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Improving emergency obstetric care at the primary health level: A capacity-building model in Lagos state, Nigeria
Get PDFMaternal mortality in Nigeria remains alarmingly high, with many deaths resulting from preventable obstetric complications. Primary Health Centers (PHCs), which serve as the first point of contact for most pregnant women, often lack the capacity to manage emergencies effectively. This manuscript examines a capacity-building model aimed at strengthening emergency obstetric care (EmOC) at the primary health level in Lagos State. Drawing from national initiatives and international best practices, the study explores training interventions, simulation exercises, and systemic improvements in supply chains and referral networks. Competency-based training significantly enhanced provider knowledge and confidence, especially when supported by simulation drills and supervision frameworks. Facility-based programs also led to increased use of uterotonics, better partograph documentation, and improved management of hypertensive emergencies. However, challenges such as staff attrition, limited monitoring systems, irregular supply of essential drugs, and fragmented referral coordination persist. The paper argues that sustainable EmOC improvements require policy integration, institutional ownership, and consistent funding. Recommendations include embedding EmOC modules in pre-service and in-service training for nurses and midwives, strengthening referral and transport systems, and ensuring logistical support across PHCs. The Lagos State experience underscores the importance of a systems-based, contextually adapted, and government-led approach to maternal health. If implemented broadly, such a model could accelerate progress toward reducing preventable maternal deaths and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3.1 across Nigeria and other low-resource settings.
Keywords: Maternal Mortality, Primary Health Care, Emergency Obstetrics Care
Monitoring and escalation protocol for postoperative complication prevention in surgical nursing units
Get PDFPostoperative complications remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical nursing units worldwide. Timely recognition and intervention are critical in mitigating adverse outcomes. This study presents a comprehensive framework for a Monitoring and Escalation Protocol (MEP) designed to enhance the early identification and management of postoperative complications in surgical patients. The protocol integrates continuous patient monitoring, standardized risk assessment tools, early warning score systems, and structured communication pathways for clinical escalation. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving retrospective analysis of 500 patient records and semi-structured interviews with 30 surgical nurses across three tertiary hospitals. The findings reveal that implementation of MEP led to a 28% reduction in complication-related readmissions and a 35% improvement in nurse response time to clinical deterioration. Key components contributing to improved outcomes included real-time vital sign monitoring, nurse training on early warning signs, and the introduction of color-coded escalation charts that aligned with predefined thresholds for action. Moreover, the protocol promoted interprofessional collaboration and decision-making, especially during high-risk postoperative periods. Nurses reported increased confidence in initiating escalations, and the protocol reduced the incidence of preventable complications such as surgical site infections, respiratory distress, and acute kidney injury. The study underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary, protocol-driven approach to postoperative care, emphasizing that proactive surveillance and timely escalation can significantly improve patient safety and clinical efficiency. Challenges identified include protocol adherence variability and technology integration constraints. Recommendations include periodic refresher training, incorporation of automated alert systems, and continuous audit and feedback mechanisms to sustain protocol fidelity. In conclusion, the Monitoring and Escalation Protocol presents a viable strategy for surgical nursing units seeking to optimize postoperative outcomes through systematic surveillance and timely clinical action. The protocol is adaptable to various healthcare settings and supports the broader goal of enhancing quality of care and reducing preventable harm in surgical recovery.
Keywords: Postoperative Complications, Surgical Nursing Units, Early Warning Systems, Clinical Escalation, Patient Monitoring, Protocol Implementation, Nurse-Led Interventions, Patient Safety, Interdisciplinary Care, Complication Prevention
Indirect tax and the economy: Evidence from Nigeria (2000 to 2019)
Get PDFThe study examined the impact of indirect tax on the Nigerian economy. In line with these objectives, three research questions and three hypotheses were formulated. The study adopted the ex post facto research design. The Data for the study were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria Bulletin and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) statistics for the period of 2000–2019. The study adopted the ordinary Least – Square Regression Analysis to analyse the data. Descriptive Statistics were used to describe the characteristics of the Variables, augmented Dickey – Fuller unit root test was used for the stationary test of the data. Johansen co-integration test was used for the long-run relationship of the variables. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) was used to test the hypotheses at a 5% level of significance. Our findings revealed that Value Added Tax (VAT) has an insignificant positive impact on GDP in the Country. Import Duty IMD has a significant positive impact on GDP in Nigeria while the Export Duty (EXD) has an insignificant impact on the GDP. The study recommended that the Nigeria government can grow its economy through VAT if the revenue from the tax is not invaded, avoided and is properly administered. Secondly the government should concentrate on growing strategically with the import tax productivity since it shows a positive significant impact on GDP, Similarly the government of Nigeria should equally put in concerted efforts to improve Export Duty Tax revenue.
