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A New Approach for Software Cost Estimation with a Hybrid Tabu Search and Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithms
Full text linkDue to the ever-increasing progress of software projects and their widespread impact on all industries, models must be designed and implemented to analyze and estimate costs and time. Until now, most of the software cost estimation (SCE) has been based on the analyst’s experiences and similar projects and these models are often inaccurate and inappropriate. The project will not be finished in the specified time and will include additional costs. Algorithmic models such as COCOMO are not very accurate in SCE. They are linear and the appropriate value for effort factors is not considered. On the other hand, artificial intelligence models have made significant progress in the cost estimation modeling of software projects in the past three decades. These models determine the correct value for effort factors through iteration and training, providing a more accurate estimate compared to algorithmic models. This paper employs a hybrid model incorporating the Tabu Search (TS) algorithm and the Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm for SCE. IWO algorithm solutions are improved using the TS algorithm. The NASA60, NASA63, NASA93, KEMERER, and MAXWELL datasets are used for the evaluation. The proposed model has been able to reduce the MMRE rate compared to the IWO algorithm and the TS algorithm. The proposed model on the NASA60, NASA63, NASA93, KEMERER, and MAXWELL datasets obtained values of MMRE of 15.43, 17.05, 28.75, 58.43, and 22.46, respectively
Personalized Skincare: Correlating Genetics with Skin Phenotypes through DNA Analysis
Full text linkGenetic mapping through DNA sequencing for skin represents a novel method to elucidate detailed information regarding the relationship between genes and skin. This method analyzes genetic influences on various skin characteristics, crucial in the skin aging process. In this study, we aimed to explore the efficacy and potential of skin DNA sequencing as a valuable tool in dermatological research. Employing a purposive sampling method based on diverse skin types, we sought to ensure representativeness within the target population. The sample comprised four different skin types (five participants), selected to encompass a wide range of ages and diverse racial backgrounds. We precisely controlled for potential confounding factors such as age, gender, and race in study design. All participants exhibited consistent Fitzpatrick skin type classifications based on questionnaire responses and measurements from the Automatic Plasma Skin Type Analyzer or melanin reader. This consistency underscores the reliability of the Fitzpatrick skin type classification technique for determining skin phenotypes. Such classification holds significant importance in clinical research, guiding professionals and consumers in selecting suitable cosmetic products and skincare regimens. Furthermore, our study investigated into participants’ skin characteristics and their genetic predispositions to various skin-related attributes including dermal sensitivity, protection against glycation, antioxidant capacity, freckles, and cellulite. DNA skin tests offer critical insights into understanding and managing one’s unique skin traits. Our findings highlight the substantial impact of genetics on skin attributes. Notably, our observations indicate that individuals with similar skin types may harbor distinct genetic predispositions, underscoring the necessity for personalized skincare approaches. The results aim to empower clients, dermatologists, and beauty consultants to make knowledgeable skincare decisions based on genetic factors. The reliability of the Fitzpatrick skin type classification technique was validated through both questionnaire-based assessments and measurements from the Automatic Plasma Skin Type Analyzer or melanin reader, affirming its consistency and accuracy in describing participants’ skin phenotypes. In summary, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of skin health and equips individuals, dermatologists, and beauty consultants to make knowledgeable skincare choices based on genetic insights
The Reality of Extension Works in the Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Research In Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Full text linkThe study aims to identify the reality of extension works in the Directorate of Agricultural Extension and Agricultural Researches in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and the study area included all governorates of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (Germian, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk). The research community included all workers in agricultural extension, agricultural research, and agricultural directorates in all governorates, there were 215 respondents. The sample of the respondents includes (71) representing 33% of the population, taken by a simple random sampling method. The data were collected through personal interviews; questionnaire was prepared for this purpose. To confirm the validity, the questionnaire was reviewed by some experts. In general, the reality of extension work was described by the respondents (extension workers and agricultural engineers working in the Agricultural Research and Extension Directorate) as weak. Conducting training courses for agricultural extension workers regarding methods and methods of communication to work with farmers, emphasizing the importance and necessity of linking and coordinating between agricultural extension and education (universities) to graduate a qualified agricultural guide. Cooperation with other research agencies that work on producing and generating agricultural scientific information and practices approved by the Ministry of Agriculture
