloch, G. S., and J. E. Shapiro. Brochosomes. Bull. Brooklyn Ent . Soc. 48: 57-63. 
1953. 
Inversion of a fly pupa in a puparlum 
Early in June 1956 a few score maggots 
were picked up off the floo r outside a 
preparation room where a number of heads 
of sea lions from the Quee n Charlotte 
Isla nds were awaiting preparation for the 
depa rtmental collection of skull s. The 
maggots were placed over cl ea n sand in a 
rearing cage, and in from 10 to 12 days 
large blow fli es CYll OIil )op.ris cad"vcrill llJ 
(R. D.). eme rged. In my limit ed experi-
e nce, thi, is a northern fl y or one of hi ~ her 
altitudes which rarel y o r neve r occurs as 
far south as Vancouyer. 
When the sand was sifted fo r pupae for 
pinning, one puparium was fo und with the 
two halves of the capitulum slit ope n a 
lit t le way but st ill adherent and fo ur actively 
ki ckin g fly legs protruding. The pupari um 
was chipped open very ca refull y, revea ling 
a n active but very malformed fl y lying 
compl etely reve rsed, it s head lying in the 
rounded spiracular caudal end of the punar-
ium. The head was swollen, with the 
ptilinum ex trud ed , rounded and dried; the 
an tenn ae were depressed into the antennal 
grooves: onl y the eyes were completely 
formed; the first pair o f legs was squeezed 
up aga inst the thorax and the second and 
third pa;.rs were st icking out behind; the 
wings were dried in the folded pupal condi-
tion. 
The fl y c. cadaverinlls is remarkably large 
in pro po rtion to its mature maggot, and 
the pupa normally occupi es the whole o f 
the coarctate puparium w ith little room for 
movcment, let alo ne turning. H ow then 
did th l'! fly Ixcome reversed en d for end 
in th e pupariull1 and when did the r eversal 
take place (-G. J. Spencer, Ullnil'erJity of B.C. 
Patrobus Lecontei Chd. 
PatrobllJ lecofJIei Chd . (Coleoptera: Ca ra-
hidae ). In the sUl1lmer of 1956 Prof. Carl Lin-
droth and Dr. Gco. Ball collected through the 
Crows Nest Pass, B.C., cnding up at Creston, 
where they spent a few days with me. At 
Cranbrook they had taken several Patrobus 
leconlei, a new record for the Province. 
They gave me directions to the exact spot 
of their captures. so I too k the first 
o pportuuity (12- VIII) to visit it, and' in two 
hOllrs collected 23 specimens . The exact 
spot is a patch of bulrushes to the left of 
the main hig hway on th e western approach 
of the town, and a few yards from the sign: 
"Entering Cranbrook", and th e beetl es were 
o n the mudd y margi ns of the bulrushes. 
With their bri ght reddis h legs lecontei stand 
out sharply beside our other species of 
PatrobllS. In his revi sion, The American Pa· 
trobini, 1938, Darlington lists the species from 
Newfoundland, Manitoba, Alberta and Color-
aelo.-G. Stace Smith, Creston, B.C. 


Inversion of a fly pupa in a puparium

Gregson, J. D.

