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The self-consolidating concrete possess quality of achieving full compaction and flowing based on its own weight even in congested reinforcement. In this study, the self-consolidating concrete is investigated by its qualities. The material used in the study included fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, cement, superplasticizer, marble powder, and silica fume. There were 5 specimen beams used in the current study based on cement, silica fume, and marble powder combination. The test included slump flow test, V-funnel test, and L-box test. The results show that for the five samples, the 7 days’ compressive strength was about 29.94 on average; and for 28 days’ compressive strength, the strength was 41.65 on average. The results show that self-consolidate concrete has satisfactory qualitie

Honu, Mwinyimvua

Tobias, Freddy

Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
 
REVIEW OF SELF-CONSOLIDATE CONCRETE 
Mwinyimvua Honu1, Freddy Tobias2 
1,2 Arusha Technical College, Arusha, Tanzania 
____________________________________________________________________________________ 
*Corresponding Author: Mwinyimvua Honu 
Article Received: 12-08-19   Accepted: 20-10-19   Published: 26-12-19 
 
Licensing Details: Author retains the right of this article. The article is distributed under the terms of the 
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License 
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/4.0/)   which permits non-commercial use, reproduction 
and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as 
specified on the Journal open access page 
____________________________________________________________________________________ 
ABSTRACT  
The self-consolidating concrete possess quality of achieving full compaction and flowing based 
on its own weight even in congested reinforcement. In this study, the self-consolidating concrete 
is investigated by its qualities. The material used in the study included fine aggregate, coarse 
aggregate, cement, superplasticizer, marble powder, and silica fume. There were 5 specimen 
beams used in the current study based on cement, silica fume, and marble powder combination. 
The test included slump flow test, V-funnel test, and L-box test. The results show that for the 
five samples, the 7 days’ compressive strength was about 29.94 on average; and for 28 days’ 
compressive strength, the strength was 41.65 on average. The results show that self-consolidate 
concrete has satisfactory qualities.   
Keywords: Self-Consolidate Cement, Concrete, Durability. 
___________________________________________________________________________________ 
INTRODUCTION  
With increased use of concrete in modern era, there are new types of concrete are developed 
which have different qualities and used in variety of settings. One innovative concrete is self-
consolidating concrete which is free from compaction and vibration for placement. The self-
consolidating concrete possess quality of achieving full compaction and flowing based on its 
own weight even in congested reinforcement. The resulting self-consolidating concrete is as hard 
as traditional vibrated concrete and possess all the qualities of traditional vibrated concrete. The 
use of self-consolidating concrete is started in Europe since 1970s however, the improved 
version was developed in 1980 by Japan. Currently, the self-consolidating concrete is heavily 
used in industrial and constructions context. The self-consolidating concrete provide a good 
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Engineering Science & Technology Journal    
Volume 1, Issue 2, P.28-36, December, 2019  
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Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 29 
 
alternative of traditional method since it provides rapid rate of concrete placement with speedy 
construction times and easy flow in congested areas. The structure which is based on self-
consolidating concrete shows good features including higher durability, superior finishing, 
uniform concrete strength, minimal concrete voids and higher level of homogeneity. Mostly, low 
water to cement ratio is used for producing the self-consolidating concrete which gives higher 
strength and earlier demolding. The other benefits of self-consolidating concrete include safer 
working environment, less level of noise, no vibration, thinner concrete sections, greater freedom 
in design, improved durability, easier placement, higher surface finishing, reduction in site 
manpower and faster construction. Given these desirable qualities of self-consolidating concrete, 
it is not surprising that many experts consider it as the most revolutionary product among the 
concrete products. Based on the self-consolidating concrete technology, superior plasticisers for 
concrete is also developed. Now self-consolidating concrete is using heavily in precast concrete 
work and the site concrete work.  
Key Features of Self-Consolidating Concrete 
For obtaining the higher workability on concrete, it is required that good spacing between the 
aggregates as to minimize the friction between them. Concrete sample based on good space 
between the aggregates is covered by cement paste, the aggregates can be compacted and 
squeeze out for excess cement paste surrounding it. The left over is the top layer with just the 
paste itself and below is a compact state of aggregates having enough cement paste to fill the 
void spaces. The cement paste in the voids is labelled as ‘compact paste’; whereas the cement 
paste which wraps around the aggregates is called ‘excess paste’. Easier and homogeneous 
dispersion is possible because of this excess paste in the matrix.  
 