Keywords: Economy, Export Duty, Import Duty, Nigeria, Value Added Tax
Strengthening organizational capabilities of rural businesses in Colombia
No full textThe Foundation of the National Association of Private Enterprises of Colombia (Fundación de la Asociación Nacional de Empresas Privadas de Colombia ANDI) has an intervention methodology called HUB of alliances for Inclusive Competitiveness aimed at linking the supply of rural productive organizations with the demand of consolidated companies. This article aims to study the contribution of this methodology to the organizational capabilities of two rural businesses. We designed a capability evaluation instrument based on national and international references. We conclude that the intervention through this methodology, although not designed for this purpose, did contribute to the development of organizational capabilities in the cases analyzed. In the future, it is advisable to replicate this exercise in other associations intervened by the ANDI Foundation.
Keywords: Capabilities, Associativity, Agribusiness, Colombia
Project management strategies in renewable energy deployments: A focus on solar power in West Africa
No full textThe deployment of solar energy in West Africa represents a critical solution to the region’s persistent energy challenges, offering a sustainable and scalable alternative to fossil fuels. However, the successful implementation of solar projects depends on effective project management strategies that address financial constraints, regulatory complexities, technical limitations, and infrastructure gaps. This paper examines the best practices and challenges associated with managing solar energy projects in West Africa, focusing on strategic planning, execution methodologies, and sustainability measures. The study begins by providing an overview of renewable energy deployment in the region, emphasizing the growing role of solar power in expanding energy access and fostering economic development. It then explores the theoretical foundations of project management in solar energy deployments, including key principles, methodologies, and risk management frameworks. The paper further analyzes best practices in project planning, site selection, execution, construction, operations, and long-term maintenance, emphasizing the importance of resource assessment, workforce training, and digital optimization technologies. Additionally, it identifies major challenges affecting solar energy project implementation, including financial barriers, inconsistent policies, and technical limitations related to grid infrastructure and energy storage. To address these challenges, the study presents actionable recommendations for policymakers, private sector stakeholders, and development agencies, highlighting the need for regulatory reforms, innovative financing mechanisms, capacity-building programs, and advancements in grid infrastructure. The findings underscore that a comprehensive and structured approach to project management is essential for maximizing the region's efficiency, reliability, and scalability of solar energy projects. Ultimately, this paper contributes to the discourse on sustainable energy development by providing a roadmap for enhancing the management of solar power deployments in West Africa, with implications for broader renewable energy transitions in developing economies.
Keywords: Solar Energy Project Management, Renewable Energy Deployment, Infrastructure Development, Risk Management in Solar Projects, Sustainable Energy Solutions, West Africa Energy Policy
How is intelligence determined by the environment and genetics?
No full textThis paper examines the intricate relationship between intelligence,
genetics, and the environment, emphasizing how external factors and
hereditary traits influence cognitive abilities. Intelligence is typically
defined as the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills, with its
heritability shaped by genetic and environmental influences. The research reviews various studies that underscore the role of genetics in
intelligence, including the significance of polygenic scores and behavioural genetics in predicting cognitive outcomes. Furthermore, it explores how environmental factors such as socioeconomic status, educational opportunities, and family dynamics contribute to the development of intelligence, especially during critical developmental periods. The paper also discusses the contentious interaction between genetic inheritance and environmental variability, positing that both elements collaborate in shaping intelligence. While genetics seems to have a more predominant impact as individuals grow older, environmental stimulation can boost the potential for intellectual advancement, highlighting the necessity of a cognitively stimulating environment for optimizing genetic capabilities. Ultimately, this study seeks to offer a nuanced perspective on intelligence as a result of both inherited and environmental factors, illuminating the complexities of this ongoing discourse in behavioral science.
Keywords: COVID-19, Trauma, Continuous Traumatic Stress (CTS) Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Pandemic, Mental health, Cumulative trauma, Eating behaviors
The impact of Eco-friendly features of E-bikes on consumers’ willingness to pay
No full textThe increasing global awareness of sustainability and environmental accountability has significantly altered consumer decisions in the transport sector. In view of this, electric bikes (e-bikes) have become a popular mode of urban transportation due to their convenience and environmental friendliness. Despite this, the factors influencing consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) e-bikes remain unclear. Therefore, this article collected data from 710 urban commuters from different regions through the distribution of questionnaires for regression analysis. The empirical study shows that consumer willingness to pay is influenced by battery efficiency, recyclability, low emissions, and using renewable energy in manufacturing. Further heterogeneity analysis reveals that gender affects consumer preferences. Male consumers prioritize battery efficiency and low emissions, whereas female consumers emphasize recyclability and the utilization of renewable energy. The study contributes to the existing literature on sustainable consumer behavior by offering empirical data regarding the influence of environmentally friendly features on e-bike purchasing decisions.