6 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, PROC. (1958), VOL. 55, DEC. 22, 1958 
We have done no tes ts with Dia-
zinon against the rosy apple aphid, 
the pear psylla, "cat facing" bugs, or 
cherry fruit flies, but results from 
elsewhere indicate that Diazinon is 
very effective in these cases. 
References 
Buxtorf, A., and M. Spindel', editors. 1954. Fifteen years of Geigy pest control. Trans-
lated by B. Ireland and R. Truan. Geigy S. A. Basic, Switzerland. 
Clancy, D. W. 1955. Effects of spray practices on apple pests and their natura l enemies. 
Mountaineer Grower 25(206) :11-2l. 
Clancy, D. W. and H. J. ,McAlister. 1956. Selective insecticides as aids to biological con-
trol of apple pests. J, Econ. Ent. 49, 196-202. 
Downing, R. S, 1958. Recent tria ls with new acaricides in British Columbia orchards. 
Can. J. Plant Sci. 38: 61-66, 
Geigy Agricultural Chemicals. 1956. Diazinon Technical Bulletin No. 56-\. New York, 
N.Y. 
Radeleff, R. D., G. T. Woodward, W . J. Nicherson, and R. C. Bushland. 1955. The acute 
toxicity of ch lorina ted hydrocarbon and organic phosphorus insecticides to livestock. 
U nited States Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1122. Washington, D.C. 
Smith, L. C. 1955. DDT resistant codling m oth. Report on the 1954-1955 control trials. 
J. Dept. Agr. South Australia 59: 12-15. 
TICK PARALYSIS IN CATTLE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA IN 19571 
J. D. GREGSON2 
Entomology Laboratory, Kamloops, B.C. 
Several serious outbreaks of tick 
pa ralys is in ca ttle were caused by the 
Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacen-
tor andersoni Sti le s, in the Nicola-Kam-
loops area of British Columbia in the 
spring of 1957. These were favoured 
by prolonged tick activity during a 
late spring, and by lack of, o r inade-
quate, spraying of animals with BRe. 
Several rain showers a lso se rved to 
wea ken re sidues that o rigina lly may 
have been sufficient ly strong to afford 
normal protection from the ticks. 
The first outbreak occurred on April 
10 a t the J. L aude r ranch , Merritt. 
Three hundred yearling cattle, which 
had not been bothered by ticks during 
the past three yea rs and hence had not 
been sprayed , became infested with 
clusters of several dozen engorg ing 
ticks per animal. Ten were paralyzed 
in the field; three o f the se died. The 
remaining animals were rounded up 
and sprayed the following day with 
BRC at the I'ecommended rate o f 4 
ounces of wettable powder (Ortho 
BHC 10 Wettable, 10 per cent gamma 
1. Contribution Xo. 3826, Entolllolog y Di vision, 
Sc il'l'I ce Se n -ice, Department of Agriculture , Ottawa, 
Canada. 
2. Entomologist . 
isome r ; California Spray-Chemical 
Corporation, Portland, Oregon) per 
gallon o f water. 
On April 19, at Drew's ranch, Stump 
Lake, 32 yearlings in a herd of 118 
became paralyzed. The herd, which 
had been sprayed with BRC wettable 
powder (O rtho BRC 10 Wettable) at 
2 ounces per gallon of water two 
weeks previously, was res prayed; and 
st r icken anim als were deticked in the 
fi eld and each given 600,000 units of 
penicillin to safeguard against pneu-
m onia. Seven animals died, 
The following day a la rge outbreak 
was reported by the Nicola Stock 
Compa ny at w hat is known locally as 
th e Saxon Field, about six miles up 
Quilchena Creek. This a rea ha s been 
heavi ly infested with ticks fo r many 
years, and in 1944, in a derri s-s prayed 
herd of 1,230 yearlings, 400 were 
para lyzed and 50 were los t. In 1957, 
the herd had been sprayed with BRC, 
but at on ly 1- ounce of wettable powder 
(Ortho BRe 10 Wettable) per gallon 
of wate r, r esulting in little residual 
protection. When the writer visited 
the area on April 21, nine cowboys 
were searching some ten square miles 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC IETY OF BRITISH COL UMBIA , ?ROc. (1958), VOL. 55 , DEC. 22 , 1958 7 
Som e o f 120 cat tl e t hat w ere paralyzed by ticks w hile b eing h eld 
O\'c rnig ht for t reatme nt with BHC. 
(,f ra nge lancl f () r 200 para lyze d 
anima ls, !\ lan y o f th e catt le ha d cul-
lapsed in c ree k buttum s and uncl e r-
],ru sh ancJ \I'e re su ffe ring from ex-
pos ure , Th e m o re ach 'anced cases 
\I'e re compl ete ly imm obili zed ; som e 
had alrea dy iJ ee n attacked by mag pi es 
ancl c()vu t es , Ot he r s \I'e r e ab le t() sit 
u p, ' ('heir he hav i()u rs var ied hum 
gLts:>y -eyed he lpl ess ness tu c() m pla-
cenCI', :\ s th ey ,I'e re c1i sco\'e r ed th e 
e ng~rgin~ ti l' k s \I e re combed off o r 
d, ,useclllit h di es e l o ii. :;\ lus t of th e 
a nim a ls rec()l" e re d by th e fo ll ow ing 
<1 ;1\', a nd <In ]\, aiJu u t 30 Il'e re lost. T he 
re;nainin g JOO llnparal yzecl hut hea I'i ly 
in fested ;lnim a ls \I'e re ruuncl ed u p a nd 
c1ril'en fu ur mil es to the nea res t co rral. 
TIl' n ext mornin g . wh e n equipm ent was 
as sembl ed for BHC spra y ing. 120 o f 
th ese ha d becom e para lyzed, A ll 
th es e r eco ve r ed complet ely alth o ugh 
so m e I\' e re st ill unable to wa lk s teadi ly 
t\\'O days late r. Two we r e drOll'ned 
w hil e a tt empting to drink at a n ea rby 
lake, ]n a dditi on to th e t o ta l an1mal 
los ses . th e own e r suffe red losses fro m 
. animal shrinkage du e t o mov ement 
and lac k of foo d, a nd in wages fo r 
manpoll'e r. 
A no t he r (l U tbrea k occu rred a t the 
'vV. Davi s ran ch at l\ lam11l 0 t L a k e a ll 
A pril 26. whe n 14 yea rlings in a h e rd of 
70 beca m e a ffec t ed. A ll r eco l'c r ed 
afte r a n em e rgency treatmcnt o f coal 
u il a nd crank ca se lJ il , fo ll owed by a 
ILH C ~ prar. Thi s \I 'a s th e fir s t t ime 
th;lt thi s ra nche t- had caU le pat'a lyzcd 
hy tick s durin g hi " l hit,t cc n ycar s of 
r: ln chin g in thi s ya ll ey. 
Summary 
In 19J7. fo ur o utbreaks o f para lys is 
()cc urred in catt le from attack s by t he 
].«)ck v :\foun ta in wood ti ck , D erlilacen, 
luI' t1liderSolii S til es . in th e Kaml oops-
2\ icola di s tricts o f British Columbia . 
J n h erd s uf 300. 118. 700 . a nd 70 yea r -
lin gs, 10, 32, 320, a nd 14 animals 
r es pect ive ly were paralyz ed, with 
losses o f 3, 7. 30. a nd 0 r es pe cti ve ly. 
The o u tbreak s we r e favo ured by a 
combination of p rolonge d tick ac tivity 
a nd insuffi cient pro t ecti on from BHC 
sprays due tu sho ll'e ry weath e r a nd 
inad equate cl osage . 


Tick paralysis in cattle in British Columbia in 1957

The insects attacking structural timbers and furniture in homes in coastal British Columbia

On the Reproductive Potential of the Sheep Nostril Fly Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera: Oestridae)