Figure 1: Self-Consolidating Concrete 
 
Figure 2: Self-Consolidating Concrete Use 
Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 30 
 
 
Figure 3: Difference between Conventional and Self-Consolidating Concrete 
 
Figure 4: Test Method 
 
REVIEW OF PAST LITERATURE 
Various studies report experiments or different test-based studies related to the self-consolidating 
concrete. For example, study by Felekoglu (2008) was about self-consolidating concrete. The 
study showed that for producing self-consolidating concrete and achieving consistency, some 
physical properties of sand used need to be changed. When comparing between self-
consolidating concrete and CLS sand. The comparison showed that CLS sand increased the 
admixture demand while losing the strength. Based on increased admixture contents, setting 
times of self-consolidating concrete prepared with CLS sand was also increased. The test showed 
guidelines for selecting suitable sand quantity and type.  
The study by Siddique (2008) was about self-consolidating concrete in a fluid mixture suitable 
for placing in structures with congested reinforcement without vibration. The findings are that a 
good balance between stability and deformability is required. Based on material and mix 
proportion, the compact ability is also influenced. The author also proposed an experimental 
procedure for the design of self-consolidating concrete mixes. The test results are based on 
acceptance characteristics such as L-Box, V-funnel, J-ring. 
A study about self-consolidating concrete conducted by Okamura and Ozawa (1995). The study 
showed that aggregate movements in self-consolidating concrete can be increased by using the 
transparent polymer leads. Furthermore, the study reported that by adjusting the coarse control, 
Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 31 
 
super plasticizer, w/c ratio, the filling ability and shear stress can be improved. A procedure for 
making such adjustment is also proposed in the study. Accordingly, mortars, the ratio of slump 
flow index to funnel flow index to almost constant with respect to volume of water to cement 
ratio for a given value of super plasticizer to cement ratio.  
Another study by Okamura and Ozawa (1995) was based on fill ability using the U box test, L 
box test, funnel flow, and slump flow. The study findings are that self-compatibility is influenced 
by w/c ratio and must be decided based on strength requirements.  
Collepardi (1980) conducted experiments related to the self-consolidating concrete. The findings 
show that self-consolidating concrete is the most important cementations material. In particular, 
it was suggested that the ingredients of these mixtures including silica fume, ground limestone, 
fly ash, cement, and super plasticizer, etc. Their properties are studies based on resistance to 
segregation and sustainable progress.  
MATERIAL AND METHODS 
Table 1: Fine Aggregate 
S. No Properties Values 
1 Bulk Density 1.8 
2 Fineness Modulus 1.9 
3 Specific Gravity 1.3 
 
Clean river sand is used as a fine aggregate in the study. 5.85mm sieve is used for first sieving 
for removing any greater particles. Particles smaller than 0.105 mm were considered as fine 
which contribute to the powder content.  
Coarse Aggregate 
Table 2: Coarse Aggregate 
S. No Properties Values 
1 Bulk Density 8.32 
2 Fineness Modulus 2.35 
3 Specific Gravity 1.9 
 
Crush stone aggregate is used as a coarse aggregation which were passed through 15mm sieve. 
Normal concrete constitute of about 85% of total aggregate. However, the self-consolidating 
concrete only constitute of about 50% of total volume of concrete.  
Table 3: Cement 
S. No Properties Values 
1 Consistency 42% 
2 Specific Gravity 2.93 
3 Initial Setting time 40 min 
4 Final Setting Time Test 340 min 
 
Cement has certain cohesive and adhesive properties which enable bonding material fragments 
into a compact mass. Among concrete, cement is considered as highly important ingredient. 
There are various types of cement based on their qualities and usage. In present study, the 
Portland cement is used.  
 
Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 32 
 
Superplasticizer 
For self-consolidating concrete, the superplasticizer is considered as an essential component for 
necessary workability. In this study, the Conplast SP440 is utilized. This type of superplasticizer 
is considered as chloride free based on sulphonated naphthalene polymers. The solution f 
superplasticizer is instantly mixed with water. It produces the fine particles in the concrete mix 
which enables the water contents of the concrete to perform more effectively. This leads to the 
increased strength. 
Marble Powder  
The marble natural stones create a large amount of dust which leads to the pollution in the cities. 
However, with the use of marble powder, the dust can be reduced which has favorable 
environmental consequences. The gravity of marble powder used in this study related experiment 
was about 1.963.  
Silica Fume 
Table 4: Chemical Composition of Silica Fume 
S. No Constituents Quantity (%) 
1 LOI 3.23 
2 CAO 1.7 
3 FE2O3 1.93 
4 Ai2 O3 0.42 
5 SiO2 90.69 
 
