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The impact of exchange rates on economic growth in Iraq for the period 1995-2015
No full textعد العملة المحرك الاساس لعملية التبادل التجاري على المستويين الداخلي والخارجي ، ويعد سعر الصرف احد المقومات التي تقوم عليها التجارة الخارجية لتسوية المدفوعات الدولية ، اذ تحتاج عملية الاستيراد الى عملة البلد المصدر لتسديد قيمة السلع المستوردة هذا من جانب ، ومن جانب آخر نجد ان الافراد في حالة سفرهم الى بلد آخر فهم يحتاجون الى عملة البلد الذي يسافرون اليه ، وبهذه الحالة يجدون انفسهم امام عملية الصرف ، وبذلك فان التغيرات التي تحصل في سعر الصرف تؤثر على عملية التبادل التجاري وبالتالي على النمو الاقتصادي . انطلاقا مما تقدم تم اختيارعنوان الموضوع الذي يهدف البحث الى التعرف على الاطار النظري لاسعار الصرف ونماذج النموالاقتصادي فضلا عن قياس اثر تقلبات سعر الصرف على النمو الاقتصادي في العراق عن طريق صياغة نموذج قياسي للمدة 1995- 2015The currency is the main engine of the process of trade at the internal and external levels, and the exchange rate is one of the fundamentals of the foreign trade to settle international payments, as the import process to the currency of the country of origin to pay the value of imported goods on the one hand, on the other hand, we find that individuals in the case their travel to another country they need the currency of the country they travel to, and in this case they find themselves in the process of exchange, so that shifting in the exchange rate affect the process of trade and thus on economic growth. Based on the above, the title of the topic, which aims to identify the theoretical framework of exchange rates and economic growth models as well as measuring the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on economic growth in Iraq, has been chosen by formulating a standard model for the period 1995-201
The legal assessment of the crime of commercial advertising against public order and public morality
No full textيتناول هذا البحث إشكالية تاصيل جريمة الاعلان التجاري المخالف للنظام العام العام و الاداب العامة ، حيث يركز البحث عل تحديد المجال الجنائي للتجريم و ، و بيان اركانه ، ثم إثارة الجدل بخصوص صعوبة فهم و بيان ماهية الاطار العملي لهذه الجريمة ، مع محاولة إفتراض حقيقة مفادها ان الاعلان التجاري يجب ان يكون لائقاً و موافقاً مع المعايير المجتمعية و الكرامة الانسانية و الذوق العام . و مع إزدياد الاعلانات التجارية و انعدام الرقابة عليها و صعوبتها ، فان من الضرورة بمكان ان يتأهب المشرع الجنائي عند وضعه للقاعدة القانونية الجنائية الى جوانب الالمام بالصياغة التشريعية و يلتزم بمدأ الضرورة في التجريم الجنائي و لا يتنافى تشريعه مع اليقين القانوني ، و كل ذلك سنسعى االى بحثه و إستقرائه هنا في هذه الورقة البحثية البحثin this research we will examine the legal dimensions of this contemporary crime in Iraqi consumer protection law which was ordered in 2010 .then we will focus on the criminal framework of the mentioned crime clarifying its elements , in addition to that we will make controversial discussion regarding the determination of the crime . in this research we will make a presumption by which we will spouse that the commercial advertisements must be suitable with the public interest criteria and human dignity. thus by increasing of this commercial practices without controlling, consequently the legislator must enact the proportionate rules with depending on legal certainty. At al we will strive to clarify all these problematic issues in this research
The Oil-Gas Conflict and the Importance of the Middle East Strategy
No full textتُعد منطقة الشرق الأوسط إحدى أهم المناطق الحيوية التي تحظى بالاهتمام العالمي ولاسيما من قبل القوى الكبرى المتطلعة للصدارة على النظام الدولي، إذ تتمتع هذه المنطقة بخصائص ومميزات سواء بفعل موقعها الجغرافي المتميز، أو بفعل غناها بالموارد الطبيعية. فمن ناحية نجد أن موقع الشرق الاوسط مهم لجميع القوى الدولية في المجال السياسي لتشكل بذلك مجالاً حيوياً مهماً تتطلع جميع القوى الدولية من أجل الوصول إليه. أما من ناحية الأهمية الاقتصادية، فتعد المنطقة من أغنى مناطق العالم نتيجة لما تملكه من موارد طبيعية، حيث أصبحت الخزان الذي لا غنى عنه لموارد الطاقة، إلى جانب ما تتمتع به من إمكانيات مالية جعلتها محطة مهمة لجذب الاستثمارات العالمية، فضلاً عن كونها من أكبر الأسواق الاستهلاكية في العالم، مما أسبغ على المنطقة أهمية تجارية عالية.