Black Hole Attack Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm
Full text linkOne of the types of denial of service attacks that target wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are black hole (BH) attacks, which are widely targeted at this form of network today. In this attack, data are blocked in the network, malware is installed on a group of nodes in the network, and ultimately, the data packet is blocked before reaching its destination. In other words, data cannot be transmitted in the vicinity of BH nodes. Because of the nature of WSNs that are readily available, these networks cannot be optimized without compromising energy consumption, and this problem becomes a non-deterministic polynomial-time hard problem. Despite some models that have been presented to resolve this issue, most of them have not had sufficient performance in dealing with BH attacks. Thus, we have presented a new and powerful model based on the hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm depending on the sine and cosine algorithm (SCA) and the whale optimization algorithm (WOA). This algorithm has been combined in such a way that the increase in computational load has been prevented, in addition, two algorithms are included in one algorithm in this case, using the positive features of these two algorithms, it escapes from the local optimal trap in the solution of the algorithm and also benefits from a very good convergence. Because the new production solutions have a good diversity and the intensification component also has a good performance the main goal of this article is to present a new type of robust optimization algorithm for BH detection in WSN. This model has been tested and evaluated using a network and compared with three other meta-heuristic algorithms to make a fair comparison. The results obtained from the proposed model indicate a high-quality performance of this model in detecting BH attacks. The proposed model can detect more than 85% of the BH nodes and the total warning rate in the proposed model is equal to 0.866
Relation between Thyroid Function Tests and Body Mass Index among Thyroid Dysfunction Patients
Full text linkBackground: Obesity has the potential to impact thyroid function through various pathways, even in individuals considered euthyroid. The relationship between thyroid function and body mass index (BMI) remains a subject of ongoing debate. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to ascertain the correlation existing among thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones, and BMI in patients experiencing thyroid dysfunction within the context of the Smart Health Tower. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Smart Health Tower in Sulaimani city from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. One hundred and sixty-six patients with thyroid dysfunction (128 individuals had hypothyroidism, eight individuals had hyperthyroidism, and 30 individuals were the other type of thyroid dysfunction) were enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 43.62 ± 11.17 and 50.6% of the participation were male. Patients were divided into four groups based on BMI value: Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal (BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Results: The highest rate of age group was between (30 and 40) years old (84%) of them were male. The participants with higher BMI had higher TSH and this trend continued from underweight to Obese. The mean TSH of the underweight group was 0.47 ± 0.61 mIU/L, the normal weight group 1.5 ± 1.91 mIU/L, the overweight group 2.8± 3.87 mIU/L and the obese group 2.7 ± 2.37 mIU/L. Conclusion: A significant relationship between serum TSH and BMI and mean TSH increased as BMI increased. Further large-scale data from the population are required to confirm these findings
Using the Cuckoo Optimization to Initialize the Harmony Memory in Harmony Search Algorithm to Find New Hybrid (CSHS) Algorithm
Full text linkThe current paper seeks to present a hybrid harmony search algorithm, using CS and HS. The proposed algorithm takes advantage of using a method to initialize the harmony memory (HM) with the help of the cuckoo search optimization algorithm. The HS algorithm is inspired by the method used by musicians to create and enhance harmony in music. It follows 3 main principles of pitch adjustment (PA), HM consideration (HMC), and random selection (RS). The performance of HS can be affected by its poor accuracy in optimization and speed of convergence, 2 main issues with it. However, to improve the HS algorithm, Cuckoo search can be used as it can do a local search using one parameter only, other than the size of the population, making it work more efficiently. This current method has been tested for its validity and efficiency in performance by being implemented on many international standard optimization problems. The results confirm the fact that the performance of the currently proposed algorithm is better and more efficient in finding solutions compared to HS and other algorithms
Breast Cancer Knowledge and Awareness Among Kurdish Women in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Rejoin Iraq
