The Indonesian Biomedical Journal (Prodia Education and Research Institute)
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The Correlation of L-citrulline Levels with Blood Pressure in Severe Preeclampsia
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Based on 'vascular disorder of pregnancy' terminology, preeclampsia primarily was not a hypertensive disorder, but a vascular disorder (general vasospasm) in pregnancy due to idiopathic etiology. The overall incidence of preeclampsia was 5-14% of all pregnancies. One of the substances responsible for regulating vascular tone is nitric oxide (NO), which produced in endothelial blood vessels. NO and L-citrulline are produced altogether by the reaction between L-arginine and oxygen. L-citrulline levels reflected NO production. This study was aimed to assess the correlation between the L-citrulline level and blood pressure in severe preeclampsia.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done in Dr. M. Djamil Central General Hospital, Padang, Indonesia The sample size was 36 samples of pregnant women with severe preeclampsia and had yet been given antihypertensive therapy. Sampling was done by consecutive sampling from Obstetrics and Gynecology Division. After maternal examination and measurements L-citrulline levels of cubital venous blood by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, Pearson correlation was performed to assess the relationship between variables for normally distributed data and Spearman's correlation for abnormal distribution data with significance level p0.05), respectively.CONCLUSION: L-citrulline levels had no correlation with blood pressure in severe preeclampsia.KEYWORDS: L-citrulline levels, blood pressure, severe preeclampsi
Zinc Supplementation Effect on the Bronchial Cilia Length, the Number of Cilia, and the Number of Intact Bronchial Cell in Zinc Deficiency Rats
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Airway epithelium is the first line of defense against a variety of exposures. Inflammatory processes, hyperresponsiveness and zinc deficiency cause epithelial damage. Zinc is involved in apoptosis and microtubule formation. However, its role in the integrity of bronchial mucosa and cilia is unclear.METHODS: To assess the effect of zinc on the integrity of the bronchial epithelium, 24 male Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar rats were randomized into four experimental groups: normal zinc diet group without zinc supplementation, normal zinc diet group with 60 ppm zinc supplementation, zinc deficient diet group without zinc supplementation, and zinc deficient diet group with 120 ppm zinc supplementation. Bronchial mucosal integrity was measured with the number of epithelial cells, and the number and length of cilia.RESULTS: Number of cell in normal zinc diet group was 8.8±1.82, while it was only 8.1±1.08 in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001). Number of cilia per cell was 4.6±1.08 in normal zinc diet group, compared to 4.0±0.79 in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001). Ciliary length also differ by 7.68±0.66 μm in normal zinc diet group and only 5.16±0.91 μm in zinc deficient diet group (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: Zinc supplementation of the normal zinc diet group affected the length of bronchial cilia. Zinc supplementation of the zinc deficient diet group affected the integrity of the bronchial epithelium, which was shown by the number and length of cilia, and the number of epithelial cells.KEYWORDS: zinc, bronchial epithelial integrity, cilia length, number of cilia, epithelial cell
Ethionamide Alters Thyroid Receptor Gene Expression in Rats' Muscle
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Ethionamide usage as one of the drug regimens still becomes a challenge due to high numbers of patients developing hypothyroid. Ethionamide had been associated with the inhibition of thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis and interestingly, ethionamide (C8H10N2S)-induced hypothyroidism is supported by its similar structure with thioamides, propythiouracil (C7H8N2S). However, hypothyroidism is not solely caused by its production, it could be caused by signaling alteration. Therefore, knowing that important TH action is determined via genomic pathway, alteration of this receptor could bring serious clinical problem. Unfortunately, there is limited study about the regulation of ethionamide and its connection on TH genomic signaling especially thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene expression in soleus, gastrocnemius and cardiac muscle.METHODS: Thirty-eight rats were divided into control, ethionamide and propylthiouracyl groups. After 12-week treatment, rat were sacrificed, then