MacCarthy, H. R.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA , PROC. (1958), VOL. 55 , DEC. 22 , 1958 4 1 
fruns black: body brow ni sh ; small 
off-white subdorsal patches at anterior 
margin of each body segment; black 
irregular V patch containing each ab-
dominal spiracle continuous forming 
V's on venter o f abdominal seg-
ments; off-white patch anterior to 
each spiracle. 
S. teucaria Stkr. Quercus garryana; 
southern Vancouver Island. Larva: 
1 inch; dull lime-green, wide pale 
subdorsal stripes; yellow spiracular 
line; ventral and anal prolegs marked 
with crimson. 
S. setonana McD. J1Inipems scapular· 
11m ; southern Interior. Larva: 1 inch; 
greenish head, may have light brown 
herringbone pattern ; white patch on 
either side of frons containing seta ii 
(Dyar); body, green (apparently there 
is also a grey phase); subdo rsal stripe 
broken , irregular: small blackish spot 
at intersegmental area on dorsum ; 
black V patch through spiracles; white 
patch anterior to spiracle and rusty 
patch below: four white lines on 
venter. 
S. neptaria Gn. Salix spp.; so uthern 
and central Int e rior, Va ncouver I sland. 
Larva: 1 inch; head, r eddish brown 
with curved brown band above frons; 
body, yellow-brown ; broken white ad-
dorsal lines; brownish patch under 
abdominal segment 2. 
S. hebetata Hlst. Salix spp.; Canal 
Flats, Connell Creek, Manson Creek, 
LeJ eune Lake and at various points 
in the Yukon between miles 916 and 
1190 on the Alaska Highway. Larva: 
1 inch; head, brownish with black 
transverse lines above and below 
frons ; body, dark purplish-pink with 
banded appearance; broken, off-white 
or yellowish addorsal line and sub-
spiracular stripe; blackish patches 
about spiracle. 
S. continuata Wlk. Tsuga heteraphylla, 
Thllja plicata; southern Coast. Larva: 
-} inch: head , large anel green; boely, 
bright green with cedar-twig-Iike pat-
tern; broken white line s : pale spir-
acular line. 
BOOK REVIEW 
Annual Revie\v of Entomology, Vol. 3. 
(E. A. SteinhatlJ and R. F. Smith, editors). 
1958. Annual Revie\\'s, Inc. Palo Alto, Calif., 
pp. vii - 520. 
A slightly astringent reviewer of entomol-
ogical books for the Quarterl y Review of 
Biology, Prof. George C. Wheeler, com-
plained (Ibid 32 (2): 191» that Vol. 1 of 
thi s series "might have been more appropri -
ately entitled an 'A nnual Heview of Applied 
Entomology' since 70 per cent of its pages 
are devoted to t hat branch". His criti·cism 
is no longer valid; Vol. 2 hac! about 45 
per cent economic content, and Vol. 3 has a 
mere 30 per cent. In this revi ewe r's opinion, 
th e balance is now about rig ht. .\Iuch of 
the support for the parent society a nd the 
Annual Review comes from applied entomolo-
gis ts, entitling them to th eir one-third share, 
even to the section on air-blast sp raying 
which seemed particularly to irritate the 
critic m entioned. Since some of the best 
current work is applied, or at least economic-
ally motivat ed, the editors can scarcely re-
duc e the economic papers below their present 
level and still claim to represent the 
prof ession. 
The volume seems to be top-heavy with 
U.S. contributions in th e proportion of 15 
to 8 fo r the rest of the world. Origins of 
the latter are: the U.K. 3, Canada 3, 
Australia 1, and France 1. The non-English 
s peaking \\'o rld seem s to be poorly repre-
sented. Of the 64 papers in the first 3 
volumes, on ly 2 have come from Contin-
ental Europe, none from Scandinavia, India 
or Russia. W ould not an occasional review 
by region as well as by topic be acce ptable? 
A chapter entitled, for example, Entomology 
in the U.S.S.R. would be ,-ead wit h (Co nsid er -
able interest. 
T wo minor irritants persist in Vol. 3, both 
concerning the citation of lit e rature. In 
soliciting a review, could not the editors 
suggest that the names of authors cited 
be left out of the text, except when dis -
cussing diffe rence s of opinions as in A. J. 
N ich olson' s "Dynamics o f Insect popula-
tion s"? The text is more swiftly read with-
out th em, and the reputation of th e revi ewe r 
him se lf should be the guarantee that only 
the bes t. contributions in the field arc being 
surveyed. The second criticism follows from 
the first. 
In a review, the sources are of prime in-
terest, hence it is no more than courteous 
to list them alph a betically so that they are 
quickly available. Fortunately, only 9 of the 
23 reviews have non-alphabetic references, 
not includll1g the largest list with 28j titles. 
The authors and topics for Vol. 4 have 
been announcecl. It appears that the high 
standards are to be maintained. 
H. R. MacCarthy . 




Pt-inted by 
CHAPMAN & WARWICK LTD. 
VANCOUVER, B.C. 


Book Review:  Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 3., E.A. Steinhaus and R.F. Smith, editors

Arrand, J. C.

40 E i\ TO .\l O LUUI CAL S O('l IC'!'Y OF B HlTlSlI CO L U MBIA. PHO!;. (l 95!J), Val.. 56. No\,. 4, 1959 
THE SATIN MOTH, STILPNOTIA SALICIS (L.l, IN THE INTERIOR 
OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 
.T . C. ARRAND 
f\fProvincial Entomologist 
The satin moth, Stilpnotia salicis 
(L.) was first reported in British Co-
lumbia at New Westminster in 1920. 
This pest was probably introduced 
from Europe about 1918. Condrashoff 
(1957) reported that by the summer 
of 1955 it had spread northeast to 
Kamloops and then south into Ver-
non. By 1958 it appeared to be well 
established east of Shuswap Lake and 
south at least as far as Penticton. 
The Forest Biology Laboratory at 
Vernon recorded it in 1958 from the 
following Points in the interior: Cel-
ista, Adams River, Shuswap, Prit-
chard, Salmon Arm, Canoe, Sicamous, 
Falkland, Armstrong, Vernon, Woods 
Lake, Duck Lake, Kelowna, Okanagan 
Mission, Lower Trout Creek, and 
Penticton. 
In the interior the larvae of the 
satin moth have caused light to 
severe defoilation of trembling aspen, 
Populus tremuloides Michy; White or 
Silver poplar, Populus trichocarpa 
Torrand Gray; Lombardy poplar, 
Populus nigra L. var italica Muench; 
Carolino poplar, Populus Eugenei 
Simon-Louis; and Willows, Salix spp. 
Eggs of the satin moth are laid in 
masses on trunks, branches and 
leaves of the host or other trees or 
objects nearby. In 1958, in Vernon 
the moths began egg laying by about 
June 10. The larvae hatch in about 
two weeks and begin to skeletonize 
the leaves. After a few weeks they 
spin minute silken "huts" in. bark 
crevices where they spend the wmter. 
In Vernon, in 1958, these "huts" 
began to appear in late July. In the 
spring, shortly after the leaves have 
unfolded, the larvae resume feeding 
and may denude the trees by mid-
June. 
The best times to spray are about 
two weeks after the first larvae 
emerge from their winter quarters or 
at the peak of egg hatch. At these 
times the population consists mainly 
of early ins tar larvae which are most 
easily killed. 
In 1958, poplar groves and some 
willow shade trees in and near Ver-
non, Kelowna, and Penticton were 
severely damaged by the satin moth. 
In some cases the trees were com-
pletely defoilated. These three cities 
were forced to apply control methods. 
A few resort and home owners in the 
Okanagan, notably at Mission Flats, 
south of Kelowna, and Woods Lake 
between Vernon and Kelowna, and at 
Okanagan Landing were also forced 
to spray their shade trees. 
The city of Vernon hired a machine 
with a "Bean" pump, which was cap-
able of applying 20 gallons of liquid 
per minute . A turbo mist fan attach-
men t was used to narrow the spray 
stream and assure coverage of the 
60 foot trees in Polson Park. DDT at 
6 lbs. 50% wettable powder per 100 
gallons of water applied on July 7 
gave excellent control of the newly 
hatched larvae . 
The cities of Penticton and Kel-
own a obtained similar results at the 
recommended dosage of 2-3 lbs. of 
50% DDT wettable powder in 100 
gallons of water. 
References 
Condrashoff S. F. 1957. Advance of the Satin Moth, Stilpnotia salicis (L.) Into the 
interior of British Columbia. 
Proc. of the Ent. Soc. of B.C. Vol. 53, Feb. 15, pp. 26·27. 