ولذلك نحاول في هذه الدراسة والتي تتكون من مبحثين، فضلا عن المقدمة والخاتمة، ففي المبحث الاول والذي هو بعنوان الصراع والمفاهيم المتقاربة منه نحاول تسليط الضوء على تعريف الصراع وطبيعته في المطلب الاول وشرح المفاهيم المتقاربة من الصراع في المطلب الثاني، أما المبحث الثاني: فقد نتناول اهمية الشرق الاوسط: مفهوم الشرق الاوسط في المطلب الاول والأهمية الاقتصادية والاستراتيجية للشرق الأوسط في المطلب الثاني اضافة الى الاستنتاجات والتوصيات.The Middle East is regarded as one of the most vital areas of interest globally, especially by the major powers due to its geographical location, or due to its richness in natural resources. The Middle East region has been an essential area for the world society by a financial perspective and it has made the area to a station for attracting international investments and consumer market.
The structure of this study consists of two main sections. Each section is divided into two parts. The first part is about the interstate conflict and how it evolves, meanwhile the second part is dealing with definition and nature of the conflict, and it also has the focus on the competition between superpowers in the mentioned area.
In addition to that, we look at the Middle East from an economic perspective and how strategically is the Middle East in the future competition on the international field
Kurdish EFL Students Teachers’ Practicum Experience: Some Basic Challenges
No full textAbstract—The present study highlights the main challenges faced by EFL student teachers (STs) of the Department of English - College of Basic Education - University of Sulaimani during their teaching practice. To investigate the challenges, a closed-ended questionnaire is designed which consists of 20 items focusing on a variety of relevant issues of practicum experience. The questionnaire is given to 50 EFL STs and the collected data is statistically analyzed. The study hypothesizes that EFL STs might have serious challenges in their teaching at basic schools, which could be related to the lack of motivation of basic school students, shortage of practicum period, supervisors’ evaluation, and lack of teaching technology. These challenges are proved true after the analysis of the data. Based on the conclusions of this current study, it is recommended that Kurdish EFL STs should be familiarized with different aspects of teaching profession. To this end, the university stakeholders should design a specialized program for ST practicum and create a strong link with basic school programs. The conclusions and recommendations could be taken into consideration by the STs, university teaching staff, and basic school principals to overcome the challenges and improve the practicum process. Thus, the study could have potentially significant implications for the senior administrators of the Department of English, College of Basic Education deanery, and the University of Sulaimani presidency for addressing the main challenges of practicum faced by EFL STs.Abstract—The present study highlights the main challenges faced by EFL student teachers (STs) of the Department of English - College of Basic Education - University of Sulaimani during their teaching practice. To investigate the challenges, a closed-ended questionnaire is designed which consists of 20 items focusing on a variety of relevant issues of practicum experience. The questionnaire is given to 50 EFL STs and the collected data is statistically analyzed. The study hypothesizes that EFL STs might have serious challenges in their teaching at basic schools, which could be related to the lack of motivation of basic school students, shortage of practicum period, supervisors’ evaluation, and lack of teaching technology. These challenges are proved true after the analysis of the data. Based on the conclusions of this current study, it is recommended that Kurdish EFL STs should be familiarized with different aspects of teaching profession. To this end, the university stakeholders should design a specialized program for ST practicum and create a strong link with basic school programs. The conclusions and recommendations could be taken into consideration by the STs, university teaching staff, and basic school principals to overcome the challenges and improve the practicum process. Thus, the study could have potentially significant implications for the senior administrators of the Department of English, College of Basic Education deanery, and the University of Sulaimani presidency for addressing the main challenges of practicum faced by EFL STs
“Unspeakable Suffering”: Women’s Experience of Trauma in Lynn Nottage’s Ruined