gastrocnemius, soleus and cardiac muscles were dissected out, snap freezed using liquid nitrogen, and stored in -80oC until use. RNA was extracted and run for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).RESULTS: In soleus muscle, ethionamide stimulated TR mRNA expressions and deiodinase compared to control group. In contrast, TRα1 gene expression was not affected by ethionamide administration. In gastrocnemius muscle, only TRβ1 gene and Dio2 gene expressions that were significantly increased compared to control group. In cardiac muscle, ethionamide significantly stimulated all the thyroid hormone receptor isoform and iodothyronine deiodinase gene expression compared to the control group.CONCLUSION: Long ethionamide treatment upregulates TR gene expressions and deiodinase in soleus and cardiac muscle, there is different expression pattern of soleus, gastrocnemius and cardiac muscle after ethionamide stimulation.KEYWORDS: ethionamide, hypothyroid, TRα1, TRα2, TRβ1, TRβ
IR Bagendit Paddy Leaves Extract Improves Liver Cell Morphology and Reduces The Activity of Transaminase Enzymes After Lead Exposure in Rat
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Lead (Pb) was known as one of systemic toxic agent. In the body, lead may be deactivated by the metallothioneins. Paddy leaves contain metallothioneins, sugars and pythosterols, and studies have shown the pharmacological activity of rice leaves on the protective effect of lead-induced rats against kidney function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of IR Bagendit paddy leaves extract as hepatoprotective agent.METHODS: Twenty-eight rats were divided into four groups: one control and three treatment groups. Control and treatment groups were exposed to lead of 0.5 g/kg body weight (BW)/day and then the treatment groups were administered with paddy leaves extract of 0.2; 0.4; and 0.8 g/kg BW/day per oral for 8 weeks. On the last day of the 8th week, body weight was measured and the numbers of normal, degenerative and necrotic liver cells were examined with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were measured as liver function parameter. Difference of variables between control and treatment groups were examined by Friedman test.RESULTS: There was no association in different BW between groups. The normal liver cells are higher in treatment than control group (p<0.001) and necrotic liver cells are lower in treatment than control group (p≤0.001). There was no association in degenerative liver cells between groups (p=0.153). The activity of transaminase enzymes are lower in treatment than control group (p<0.001).CONCLUSION: IR Bagendit Paddy leaves extract reveals hepatoprotective activity by improving liver cells morphology and reducing the activity of transaminase enzymes after lead exposure.KEYWORDS: paddy leaves extract, liver normal cell, necrotic cell, transaminase enzyme
Biomonitoring of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitor and the Association with Hypertension among Farmers in Bandung, Indonesia
Get PDFBACKGROUND: The use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) insecticides is still widely used by farmers in flower and agricultural centers. However, biological monitoring of farmers is still very rare in Indonesia. AChE inhibitors are reported to have toxic effects on various organs.METHODS: This study involved 120 subjects in Cihideung, Cikole and Pangalengan areas. All subjects have been interviewed, physically examined and biological sample taken by medical team. Descriptive analysis was performed to assess general conditions of the subjects and AChE erythrocyte activity enzyme at pseudo-baseline and the next 3 months from pseudo-baseline. Statistical analysis have been performed of the pseudo-baseline AChE erythrocyte activity with hypertension and history of exposures.RESULTS: The median value of pseudo-baseline AChE erythrocyte activity was 8.10 (1.3-14.25) U/g hematocrit. In the comparison between pseudo-baseline and 3 month from pseudo-baseline AChE activity, 7 respondents from 19 respondents (36.84%) had lower enzyme activity than 70% and the others subjects have higher activity value. AChE erythrocyte activity is associate with frequency of insecticide exposures. AChE erythrocyte activity (p=0.04; Exp (B)=2.937 CI 95%=1.049-8.224) and age (p=0.025; Exp (B)=3.872 CI 95%=1.180-12.703) are independent risk factors for hypertension in farmworker.CONCLUSION: AChE erythrocyte activity associated with frequency of insecticide exposures and hypertension among farmworkers.KEYWORDS: AChE erythrocyte activity, frequency of insecticide expsoures, hypertensio
Risk Assessment in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Family by Using APC and MSH2 mRNA Gene Expression and Bayesian Analysis