The satin moth, Stilpnotia Salicis (L.), in the interior of British Columbia

Downing, R. S.

E :>iTU .\lOLOG IC .\L SOnETY OF BHl T l ,Hl C Ol .L\IBI.\. PHeW . (l~5 ~) . VIII .. iiti. 1'1 (11 ' . 4 . 1~5 ~ 4 1 
SEVIN AS AN ORCHARD INSECTICIDE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA' 
R . S. DOWNING ' 
The insecticide Sevin , unlike most 
of our present day insecticides, is an 
aryl urethane chemically termed N-
methyl-I-naphthyl carbamate3 . This 
compound has special interest where 
insects have become resistant to our 
commonly used insecticides such as 
DDT and malathion . Sevin has the 
very desirable characteristiCS of a 
comparatively low mammalian toxic-
ity; the oral LD50 to rats of 500-700 
mg/ kg (1) is lower than that of DDT. 
Because of these factors, and since 
reports of preliminary experiments 
with Sevin for insect control from 
other institutions were favourable, 
experimental work with Sevin as an 
orchard insecticide was started at 
Summerland in 1957. 
GENERAL METHODS 
Sevin was compared with either 
DDT or malathion depending upon 
the insect involved. Sevin and DDT 
were used as 50 per cent wettable 
powders and malathion as a 25 per 
cent wettable powder. 
The method of application of the 
insecticide depended on the type and 
size of orchard available for experi-
mentation. Where a large orchard 
with large trees was available, an au-
tomatic concentrate air-blast sprayer 
was used, whereas if the orchard was 
small, or if the trees were small, a 
high-volume, hand-gun sprayer was 
used . Except for one instance in 
which a Trump AS 364 concentrate 
sprayer was used, all concentrate 
spraying was done with a Turbo-Mists 
concentrate sprayer. These sprayers 
applied about 50 gallons of spray 
liquid per acre. Unless otherwise 
stated, all hand-gun spraying was 
I Contribution No.9, from the Regional Re search 
Station, Canada Department of Agri culture, Sum-
merland, British Columbia. 
2 Associate Entomologist. 
3Union Carbide Che micals Company . White 
Plains, New York. 
4 Trump Limited, Oliver, B.C. 
s Okanagan Turbo Sprayers Limited , P e ntlcton , 
B. C. 
done with a two-gun , high-pressure 
sprayer, and the spray material was 
applied until it started to drip from 
the tree foliage . 
RESUL TS AND DISCUSSION 
Control of the Codling Moth 
In 1957, Sevin and DDT were ap-
plied with a concentrate sprayer to 
McIntosh and Golden Delicious in one 
orchard, and Delicious apples in an-
other orchard to control severe infes-
tations of the codling moth, Carpo-
capsa pomonella (L.) . Three first 
brood sprays and one second brood 
spray were applied in each orchard. 
The n umbers of apples inj ured by the 
codling moth were recorded at har-
vest. 
In 1958, Sevin and DDT were ap-
plied with a concentrate sprayer to a 
Northern Spy apple orchard to con-
trol an infestation of the codling moth 
that had practically destroyed the 
previous year's crop. Starting one 
week after petal fall , three first brood 
apPlica tions, and two second brood 
applications, were made . 
Sevin at six pounds per acre gave 
better control of the codling moth 
(Tables I , 2) tha n did DDT at the 
wme dosage . 
Observations on the abundance of 
the apple aphid , Aphis pomi DeG., 
indicated that Sevin , as used against 
the codling moth, also controlled the 
aphid; but DDT allowed the aphid to 
develop heavy infestations. This was 
confirmed by Pie lou (2) who studied 
the compound strictly as an aphicide . 
Some mites, on the other hand, 
were not suppressed by applications 
of Sevin and in this respect Sevin was 
similar to DDT. Both years that Sevin 
was used for codling moth control, 
mites increased in the orchards. In 
1958, the two-spotted spider mite, 
Tetranychus bimaculatus Harvey, de-
I,; \ 'I''' .IIUI.''''I' '.\1. S", ' I E'I'Y "[' B I{lTlSH C UI.L' .lI ll LI, P H(H' . (1~ 5\J ). VU I.. 56. Nul'. 4. J ~5 ~ 
veloped to such high infestations that 
a special miticide, 18.5 per cent Kel-
thane wettable powder, 10 pounds per 
acre, had to be applied to all plots. 
Control of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth 
The recommended method of con-
trolling the eye-spotted bud moth, 
Spilanata acellana (D. & S.) in the 
TABLE 1-Percentage Apples Injured by the Codling Moth at Harvest After Four 
Summer Applications of Sevin and DDT to Three Varieties of Apple Trees 
by Concentrate Sprayer. Naramata, B.C" 1957. 
Insecticide, No. of apples 
50% w,p. Pounds per acre' examined Wormy apples, % 
Golden Delicious 
Sevin 6 3000 6.4 
DDT 6 2535 12.5 
Mcintosh 
Sevin 6 1560 1.4 
DDT 6 1536 8.4 
Red Delicious 
Sevin 6 2060 2.0 
DDT 6 2000 6.6 
,Application m a de on May 23-24 , June 3-6 , June 17-20 and August 5-9. 
Okanagan Valley is to apply mala-
thion in pre-bloom or summer sprays. 
In 1957, Sevin was compared with 
DDT and malathion against the bud 
moth. The materials were applied at 
the pink bud stage with a stirrup 
pump sprayer to young Delicious ap-
ple trees. One week after treatment 
the bud moth nests on each of three, 
single- tree replicates were examined 
and the average percentage mortali-
TABLE 2-Percentage Apples Injured by the Codling Moth at Harvest After Five 
Summer Applications of Sevin and DDT to Spy Apple Trees by Concentrate 
Sprayer. Summerland, B.C., 1958. 
Insecticide, 
50% w.p. 
Sevin 
DDT 
Pounds per acre' 
6 
6 
No. of apples 
examined 
2518 
2550 
Wormy apples, % 
0.0 
1.7 
I Applica tions made on May 20 , June 2, June 16-17 , July 17, and August 7, 
TABLE 3-Average Numbers of Eye-Spotted Bud Moth Nests Found in a Ten Minute 
Search Per Tree After Sevin and Malathion were Applied to Jonathan Apple 
at Pink Bud Stage by Concentrate Sprayer. Summerland, B.C., 1958. 
Insecticide 
Sevin, 50% W.p. 
Malathion, 25% W.p . 
Check-no treatment 
Pounds 
per acre 
8 
16 
Numbers of bud moth nests 
Rep. 
6 
8 
65 
Rep. 2 
11 
21 
92 
Ave. 
8 
14 
79 