No full textLynn Nottage's Ruined, a Pulitzer Prize play, tackles the plight of women’s survival during the civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The play is a loud scream for the whole world to view the physical violence of women and hear their traumatic memories, hoping that this attempt might save them from their disastrous lives resulting from the brutalities of civil war. In this play, women are portrayed beyond victims of the political and armed conflicts as they serve as a reflection of a serious issue that threatens the human race in general: the continuing dehumanization whereby women are considered minorities and the “others,” even within their own society. By applying a critical analysis technique, the current paper aims to shed light on women's experience of their violated bodies and their unspeakable suffering in the context of their trauma
The motives and gratification of university students to use sport programs in the Kurdish satellite Channels: Field study on a sample of students of the Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Sulaymaniyah
No full textهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على دوافع إستخدامات طلبة كلية التربية الرياضية في جامعة السليمانية، للبرامج الرياضية في الفضائيات الكوردية، وكذلك التعرف على الدوافع والاشباعات التي تحققها لمشاهديها من الطلاب. وهي دراسة وصفية، استخدمت المنهج المسح، على عينة قصدية قوامها (144) مفردة من طلبة كلية التربية الرياضية في جامعة السليمانية، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج، من أهمها؛ أن الغالبية من أفراد العينة تتابع البرامج الرياضية في الفضائيات الكوردية بشكل دائم، وأوضحت نتائج أهم أنواع البرامج الرياضية التي تفضل عينة البحث مشاهدتها بنسبة كبيرة هي"المباريات الرياضية" في المرتبة الأولى، ثم "البرامج الإخبارية الرياضية" في المرتبة الثانية، ثم احتلت "البرامج الحوارية الرياضية" المرتبة الثالثة. وكشفت هذه الدراسة أن غالبية الشباب الجامعي حريصة جداً على متابعة البرامج الرياضية في الفضائيات الكوردية. وأظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة ارتباطية دالة إحصائيّاً بين تعرض طلبة الجامعات لعينة الدراسة والدوافع النفعية والطقوسية من تعرضهم للبرامج الرياضية في الفضائيات الكوردية، ووجود علاقة ارتباطية دالة إحصائيّاً بين تعرض طلبة الجامعات لعينة الدراسة والإشباعات المتحققة من تعرضهم للبرامج الرياضية في الفضائيات الكوردية.This study aims to identify the motives of the students of the Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Sulaymaniyah for sport programs in the Kurdish satellite channels, As well as to identify the motives Which viewers of students achieve, A descriptive study, used the survey methodology, on an intentional sample of (144) students from the Faculty of Physical Education at the University of Sulaymaniyah, The study found several results: the majority of members of the sample always watch the sports programs in the Kurdish satellite channels, The results shows that most important types of sports programs preferred by the sample and watch it lot Are "sports matches" ranked first, Then "sports news programs" ranked second, and the "Sports Talks" ranked third, This study shows that the majority of university youth are very keen to watch the sports programs in the Kurdish satellite channels, The results shows There is Statistical Associative relationship between the exposure of university students to the sample of the study And utilitarian and ritualistic motives of their exposure to sports programs in the Kurdish satellite channels, also existence of statistical significant Associative relationship Between the exposure of university students to the sample of the study and the saturation of their exposure to sport programs in the Kurdish satellite channels
The Nature of International Responsibility of States in the Contemporary World Arena
No full textThe subject of state responsibility occupies a central place in international law. Its basic principle, now well established, provides that every internationally wrongful act entails the responsibility of the state. One of the most controversial problems regarding the international responsibility of the state for wrongful acts concerns the nature of such responsibility. The present paper examines the nature of state responsibility for international wrongful acts under existing international law. It takes the view that the International Law Commission (ILC), in its Draft Articles on State Responsibility can be applied in case of breach of any international obligations by states because there is no international convention regarding state responsibility on the international plane. Finally, the study concludes that the identification of the nature of the state responsibility seems to be much more complicated since ILC’s Articles do not explicitly address the issue of whether responsibility of state for wrongful act or omission is strict liability (objective theory) or there must be some fault (subjective theory) in the conduct of state in order to hold responsibility; customary international law to some extent does not help in filling the gap exists in ILC’s Draft Articles on state responsibility with regard to objective and subjective theories because it supports both theories