Full text linkBackground: Breast cancer has become a major public health concern and challenge. It is the most prevalent cancer globally and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. This is particularly true in developing countries where women’s breast cancer mortality rates are increasing rapidly. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to July 2023, involving 301 female visitors to Ali Kamal Health Center in Sulaimani City. A simple random sampling method was used to select participants among the population. Inclusion criteria included females, willing to participate and visiting the center for other reasons other than breast cancer, while non-Kurdish-speaking females were excluded. Results: The mean age of the participants was 39.4 ± 10.7 years. More than half (59.8%) were aged between 30 and 50 years and 18.6% were older than 50 years. The majority 90.4% resided in urban areas and 66.1% were university graduates. In addition, 75.4% had a family history of breast cancer. Regarding breast cancer knowledge and awareness, 31.9% of participants had adequate knowledge, 21.9% had moderate knowledge, and 46.2% had inadequate knowledge. There was a statistically significant association between participant’s knowledge and awareness and their age group, area of residence, and marital status. A highly significant association was observed between the participant’s knowledge and awareness and the participant’s education level and occupation. However, no significant association was found with having a family history of breast cancer (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that knowledge about breast cancer, including its causes, risk factors, and symptoms, was often inadequate. Consequently, it is imperative to support the development of community-based projects and programs that address these knowledge gaps in the general population. These initiatives should emphasize the importance of breast cancer prevention through various screening methods
Assessment of Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety among Menopause Women in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan: Cross-sectional Study
Full text linkMenopause represents a pivotal developmental juncture in a woman’s life, characterized by a spectrum of physiological alterations and the potential emergence of depressive symptomatology. The manifestation of anxiety and depression during the menopausal phase is intricate and influenced by a confluence of biological, social, and psychological determinants. This study aims to assess depression and anxiety among menopausal women while elucidating their associations with various sociodemographic attributes. A cross-sectional study was executed at the Ali Kamal Consultation Center, encompassing 126 menopausal women. Data compilation utilized a structured questionnaire encompassing sections on sociodemographic particulars, menopausal symptoms, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Statistical analysis employing SPSS version 25 encompassed frequency and percentage along with Chi-square tests. A substantial proportion of women (72.5%) reported prevalent anxiety, with a noteworthy 74.2% exhibiting discernible signs of depression. Sociodemographic determinants, including age and age at marriage, body mass index, and marital status, exhibited robust associations with anxiety and depression. The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in menopausal women underscores the imperative for targeted interventions. Sociodemographic variables emerged as pivotal determinants influencing the likelihood of developing these psychological symptoms. Notably, occupation and place of residence exhibited no statistically significant correlations
Assessment of Health-care Professional’s Knowledge Regarding the Comorbidities of Vitamin D Deficiency and its Relationship with Uterine Fibroids
Full text linkVitamin D deficiency is a widespread global health issue, notably prevalent in the Middle East and more severe in women. Vitamin D deficiency increases the incidence of uterine fibroids in black and white women, the most frequent benign gynecologic malignancies. This study examined health-care providers’ understanding of the relationship between vitamin D insufficiency and uterine fibroid at Sulaimani Hospitals in Kurdistan, Iraq. A quantitative design, cross-sectional-descriptive study (non-probability purposive sample) of 113 female nurses and gynecologists. Data were collected using a checklist through Google Forms. The results showed that the majority of the participants were nurses (88.5%), and the remaining (11.5%) were gynecologist. Two-thirds of them work in maternity teaching hospital while others work in smart hospitals and Faroq medical cities. The results revealed that the level of knowledge was significantly associated with the position of participants and level of education (P < 0.05). As well, the study demonstrated that the majority of the participants were not trained regarding uterine fibroid and vitamin D deficiency. The study concluded that nearly a quarter of the health-care professionals had a medium level of knowledge, while nearly a quarter (24.8%) of them had a high level of knowledge. The study recommended to the Ministry of Health giving opportunities to health-care professionals, especially nurses, to participate in training courses, workshops, and conferences regarding the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and uterine fibroid
Kurdish Sorani Dialect Morphology Generation Using a Concatenative Strategy
Full text linkIn natural language processing, morphological generation refers to the creation of the appropriate inflected forms of words based on a predetermined set of morphological rules. However, it might be difficult to generate morphology in languages with intricate morphological systems, like the Kurdish Sorani dialect. The concatenative morphology-based unique technique to morphological generation in Kurdish Sorani is proposed in this research. The suggested strategy tries to get over the drawbacks of current approaches and enhance the precision and effectiveness of morphological generation in Kurdish Sorani. The suggested technique generates all conceivable subjective and objective pronouns in both positive and negative forms, together with the various verb tenses for Kurdish morphology. The study presents a detailed examination of Kurdish Sorani’s morphology and points out the difficulties in coming up with the right verbforms. The authors suggest a concatenative morphology-based morphological generating system that comprises of a morphological analyzer and a morphological generator