ties of bud moth larvae were: 
Pounds per Mortality, 
Insecticide 100 gallons % 
Sev;n, 50 per c:'nt 1.5 100 
Malathion, 25 per cent 2.0 100 
DDT, 50 per cent 1.5 1.7 
Check- no treatment 0 
In 1958, Sevin and malathion were 
applied at the pink bud stage to repli-
cated, one-half acre plots of Jona-
than apple trees with a Turbo-Mist 
sprayer. One month after spraying, 
each of six trees per plot was exam-
ined for ten minutes and the number 
of infested bud moth nests recorded 
(Table 3). This showed that Sevin 
was just as effective as malathion in 
contrOlling the overwintered eye-spot-
ted bud moth at the pink bud stage 
of apple. 
Furthermore, when it was compared 
with DDT in summer sprays to con-
trol the codling moth, as in the exper-
iments already discussed, Sevin pre-
vented injury from the newly hatched 
bud moth larvae in late July and Au-
gust. In the DDT-sprayed fruit, on 
the other hand, bud moth injury was 
common . 
Control of the Fruit Tree Leaf Roller 
Recommended control for the fruit 
tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospila 
(Wlk .) is by application of DDT at the 
pink bud stage of apple (3); at this 
stage about 15 per cent of the over-
wintered eggs of this species have 
hatched . However, reports from grow-
ers, and general observations by the 
writer in the past few years, indicate 
that DDT has proven only fairly suc-
cessful. 
Sevin, 1.5 pounds per 100 gallons, 
was compared with DDT, 1.5 pounds, 
for leaf roller control in 1957. A hand-
gun sprayer was used to apply the in-
secticides at the pink bud stage to 
heavily infested Delicious apple trees. 
Three weeks after spraying, each of 
three trees per plot was examined for 
ten minutes, and the number of leaf 
roller nests found in that time was 
noted. The average numbers of nests 
per tree per plot were: Sevin, 1; DDT, 
16 ; Check, 95 . 
In 1958, Sevin, 8 pounds per acre , 
and DDT, 12 pounds, were applied 
with a Turbo-Mist concentrate spruy-
er to very large Newtown apple trees 
in the early pink bud stage when the 
overwintered leaf roller eggs were 
starting to hatch. Records of leaf 
roller infestation were taken three 
weeks later and in the same manner 
as the previous experiment, but six 
trees per plot were examined instead 
of three . The average numbers of 
nests per tree per plot were : Sevin, 4; 
DDT, 17; Check, 108. 
These experiments show that Sevin 
was more effective against the larvae 
of the fruit tree leaf roller than DDT 
when applied at the pink bud stage 
of apple . 
When these materials were applied 
earlier, they were less effective. This 
was evident in 1958 when they were 
applied by hand-gun sprayer at the 
pink bud stage of apricot, i.e. , ap-
proximately two weeks earlier than 
t.hat stage on apple. One month after 
the application of Sevin, 1.5 pounds 
per 100 gallons, and DDT, 1.5 pounds, 
records of leaf roller infestation were 
taken by examining five trees per 
plot, and recording the numbers of 
leaf roller nests. By plots the average 
numbers of nests per tree were: Sevin, 
53; DDT, 52; Check, 143. It is as-
sumed, in this case, that after having 
weathered for two weeks or more, the 
deposits had deteriorated until they 
were incapable of killing the larvae 
as they hatched from the overwin-
tered eggs. 
Control of the Peach Twig Borer 
The usual method of contrOlling the 
peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella 
Zell., has been to apply DDT at the 
pink or petal-fall stage of peach, or 
apricot (4), with the intent of killing 
the larva before it can cause injury 
to the twigs. 
Sevin, 1.5 pounds per 100 gallons, 
was compared to DDT, 1.5 pounds, in 
1958 when both materials were ap-
plied with a hand-gun sprayer to 
apricots that were in the pink bud 
stage. One month later, the numbers 
of flagged twigs were counted on each 
of five trees per plot. The average 
numbers of flagged twigs per tree in 
each plot were : Sevin, 0.0; DDT, 0.7; 
Check. 28 .7. 
Control at Lecanium Scales 
Soft scales, particularly L ecanium 
::'.pp., have been particularly trouble-
wme during the last few years, espe-
cially in 1957, in many peach and 
apricot orchards in the Okanagan 
Valley. Proverbs (5) experimented 
with scale insects that he designated 
as L ecanium sp. A and Lecanium sp. 
D. The~e have s.ince been identified by 
Mr. J. H. H. Phillips, Vineland Station, 
Ontario as Lecanium coryli L. and L. 
caryae Fitch, respectively. Another 
species, L. cerasitex Fitch , has also 
become troublesome since Proverbs 
reported on his work. He stated (5) 
that malathion, as a summer spray, 
gave excellent control of nymphs of 
Lecanium sp. A, but a late pink bud 
spray was not ~o effective . 
Because the fruit grower is usually 
very busy when summer spraying is 
mas t effective against Lecanium 
scales, pink bud, or pre-bloom sprays 
are considered preferable . With that 
in mind, Sevin was compared with 
malathion in concentrate application 
to peach or apricot trees at the pink 
bud stage. Large plots, one-half acre 
in size, were used to minimize rein-
festation from one plot to another. 
In most cases, results were not re-
corded until the scale insect had ma-
tured, its eggs had hatched, and the 
young nymphs had moved from the 
twigs to the leaves. The results of 
these pink-bud spray experiments, 
conducted in 1957 and 1958 against 
L . cerasitex, are summarized in Table 
4. 
TABLE 4-Average Numbers of the Scale Lecanium cerasifex Fitch per 50 Leaves in 
August After Application of Sevin and Malathion to Peach Trees, in 1957, 
and to Apricot Trees, in 1958, in the Pink Bud Stage by Concentrate Sprayer. 
Summerland, B.C. 
Pounds 
per acre 
Average numbers of scales per 50 leaves 
On peach trees 1957. On apricot trees 19582 
Insecticide 
Sevin, 50% W.p. 
Malathion, 25% W.p . 
Check- no treatment 
1 Average of two r e pli ca te s. 
z Average o f four repli cate s. 
8 