Keywords: Willingness To Pay, Eco-Friendly Features, Electric Bikes, Sustainable Consumer Behavior, Environmental Awareness
The role of AI in optimizing decision-making for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria's retail industry
No full textThis study examines the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the decision-making processes of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria’s retail sector, focusing on its applications, benefits, challenges, and future prospects. Using a descriptive research design, data was collected through a Google Forms survey from 100 SME decision-makers. The findings reveal that while 70% of SMEs have adopted AI to some extent, only 20% have fully integrated it into their operations, with customer behavior analysis (60%) and inventory management (50%) being the most common applications. AI adoption has led to improved decision-making (65%) and enhanced operational efficiency (60%), yet significant barriers such as high implementation costs (70%) and a lack of technical expertise (65%) hinder wider adoption. Despite these challenges, 80% of respondents expressed interest in expanding AI usage in areas such as advanced customer analytics and supply chain optimization. The study concludes that while AI presents immense opportunities for SMEs to enhance competitiveness against larger e-commerce platforms, addressing financial, technical, and infrastructural barriers is crucial for wider adoption. It recommends affordable AI solutions, targeted training programs, improved financing options, policy support, and strategic partnerships to facilitate AI integration and long-term sustainability in Nigeria’s retail industry.
Keywords: AI Optimization, Decision-Making, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Retail Industry, Business Intelligence, Nigeria
JEL: O30, L81, M15, L25, M21, D8
Fabrication and Characterization of Epoxy Matrix Nanocomposites Based on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
No full textIn this current research, an investigation was carried out on the fabrication of high-performance epoxy matrix nanocomposite for various engineering applications. The nanocomposite samples were synthesized using epoxy matrix, and nano sized zinc oxide particulates. The morphology, particle size and composition of the nano sized zinc oxide particulates were determined using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The experimental nanocomposite samples were developed using 0, 1, 2,3,4,5 and 6 wt. % of ZnO nanoparticles by open cast method. Mechanical properties tests were carried out on the samples in accordance with ASTM standards. The results obtained show that tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness of the nanocomposite samples increased progressively with increasing contents of the nano sized ZnO particulates up to 4 wt. %, after which a slight decrease in hardness, flexural strength, and tensile strength values were observed for samples containing 5 wt. % and 6 wt. % of reinforcement. Also, a similar trend was observed for impact strength results with nanocomposite sample containing 3wt. % reinforcement exhibiting the highest impact strength value of 11.18 KJ/m after which a slight decrease in impact strength value was observed for samples containing 4 wt. %, 5 wt. %, and 6 wt. % of ZnO nanoparticles respectively. Contrarily, the ductility of the nanocomposite samples decreases progressively with increasing contents of the nano sized ZnO particulates. Results obtained from microstructural examination of the nanocomposite samples show that the ZnO nanoparticles were well dispersed in the nanocomposite samples containing 1 wt. % to 4 wt. % of filler contents. However, agglomeration of the ZnO nanoparticles was observed in samples containing 5 wt. % and 6wt. % of filler contents.
Keywords: Epoxy, Nanocomposite, Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, Mechanical Properties
Zero trust architecture: A paradigm shift in network security
No full textZero Trust Architecture (ZTA) represents a significant shift in network security by moving away from the traditional perimeter-based approach. Instead, ZTA operates on the principle of "never trust, always verify," assuming that threats could exist both inside and outside the network. This paradigm shift necessitates rigorous verification of every user, device, and application attempting to access resources, regardless of their location. The core components of ZTA include robust identity verification, continuous monitoring and analytics, and granular access control policies. By implementing these components, organizations can significantly reduce the attack surface and minimize the risk of unauthorized access. ZTA leverages advanced technologies such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), micro-segmentation, and encryption to ensure that only authenticated and authorized entities can access sensitive data and systems. Continuous monitoring and real-time analytics are essential to detect and respond to potential threats promptly. Additionally, adopting a least-privilege approach ensures that users and devices have access only to the resources necessary for their tasks, further minimizing the potential for security breaches. The implementation of ZTA presents several challenges, including the complexity of integrating it with existing legacy systems, potential performance impacts due to increased verification processes, and the need for comprehensive employee training. However, the benefits of adopting a Zero Trust approach are substantial. Organizations can achieve enhanced security resilience, improved compliance with regulatory standards, and increased visibility into network activities. Moreover, ZTA's adaptability to modern hybrid and remote work environments makes it particularly relevant in the current digital landscape. Numerous case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of ZTA in mitigating sophisticated cyber threats. For instance, leading tech companies and government agencies have successfully implemented Zero Trust frameworks to protect their critical assets and maintain operational continuity amidst rising cyberattacks. These real-world applications highlight the practical advantages of ZTA in various industries, reinforcing its status as a critical component of modern cybersecurity strategies. In conclusion, Zero Trust Architecture represents a transformative approach to network security, addressing the limitations of traditional models. By focusing on rigorous verification, continuous monitoring, and least-privilege access, ZTA provides a robust framework for protecting sensitive information in an increasingly complex threat landscape. As cyber threats evolve, adopting Zero Trust principles will be crucial for organizations seeking to safeguard their digital assets and maintain trust in their security posture.
Keywords: Paradigm Shift, Network; Security, Zero Trust, Architecture