The silica fume when added to the concrete provides favorable chemical properties such as 
durability of the concrete, reinforcement of the microstructure through filler effects and 
reduction of bleeding and segregation. Higher earlier strength is also achieved by using the silica 
fume. In the present study related experiment, specific gravity of the silica fume used is 2.45. 
Specimen Description 
Five beam specimens were used in the current study related experiment. The specimen’s details 
are provided in the table below.  
Table 5: Specimen Description 
Specimen Description 
SP1 Control Specimen 
SP2 75% of cement, 5% of silica fume, 20% of marble powder 
SP3 70% of cement, 10% of silica fume, 20% of marble powder 
SP4 65% of cement, 15% of silica fume, 20% of marble powder 
SP5 60% of cement, 20% of silica fume, 20% of marble powder 
  
The Proportion Mix of self-consolidating concrete is as follows.  
Table 6: Proportion Mix of Self-Consolidating Concrete 
S. No Materials Quantity (Kg/m3) 
1 Super Plasticizer 1.50% of powder 
2 Water 187 
3 Coarse Aggregate 690 
4 Fine Aggregate 1030 
5 Cement 420 
Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 33 
 
 
Tests for Fresh Properties of self-Consolidating Concrete 
The first test is slump flow test which is normally used for the assessment of the horizontal flow 
and flow rate of self-consolidating concrete in the absence of obstructions. Originally, the test 
was about measuring the underwater concrete.   
 
Figure 5: Slum Flow Test 
If the test value is higher, it shows that the concrete is able to fill formwork under its own 
weight. Based on the guidelines by EFNARC, the SCC required at least 650mm value. 
Generally, there is no universal guidelines regarding the tolerance acceptance however, ± 50 mm 
is considered as rule of thumb. A secondary indication of flow is the T500 time. Lower time 
corresponds with higher flowability and higher time corresponds with lower flowability. If minor 
segregation is there, it will coarse aggregation can occur at the edge of the pool of the concrete. It 
if it does not occur, it does not mean that segregation is not occurred since it is a time related 
aspect and can occur later on.   
V Funnel test is used for assessment of the filling ability of the concrete with a maximum 
aggregate size of 20 mm. Ozawa is credited with development of the test at first place. A V-
shaped funnel is used in this test. The test procedure is that the funnel is filled with concrete and 
the time is measured for its flowing through the apparatus. The funnel can be refilled with 
concrete and left for 5 minutes to settle. In case of segregation, the flow time will be increasing.  
 
Figure 6: Funnel Test 
Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 34 
 
The concrete ease of flow is measured and shower flow time is an indication of greater 
flowability. Based on the guidelines by EFNARC, the flowability for self-consolidating concrete 
is about 10 seconds. Prolonged flow time means there is some susceptibility of the mix to 
blocking while inverted cone shape restricts flows. Based on 5 minutes’ time for settlement, 
segregation of concrete will indicate a less continuous flow with an increase in flow times.  
L Box Test for self-consolidating concrete assess its concreteness and its extent to blocking by 
reinforcement. The apparatus consists of a rectangular section box in the shape of an L with a 
horizontal and vertical section which are separated by a movable gate in front of which the 
vertical lengths of reinforcement bars are fitted.  
 
Figure 7: L-Box Test 
 
Concrete is filled in vertical section and gate is lifted for permitting the concrete flow into the 
horizontal section. By the time, the flow is stopped, the height of the concrete at the end of the 
horizontal section is expressed as a proportion of that remaining in the vertical section. The slope 
of the concrete is indication when at rest. It shows its extent to which the passage of concrete 
through the bars is restricted or its passing ability. Different intervals and diameters based bars 
can be used based on normal reinforcement considerations. These bars can be set at any spacing 
to impose a more or less severe testing conditions related to the passing ability of the concrete. 
The obvious blocking of coarse aggregate behind the reinforcing bars can be detected visually. 
Requirements of Self-Consolidate Cement 
The main properties of self-consolidate cement are the properties of the fresh state. Ideally 
speaking, the mix design should be flowing under its own weight without vibration and able to 
flow through heavily congested reinforcement. The basic requirements for a concrete to be 
considered as self-consolidate are filling ability and compressive strength. The details are as 
follows.  
The filling ability is about self-consolidate cement is flowing freely in all type of spaces within 
the formwork based on its own weight without any external energy and leaving no voids. It is 
also about how quickly the self-consolidate cement flows under its own weight without losing its 
stability.  
Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 35 
 
Compressive strength is about compression test carried on concrete cubes based on the standard 
guidelines. In this study, the concrete cubes specimen was tested under 2200 KN capacity 
compression testing machine. Concrete cube crushing strength is assessed by applying 
compressive load at the rate of 150 KN/min until the specimen fails.  
 