16 
In another apricot orchard. pink 
bud sprays of Sevin , 8 pounds per 
acre, and malathion, 16 pounds, ap-
plied with a concentrate sprayer, were 
compared for the control of L. coryli. 
One mont.h after the applications, two 
twigs were sampled from each of five 
t rees per treatment and the number 
of live and dead scales were counted. 
The percentage mortalities were : 
S e v i n, 96 .6% ; malathion 94.4.%; 
Check, 3.9%. 
It is fairly evident from these ex-
periments that Sevin was effective 
against the two species of Lecanium, 
being better than malathion against 
L. cerasifex a nd as good Egainst L . 
coryli . 
64 
349 
1580 
77 
539 
958 
Chemical Control of the Pear Psylla 
The pear psylla, Psylla pyricola 
Foerst ., was a serious pest in 1958. 
Infestations were numerous early in 
the season, and many fruit growers 
had difficulty contrOlling the pest 
with the recommended spray chem-
icals, especially malathion. 
Sevin, 12 pounds per acre, was com-
pared with malathion, 12 pounds, as 
a spray concentrate for pear psylla 
control during the summer of 1958. 
In one orchard, 10 days after treat-
ment, the average numbers of live 
psyllids counted on samples of 20 
leaves taken from each of five tree~ 
per plot were: Sevin, 1.0; malathion , 
18.6; Check, 41.3 . In two other 01"-
E \: 'i'O .\lOl.C H-; ll ' .\1. ~() (' IET Y tlF HI:I T I ~ II { ' Ol.l · :\ IHl.\, PIHH" . ( 19 5 ~). VOl.. 56 . No \". 4 . IH 5~1 
chards where Sevin was used, similar 
results were obtained indicating that 
it is a promising chemical for the con-
trol of the pear psylla . 
SUMMARY 
Good control of eight species of 
insects was obtained from 50 per cent 
Sevin wettable powder fN-methyl-l -
naphthyl carbamate] a p p lie d as 
follows : 
1. Pink bud application on apple; 8 
lb. per acre or , 1.5 lb. per 100 gal. 
Eye-spotted bud moth , Spilonota 
ocellana (D. & S.) . 
Fruit tree leaf roller, Archips 
argyrospila (Wlk.). 
2. Pink bud application on peach and 
apricot; 8 lb . per acre . 
Lecanium coryli L . 
Lecanium cerasifex Fitch. 
3. Pink bud application on apricot ; 
1.5 lb. per 100 gal. 
Peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella 
Zell . 
4. Three or more summer applications 
on apple; 6 lb. per acre . 
Codling moth, Carpocapsa pomon-
ella (L.). 
Apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeG. 
5. Summer application on pear ; 12 lb. 
per acre . 
Pear psylla , Psylla pyricola Foerst. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
Thanks are due to two members of the 
Entomology Laboratory, Summerland : Dr. 
James Marshall, who was responsible for 
the work done on the codling moth and the 
pear psylla, and G. D. Halvorson who as-
sisted in the application of sprays. Two 
former members of the Entomology Labor-
atory, Summerland and now at the Univer-
sity of British Columbia , Vancouver, B.C., 
I. Lamont and K. Taylor assisted in the 
estimation of insect infestations. 
REFERENCES 
1. Anonymous. Experimental insecticide 
Sevin. Agricultural Chemicals Division , 
Union Carbide Chemicals Company, New 
York, N.Y. Feb. 15, 1957. 
2. Pie lou, D. P ., and K. Williams. The effec-
tiveness of insecticide residues in pre-
venting reinfestation by the apple aphid 
.{ph is pomi DeG. In preparation. 
3. Anonymous. Control of tree-fruit pests 
and diseases. British Columbia Dept. 
Agr. poster. 1958. 
4. Proverbs, M.D. Chemical control of the 
peach twig borer, Anar si a l-ineatella Zell. 
\Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae), in the Okan-
agan Valley of British Columbia. Proc. 
Entomol. Soc. British Columbia 51: 31-36. 
1954. 
5. Proverbs, M.D. Control of soft scales 
(Homoptera: Coccidae) in British Colum-
bia peach and apricot orchards. Proc. 
Entomol. Soc. British Columbia 54: 3-8. 
1957. 
Two Unusual Breeding Places of PHnus tectus Boield. Ocellus Brown, 
the Brown Spider Beetle 
A pest control operator consulted me 
about a house which he had twice fumigat-
ed with cyanide for so-called "wood borers" 
which were still coming out of the walls. I 
inspected the place and found spider 
beetles, on stairs on the upper floor, on the 
hall floor and issuing from the inner wall 
of the hall. Enquiry revealed that the own-
ers had finished the top floor and the stairs 
with wall board about o/s -inch thick that 
was apparently of corn stalk pulp bonded 
with casein , and had then papered over it. 
The emergence holes were distributed over 
the slabs of wallboard . Examination of the 
basement r evealed a few beetles that had 
apparently emerged from the inner side of 
the wall board and had dropped or crawled 
down the inside of the wall. I came to the 
conclusion that beetles had oviposited on 
the boards in the factory, having been at-
tracted by the casein bonding glue and that 
the grubs had fed and developed in the ma-
terial and were now emerging as adults. 
The fumigation was not of sufficient strength 
to penetrate the wallpaper and kill the in-
sects in their pupal cases inside the boards. 
Fumigation with methyl bromide corrected 
the trouble. 
The second unusual breeding place oc-
curred in a country cottage south of Lang-
ley. The owners wrote me about " wood-
boring insects" issuing from papered walls 
around a plate glass window and from the 
hall. The walls showed emergence holes as 
plentiful as if the place had been hit by a 
blast from a shotgun. Opening the wall r e-
vealed laths covered with thick building 
paper, which had been stuck to the laths 
with a heavy coating of animal glue_ Appar-
ently spider beetles entered the wall and 
laid eggs on the glued paper; the grubs fed 
between the lath and the paper and formed 
pupal cells just below the wallpaper, 
through which they emerged leaving the 
shot-hole appearance, exactly like the em-
ergence holes of Anobiid beetles . 
- G . .T. Spen ce'r. Un'i1'Prsi t y Of B r it ish CO /1I1iL-
Ili rz . 17a1'lcou1'(T. 