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Some of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are familial, however, heterozygote relatives have approximately 80% lifetime risk of cancer. Risk assessment of CRC’s family could be calculated by direct measurement of mRNA gene expression and Bayesian theorem which is modifying initial background of pedigree risk with additional conditional information. This application has not been reported.METHODS: The cross-sectional translational sequential studies were performed: (1) adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and MutS homolog (MSH)2 mRNA quantitative RT PCR gene expressions in tissue and whole blood CRC patients; (2) gene expression was determined in matched controls; and (3) pedigree and Bayesian analysis was calculated in the patient’s family of Proband.RESULTS: Fourty CRC and 31 control subjects were enrolled. The mean blood APC level control’s group was 13,261±670 fold-change (fc) and blood MSH2 level was 12,219±756 fc. The cut-off points for hereditary APC was 12,195 fc and MSH2 was 11,059 fc. The mean APC blood level in CRC subject was 11,578±2,638 fc and MSH2 blood level was 11,411±2,912 fc. There were significant differences APC and MSH level between tissue and blood level in CRC. Eight of 40 CRC subjects had a history of familial CRC. Four patients and 10 Probands were available for recurrence risk evaluation of pedigree analysis, RNA PCR quantitative and Bayesian calculation.CONCLUSION: There was determined a cut-off point of hereditary mRNA quantitative expression. The APC and MSH2 levels in CRC subjects were significantly lower than controls. Bayesian analysis allowed for the calculation of relative risk in CRC family members and considered in clinical practice.KEYWORDS: hereditary CRC, APC gene, MSH gene, Bayesian analysi
Costus Root Extract Preserves Thyroid Hormones Levels, Thyroglobulin Expression and Thyroid Tissues in Rats Receiving Valproate Sodium
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Valproate sodium is an anticonvulsant drug. Saussurea lappa (costus) is a medicinal plant rich with antioxidants. This research aimed to assess the protective effect of costus root extract against valproate sodium-induced thyrotoxicity.METHODS: Eighty adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups; group I: untreated control, group II: rats were given 200 mg/kg BW valproate sodium orally and daily for 8 weeks, group III: rats were given 300 mg/kg BW costus root extract orally and daily for 8 weeks, and group IV: rats were given combination of valproate sodium and costus root extract. After 8 weeks, blood samples were collected to evaluate T3, T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Thyroid gland samples were handled for light and electron microscopic investigation. The heights of follicular cells, area % of collagen fibers and color intensity of thyroglobulin immunoreaction were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: After being given valproate sodium as an induction, hormonal assay showed significant decrease in serum T3 and T4 and significant increase of TSH. Follicular and cellular alterations were shown by light and electron microscopes. Morphometric study revealed increased follicular cell height and area % of collagen fibers and decreased color intensity of thyroglobulin. In contrast, costus root extract appeared to have a protective role against valproate sodium-induced thyroid injury. Most of the changes induced by valproate sodium were not observed after supplementation with the plant root extract.CONCLUSION: Valproate sodium has serious effects on the function and structure of thyroid gland, and this study shows that costus root extract could have a protective effect against these effects.KEYWORDS: valproate sodium, rat, thyrotoxicity, Saussurea lapp
Alpha Lipoic Acid Inhibits Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus Rat Models
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an accelerated atherosclerotic macrovascular disease affecting medium-sized arteries. Several evidences support the role of oxidative stress in atherogenesis. However, the role of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) to prevent atherosclerosis is still debatable. This study was conducted to determine the effect of 60 mg/kg/day ALA for 21 days toward the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in rat model.METHODS: Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups labelled as control group, type 2 DM (T2DM) group, and T2DM+ALA group. The T2DM rat models were created by intraperitoneally injecting 50 mg/kg streptozotocin, followed by 110 mg/kg nicotinamide. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the ICAM- 1 expression in rats. Quantitative image analysis of immunohistochemical stains was done on the abdominal aorta using Adobe Photoshop CS3 to find the area percentage and intensity. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the mean value of area percentage and intensity.RESULTS: There was an increase in area percentage and intensity of ICAM-1 expression. The highest area percentage of ICAM-1 expression was found in the DM group, while the lowest was found in the control group. There were significant differences in the area percentage and intensity between DM+ALA group and DM group, where the area percentage and intensity of ICAM-I in DM group was higher than the DM+ALA group.CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ALA inhibits the expression of ICAM-1 in T2DM rat models.KEYWORDS: atherosclerosis, ICAM-1, alpha lipoic aci
Interferon-g-Inducible Protein 10 for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Children
Get PDFBACKGROUND: The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging by the absence of a practical gold standard. Interferon (IFN)-ginducible protein 10 (IP-10) is a chemokine that may serve as the leading candidate marker in child TB diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the diagnostic value of IP-10 in the diagnosis of TB in children.METHODS: We recruited eligible symptomatic and asymptomatic children aged <15 years actively by contact investigation and passively from inpatient and outpatient clinics in two hospitals, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. We conducted clinical examination and chest X-ray in all eligible children. Sputum smear and the rapid molecular TB test were performed in children with TB symptoms. All participants underwent blood sampling for IFN-g Release Assay and IP-10 test.RESULTS: A total of 79 children were recruited to this study. Twelve children were with TB disease, 16 with latent TB infection (LTBI), 40 were TB-exposed only and 11 were non-TB. Children with evidence of TB infection either with TB disease or LTBI had higher levels of antigen-stimulated IP-10 compared to non-infected children, both TB exposed only and non-TB (p=0.000). A cut-off 408.74 pg/mL for antigen-stimulated IP-10 showed high diagnostic accuracy for diagnosis of TB infection (AUC: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92-1.00, sensitivity: 92.3%, and specificity: 91.9%). However, the stimulated levels of IP-10 between children with TB disease and LTBI were not significantly different (p=0.268).CONCLUSION: IP-10 performed well to diagnose TB infection in children. However, it cannot be used to differentiate TB infection from TB disease.KEYWORDS: IFN-g, IP-10, latent TB, active TB, childre
Epithelial Cells Count and the Ratio of Leukocytes and Epithelial Cells as the Criteria to Determine Qualified Specimen for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)-causing Pathogens Identification
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common infectious with serious rate of morbidity and mortality. Recent conventional method only described 30-50% of CAP etiology. Sputum specimen quality assessment is important to obtain an accessible CAP-causing pathogens identification.METHODS: This was a prospective descriptive study involving 100 specimens from CAP-diagnosed subjects in Budhi Asih Regional General Hospital inpatien tcare. We assessed three gram-staining criteria for specimen quality determination, and continued by bacterial identification.RESULTS: All specimens were qualified according to criteria II, while only 94 and 96 specimens were qualified according to criteria I and III, respectively. Sixty-five specimens could be identified by culture and pneumoCLART polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination, and the 35 specimens remained unknown. Ten out of those 35 specimens were positive after analyzed by Acid-fast Bacilli (AFB) test. The pathogens we identified including Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.6%), Acinetobacter baumanii (10.2%), Enterobacter cloacae (4.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.6%), Staphyloccocus aureus (4.6%), Moraxella catarrhalis (3.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2.8%), Escherichia coli (2.8%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.9%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1.9%) and Citrobacter koseri (0.9%).CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences among the three criteria for sputum specimen quality assessment, based on culture and pneumoCLART examination. We suggest that criteria II could be used to avoid many specimen rejections while good quality specimens still attained for accessible bacteria identification.KEYWORDS: community-acquired pneumonia, sputum, gram stain, pathogens, bacteri