Figure 8: Compressive Strength Test 
 
Table 7: Results 
S. No Types of Sample 7 Days compressive Strength 
(N/mm2) 
28 Days compressive Strength 
(N/mm2) 
1 SP1 31.50 39.59 
2 SP2 32.57 42.33 
3 SP3 29.72 44.59 
4 SP4 28.63 41.11 
5 SP5 27.29 40.67 
 Average 29.942 41.658 
 
The results show that mostly, for the 7-day compressive strength, the specimen ranged from 
27.29 to 32.57 with average of 29.942. Similarly, for the 28-day compressive strength, the 
specimen ranged from 39.59 to 44.59 with average of 41.65.  
 
CONCLUSION 
Experiment was conducted to test the self-consolidating cement with various ratio of silica fume 
and marble powder for their flow and strength testing. The results based on the slump flow test, 
v-funnel test, and L box test shows that strength of the sample is increased as the silica fume is 
added with higher proportion. Overall, results show that self-consolidate cement has satisfactory 
qualities.  
 
References 
De Schutter, G. (2005). Guidelines for testing fresh self-compacting concrete. European 
Research Project. 
Engineering Science & Technology Journal,  Honu & Tobias, P. 28-36 Page 36 
 
Efnarc. (2002). Specification and guidelines for self-consolidating concrete. 
Hertz, K. D. (1992). Danish investigations on silica fume concretes at elevated 
temperatures. Materials Journal, 89(4), 345-347. 
Khoury, G. A. (1992). Compressive strength of concrete at high temperatures: a 
reassessment. Magazine of concrete Research, 44(161), 291-309. 
Okamura, H., & Ozawa, K. (1995). Mix design for self-compacting concrete. Concrete library of 
JSCE, 25(6), 107-120. 
Okamura, H., Ozawa, K., & Ouchi, M. (2000). Self-compacting concrete. structural 
Concrete, 1(1), 3-17.\ 
Phan, L. T., Lawson, J. R., & Davis, F. L. (2001). Effects of elevated temperature exposure on 
heating characteristics, spalling, and residual properties of high-performance 
concrete. Materials and structures, 34(2), 83-91. 
Sideris, K. K., Manita, P., Papageorgiou, A., & Chaniotakis, E. (2003, June). Mechanical 
characteristics of high performance fibre reinforced concrete at elevated temperatures. 
In Proceedings of international conference on durability of concrete, Thessaloniki, 
Greece, CANMET/ACI, SP (Vol. 212, pp. 973-988). 
Vengala, J., & Ranganath, R. V. (2004). Mixture proportioning procedures for self-compacting 
concrete. Indian concrete journal, 78(8), 13-21. 
 
 
 


English

REVIEW OF SELF-CONSOLIDATE CONCRETE

This review critically examines the prosecutability of the crime of aggression under international criminal law, questioning whether it functions as a tangible legal norm or remains a declaratory provision lacking enforceability. Tracing its historical roots from the Nuremberg Trials through the Rome Statute and the Kampala Amendments, the paper explores the legal definition, jurisdictional framework, and implementation challenges that distinguish aggression from other core international crimes. It analyzes the interplay between state sovereignty, political will, and institutional limitations that have obstructed efforts to hold individuals accountable for illegal uses of force. The study also contrasts the crime of aggression with genocide and war crimes, highlighting its underdeveloped jurisprudence and procedural hurdles. While the Kampala Amendments signify a normative commitment to criminalizing aggressive war-making, their limited ratification and reliance on state consent undermine universality and enforcement. The paper concludes that without legal reform, broader ratification, and stronger political consensus, the crime of aggression risks remaining aspirational. However, its codification represents a critical step toward promoting accountability, peace enforcement, and the evolving architecture of global justice.
Keywords: Prosecutability, Crime, Aggression, Declaration, Treaty, Achievable, Norm

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REVIEW OF SELF-CONSOLIDATE CONCRETE

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