Sevin as an orchard insecticide in British Columbia

Williams, K.

57 
PERSISTENCE OF SEVIN AND DIAZINON RESIDUES ON FRUITS' 
K . WILLIAM S " 
Since Section B 15.002 of the Regu-
lations under the Food and Drugs 
Act established official Canadian tOl-
erances for pesticide residues (Mor-
rell, 1957), the determination of such 
residues on fruits has become more 
important than heretofore. Diazinon 
[O,O-diethyl 0- (2·isopropyl-4-methyl-
6 - pyrimidinyl) phosphorothia te ; 
Geigy Agricultural Chemicals New 
York, N.YJ and Sevin (I-naphthyl 
N-methylcarbamate; Union Carbide 
Chemicals Company, White Plains, 
New York) are recommended for the 
control of several tree fruit pests in 
the Okanagan Valley of British Co-
lumbia (Anon ., 1959). It is generally 
acknowledged that the type of form-
ulation, or the addition of surfacants 
may markedly affect both the initial 
deposit of pesticides, and the persist-
ence of the residue (Gunther and 
Blinn, 1955). This paper deals with 
the residues found on apples and 
cherries that had been sprayed with 
commercial formulations of Diazinon 
or Sevin. 
I Contribution No . 1.4 from the I{eg io na l Re. 
search Station, Canada De partm e nt or Ag ri c ul . 
ture, Sun1me rland, British Columbia . 
2 Chemist . 
Methods and Materials 
Duplicate single tree plots of young 
cherry trees were sprayed with a 25 
per cent wettable powder formula-
tion, or with a 25 per cent emulsifiable 
concentrate formulation, of Diazinon. 
Spray - concentration was one - half 
pound of actual Diazinon per 100 
gallons of water; 30 gallons of spray 
liquid were applied to each tree with 
a hand spray gun . 
In another experiment Diazinon 
was applied to two large plots of ma-
ture apple trees, and Sevin to five 
large plots. A standard air-blast con-
centrate sprayer moving at one mile 
per hour and applying 50 gallons of 
liquid per acre at a pressure of 300 
pounds per square inch was used in 
this work. Details regarding spray 
formulations and application dates 
for this experiment are given in Table 
1. 
For assay of Diazinon residues, 50 
cherries and 50 leaves were picked at 
random immediately after treatment, 
and one, four , eight and 14 days later. 
The samples of unwashed whole fruit 
were processed with n-hexane. A disc, 
one centimetre radius, was cut from 
TABLE I-Residues (Means of Five Determinations) ot Sevin and Diazinon on Fruit of 
Three Varieties of Apple Trees :lfter Several Applica tions of a Concentrate Spray. 
Amount Residues 
per Acre Days after Last Spray, p.p.m. ':' 
Spray Dates Ma terials per Spray 0 7 14 Harvest''':' 
Golden Delicious 
May 23 , June 6, IS 
August 3 Sevin 50 "1r " .. p . 61b. 6. 1 4.2 
Red Delicious 
May 24, June 6, 20 
August 9 Sevin 50 0/, w. p. 61b. 6.2 3.4 
Northern Spy 
May 24, June 6, 17 S t'\ in 50 (; ~ 'r .p. 61b. 4.S 2.9 
July 17, August 7 Sevin 50% w.p. 3 lb. 2.3 1.5 
S8vin 50% \' .. p . 61b. 
Triton B·1956"·· J l)\. 4.2 3.2 
Diazinon 25% w.p . S ib . 2.6 
Diazinon 25 'lc w. p. S ib. 
Triton B-1956 1 pt. 2.S 
• Official Canadian tole r a n ce: Diazino n, 0. 75 p .p .m . : Sevin . III 1' .1' .111 . o. Golden Delicious, 29 days ; Re d DeliCio us, 4 1 da ys . 
• u Rohm and Haa s Co. , Phil acle lphi:l , Pc nn s.v l\"Cl ni a. 
2.7 1.4 
2.S 0.7 
2.6 
O.S 
2.0 
0.3 
0.4 
58 E':STO .IIOUIl;!' ·.11. S O .. I 1-: '1' 1" IIi-' IJHITI S II ('O I.l"I IBI.\. I' HO ... ( 1 ~1[i9). \ '11 1..56 . :\'11\ . -I. 1!J5H 
each leaf in the 50-lea f sample and 
the 50 discs were processed as a single 
unit with n-hexane. 
Apple samples for assay of Sevin 
residues were collected from all plots 
immediately after the final spray and 
seven and 14 days later . At harvest 
samples were taken from two plots. 
For the determination of Diazinon 
residues fruits were sampled immedi-
a tely after the fina l spray and 14 days 
later. Samples of ten a pples were 
picked at random from each of five 
selected trees in each plot ; these were 
processed with chloroform to remove 
Sevin residues, or with n-hexane to 
remove Diazinon residues. 
Aliquots of the stripping solutions 
were analyzed for Diazinon by a color-
imetric method based on the hydroly-
sis of Diazinon to inorganic phos-
phate (Geigy Agricultural Chemica ls , 
1956) and for Sevin by a colorimetric 
methC'<i based on hydrolysis of Sevin 
to l-,' aphthol (Miskus, R. , Univer-
sity of California, Berkeley, unpub-
lished results) . 
Results and Discussion 
Immediately a fter spraying with 
six pounds ot 50 per cent wettable 
powder per acre the residues of Sevin 
on apples (Table 1) were well below 
the tolerance of 10 parts per million. 
The maximum dosage recommended 
in th e Bri t ish Columbia spray calen -
dar is 12 pounds of Sevin, 50 per cent 
wettable powder per acre, a nd the 
data indica te that, at this dosage, the 
last spray can be applied up to one 
week before h arvest without exceed-
ing the residue tolerance. 
At the eight pound per acre dosage 
of Diazinon , 25 per cent wettable 
powder, the residue on apples was 
well below the tolerance of 0.75 part 
per million 14 days after the final 
spray (Table 1) . The recommended 
dosage is 12 pounds per acre, and the 
da ta indicate that, at this dosage, the 
last spray can be applied up to two 
weeks before h arvest . 
The addition of a spreader-sticker, 
Triton B-1956, appa rently h ad no 
TABLE 2- Residues (M ccllls of Two Replicates) of Two Formulations of Diazinon on 