A Restricted Multipath Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using a Virtual Cylinder: Bypassing Black hole and Selective Forwarding Attacks
Get PDFIn this paper, a simple and novel routing algorithm is presented to improve the packet delivery in harsh conditions such as selective forwarding and blackhole attacks to the wireless sensor networks. The proposed algorithm is based on restricted multi-path broadcast based on a virtual cylinder from the source node to the sink node. In this algorithm, when a packet is broadcast by a source node, a virtual cylinder with radius w is created from the source node to a sink node. All the nodes located in this virtual cylinder are allowed to forwardthe packet to the sink. Thus, data is forwarded to sink via multiple paths, but in a restricted manner so that the nodes do not consume a high amount of energy. If there are some compromised nodes in this virtual cylinder, the packets may be forwarded to the sink via other nodes of the virtual cylinder. The proposed algorithm is simulated and evaluated in terms of packet delivery rate and energy consumption. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm increases packet delivery rate 7 times compared to the single-path routing method and reduces energy consumption up to three times compared to flooding routing method
Needs Analysis as a Measure for the Accuracy of ESP Syllabus Courses in Kurdistan Technical Institutes, Department of Administration as a Case Study
No full textESP courses are used in all Higher Education institutions in Kurdistan/Iraq. These courses are supposed to provide students with both awareness and skills to handle communication in English in the target subjects. This paper addresses the effect and shortcomings of “Administrative Reading in English’, an ESP course taught in Kurdistan Technical Institutes. The paper examines the extent to which these courses fit the needs of Kurdish students; and whether the curricula of the course reflect the characteristics of a systematic standard ESP course. Data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to three different student groups and interviews were conducted with instructors. The data is used to identify the drawbacks of the course material; and investigate the relevance of the teaching methods, assessment and the language used, to the level, motivation and needs of the students. The research concludes that a solid curriculum that takes into consideration students’ motivation for learning as well as their receptive and productive learning skills has not been correctly constructed for the courses in general
Environmental Impacts of Shewashok Oil Field on Sheep and Cow Meat Using Vital Trace Elements as Contamination Bioindicators
Get PDFAmbient environment is built based on the interaction of living and non-living organism and chemical and physical compounds, and thus, oil field emissions, effluents, and its general waste can be a part of environmental condition of certain area. This study is to investigate the environmental impacts of oil field on sheep and cow meat around Shewashok oilfield. It has been performed at the Laboratories of the Department of Medical Microbiology, Koya University, by detecting and measuring heavy metals and vital trace elements as contamination indicators. 20 meat samples of domestic animals (cow and sheep) in both control and affected area were collected for the purpose of detecting the concentration of heavy metals in the animals. The samples dried and digested with concentrated HNO3 and concentrated H2O2. The concentration of heavy metals of the sample digested domestic animal was determined using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy. This study shows that iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, arsenic, manganese, aluminum, mercury, and chromium were detected in all the meat samples. Overall, this study confirms that the cow and sheep meat are still safe to eat in both locations because only Al, Fe, and Hg were found danger in both sheep and cows’ meat in comparison with allowed limits of the World Health Organization 2017, and all other trace elements are complying with the global standards