Fruit of Cherry Trees after One Application of a Dilute Spray. 
----~~----. Amount per Resid ues, Days after Spraying, p.p .m ."· 
Material 100 Gal. - 0 1 4 8 ~ 14·: .. ·· 
Diazinon, 25% emulsi fia ble concentratp 
Diazinon, 25% wettable powder 
• Official Canadian t o le r a nce , 0.75 p.p.m. 
$. Harvest . 
effect on the initial deposit nor on 
the persistence of Sevin and Dia zinon 
residues on apples. 
Sevin is more perSistent on apples 
than Diazinon. About 50 per cent of 
the initial deposit of Sevin remained 
on the fruit two weeks after the final 
spray in comparison with only about 
15 per cent of the Diazinon. Since 
there is about a 50 per cent loss of 
Sevin in two weeks, a fairly reliable 
estimate of the residue at harvest can 
be made from a residue analysis 
before harvest. 
The data from Diazinon residues on 
cherries (Table 2) indicate that the 
persistence is similar for the wettable 
powder and emulsifiable concentrate 
----
2 lb. 5.8 4.6 2.4 0.7 0.3 
2 lb. 8.6 4.7 2.1 0.6 0.2 
formulations , and that the residue is 
belOW tolerance eight days after 
spraying. 
The analytical results for Diazinon 
on ch erry fruit and foliage, and on 
apple foliage, immediately aft e l' 
sprayin g (Table 3) indicate that the 
residues on cherry foliage were much 
lower than on cherry fruit, or on 
apple fO liage, when the spray was 
applied by a high-vOlume h and gun. 
Evidently there was greater "run-
off" of spray liquid from the cherry 
foliage . It may be that, in low-volume 
concentrate spraying where there is 
no run-off , the initial residues on 
cherry and apple foliage would be 
simila r . 
TABLE 3- Average Hesidllcs of Two Formu lat ions of Diazinon on Fruit and Foliage of 
Cherry Trees a nd 0'1 Foli age of Apple Trees Immediately after One Application 
of a Dilute Spray. 
Materials 
Diazinon, 25 % emu lsil'ifl blc co ncentrate 
Diazinon, 25 % wetta ble p(1wder 
* Me ans of t\\-O re plica tes. 
* *' ) lean of e ig ht repli cates . 
Summary 
Data a re given showing the amount 
of Diazinon residues on cherries and 
apples, and Sevin residues on apples. 
Resul ts indicate tha t Diazinon resi-
dues on cherries were similar for a 
wettable powder formation and an 
emulsifiable concentrate formulation. 
The addition of a surfactant to 
Am ount per 
100 Gal. 
21b. 
21b. 
Residues, mmg. per sq . cm . 
- Cherry'" Apple* " 
. Fruit Foliage Foliage 
~---~-
2.0 0.4 
3.5 0.7 2.9 
Diazinon and Sevin sprays on a pples 
did not affect the magnitude of the 
initial residues nor the persistence of 
the spray residues. Sevin residues on 
apples were more persistent than 
Diazinon residues. 
The author is indebted to F . E. 
Brin ton for assistance in sampling 
a nd chemical analyses. 
References 
Anonym ous. 1959. Control of tree-fruit pests and diseases . British Columbia Dept. Agr. 
poster , p . l. 
Geigy Agricultural Chemical s. 1956. Methods of analysis for Diazinon. Bulletin , pp. 9-12 . 
Ne w York, N.Y. 
Gunther, F. A., and R. C. Blinn. 1955. Analysis of insecticides and acaricides, Pp. 23-24. 
Inter science Publi shers , Inc ., New York. 
Morrell , C. A. 1957. Trade information letter No. 157. Canada Dept. Natl. Health and 
Welfare . Mimeo., pp. 1-12. 
RESISTANCE TO DDT IN THE CODLING MOTH IN BRITISH COLUMBIA' 
J. MARSHALL" 
In 1934 Hough (5) determined that 
there was considerable variation in 
the ability of larvae of the codling 
moth, Carpocapsa pomonella L., from 
Colorado and from Virginia, to pene-
t r a te deposits of lead a rsenate, and of 
several other codling moth insecti-
cides. He a ttributed the va riation to 
difference in vigour. Whatever the 
reason , from that time until the 
beginning of the DDT era in orcha rd 
pest control in 1946, evidence mount-
ed that lead arsen ate was gradually 
losing its effectiveness in many a reas 
wh ere th e insect was a serious pest. 
I Contribution No. 5 fr0111 th c Hegion a i R e-
sea rch Station, Ca nada De partme n t of Ag ri c ul -
lllr e~ SUllllll e rland , Briti sh CO lulllbia. 
2 Entol1'! ologist. 
Particularly in a rid. or semi-arid, 
a reas such as the Okanagan Valley of 
British Columbia, DDT was a spec-
tacula r success; even indifferent 
a pplica tion of the new insecticide 
proved adequate (6) . Orchardists 
brought to the brink of ruin by the 
codling mot h became successful 
again . and serious loss of fruit from 
codling moth injury became a thing 
of the past. But five or six years later 
th ere were hints of trouble. Extra 
a pplications of DDT were becoming 
common although weather conditions 
were not very favourable for the 
development of the insect. Spraying 
technique, however, had radically 
changed between 1949 and 1952 (7) . 


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Gyrophaena insolens Csy.

Inversion of a fly pupa in a puparium

Tick paralysis in cattle in British Columbia in 1957

The insects attacking structural timbers and furniture in homes in coastal British Columbia

On the Reproductive Potential of the Sheep Nostril Fly Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera: Oestridae)

Book Review: Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 3., E.A. Steinhaus and R.F. Smith, editors

The satin moth, Stilpnotia Salicis (L.), in the interior of British Columbia

Sevin as an orchard insecticide in British Columbia

Persistence of Sevin and Diazinon residues on fruits

A Note on the Oviposition of Nyctobia limitaria Wlk.

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