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"A Prison Ship Lies Waiting in The Bay": Penal Colonialism in the South Pacific
Get PDFThis article is offered as a contribution to this festschrift in honour of Professor Tony Smith, my colleague at Victoria University of Wellington. The main purpose of the article is to provide a Pacific orientation to the history of English criminal law and criminal and penal administration, as part of a collection of articles written as a tribute to Professor Smith's expertise and prominence in criminal law. The article draws on the historiography of English criminal law, a historiography with which Professor Smith is very familiar (and, indeed, knows some of its contributors personally). The article links this historiography to the wider historiography of the Pacific. Although the main focus is on Great Britain and the British system of convict transportation in the 18th and 19th centuries, the article also considers its French equivalent. France, too, shipped convicts to the Pacific, and just as the architectural legacy of the transportation era is obvious in Australia and Norfolk Island, it is also obvious in New Caledonia. The main approach has been to focus on "penal colonialism" as a specific variety of colonialism in its own right, and as an important dimension of British and French colonialism in the Pacific region during the colonial era. While New Zealand was not a penal colony as such, New Zealand had some connections of its own with British penal colonialism in the southwestern Pacific: New Zealand sent some convicts to the Australian penal colonies in New South Wales in Van Diemen's Land and also possessed a small-scale internal transportation of its own
A Case of the Highest Authority… So What Does It Mean?
Get PDFThere has been for some time a widespread view that anyone under investigation with regard to suspected wrongdoing should be entitled to anonymity prior to charge. Yet no attempt has been made to legislate. The matter is governed currently by the recently developed law of privacy, deriving from such cases as Campbell v MGN Ltd and culminating in the decision of the Supreme Court in ZXC v Bloomberg LP. It seems to be accepted, not only in England but under human rights law generally, that such information should be regarded as "private". This has not seriously been undermined in any of the leading cases. There is surely a serious question as to whether a suspect does indeed have a reasonable expectation that there should be such a blanket over his or her identity. This information is not purely personal. It relates to suspected wrongdoing – information which legitimately concerns not only any individual under suspicion but also, for example, "victims" and no doubt other fellow citizens interested in getting to the truth and in the administration of justice. Naturally, if a suspect's name leaks out, that individual's reputation may be seriously damaged. Some take the view that compensation should be recoverable specifically for injury to reputation – even though the claim would not be brought in defamation. Yet privacy and libel are distinct causes of action with different purposes to fulfil. If damages are to be sought to vindicate reputation, it is hard to see why a defendant should not have available the traditional defences and other principles applying in defamation. If a claimant wishes to demonstrate that the allegations are false, as well as intrusive, why should he not be subject to the same disciplines and risks as one who sues in libel
Is There a "European Family Law"?
Get PDFEurope consists of many very different jurisdictions and there is no institution that actually has the legislative power to create family laws for member states of the European Union, let alone Europe as a whole. Therefore, one could assume that no common "European Family Law" exists. However, this article argues that while there of course cannot be a full "European Family Code", some core elements of European Family Law have grown organically through similar social and legal developments, while other core elements have been established by institutional actions as well as court decisions. Together, these core elements represent fragments of a growing body of European Family Law
Complex Education Policy for Complex Times? Introducing this special issue
Get PDFAny glance at education in New Zealand right now reveals a multitude of issues. In the schooling sector the declining rates of literacy and numeracy have been in the news, following a 2020 UNICEF report which found that only 64.6% of Aotearoa New Zealand 15-year-olds had basic proficiency in reading and maths (Hood and Hughson, 2022). Covid-19 has had a negative impact on students’ wellbeing and also contributed to significant declines in learning, especially for lower decile schools and children in Auckland (Education Review Office, 2021). While students’ wellbeing has improved somewhat in 2023, the loss of learning is still significant, with more than half of principals reporting concerns with writing, and growing behavioural issues and inequalities in student achievement (Education Review Office, 2023).
Artificial intelligence: ChatGPT and human gullibility
Get PDFArtificial intelligence (AI) has advanced rapidly in the past decade. The arrival of ChatGPT last year has pushed the debate about AI into the public sphere. ChatGPT, and similar tools, do things we once thought were outside the ability of computers. This raises questions for how we educate people about the capability and the limitations of such tools. This article provides an overview of artificial intelligence and explores what ChatGPT is capable of doing. It also raises questions about morality, responsibility, sentience, intelligence, and how humans’ propensity to anthropomorphise makes us gullible and thus ready to believe that this technology is delivering something that it cannot
Dynamic Honeypots
Get PDFTraditional honeypots have long served as valuable tools for monitoring and studying attacks on both research and production networks. However, their inherent static nature falls short in accurately reflecting the dynamic landscape of today’s networks. Modern networks comprise of changing hosts and devices that frequently connect and disconnect, making honeypot's single-host, open-port setup with its static address conspicuous amidst the network activity. To address this static nature, dynamic honeypots automatically deploy and configure hosts, enabling them to blend harmoniously with the network's existing environment. This paper introduces a dynamic honeypot design that automates the configuration and deployment of Cowrie honeypots within a network environment. Importantly, this system boasts the ability to be deployed without prior knowledge of the network's topology or associated hosts
Underwater drone for marine ecosystem applications: An alternative propulsion and control system
Get PDFAotearoa New Zealand’s coastal marine environments are vital natural assets, intertwined with tourism, the economy, and the nation’s identity. These coastal ecosystems face multiple threats, necessitating efficient monitoring methods. However, various debris such as kelp makes traversal of these environments difficult for craft using conventional propeller propulsion, which is prone to getting tangled up in such debris. The aim of this project was to explore an alternative propulsion system for coastal monitoring, specifically the use of a novel waterjet propulsion system for a Remote Operated Underwater Vehicle (ROUV). This was accomplished by the development of a ROUV prototype utilizing a waterjet propulsion system. A dual layer propulsion system was created that uses solenoid valves to redirect the flow of water from a central pump to external nozzles for movement and orientation. The prototype drone was then completed by fitting the propulsion system into a watertight container. The viability of this propulsion method was assessed by whether the movement of the ROUV has three degrees of freedom, and whether or not it can achieve a top speed greater than 1 meter per second in a tank of water. The development of this prototype ROUV with a waterjet propulsion system will ideally inform the design of a full-scale AUV prototype, which will revolutionize the monitoring of the precious coastal ecosystems to safeguard them for future generations
Soundscape - Interactive Data Visualisations of Spotify’s Top Songs
Get PDFThe availability of complex and diverse data has highlighted the need for effective data representation and analysis techniques. In this context, the project addressed the challenge of exploring rich music ranking data by developing an interactive visualisation web application. By leveraging the audio characteristics of the top 2,000 Spotify tracks spanning 1999 to 2019, the project will utilise React.js to create a web- application, while employing tools provided by the D3.js library for dynamic and interactive visualisations. An integral part of the project involved conducting a user study to evaluate users’ perception, interaction, and cognitive reasoning within the visualisations. The outcome of the project is a web-based interactive visualisation system that empowers users to gain deeper insights into the music ranking data, enabling effective data exploration and informed decision-making. The system's effectiveness and usability were rigorously assessed through the user study, ensuring it meets the requirements and expectations of the intended users
Surveying the .NZ Top Level Domain: Cookie Policy
Get PDFWeb cookies have become a pivotal asset for businesses and organisations alike. Their diverse utility ranges from offering personalised user experiences to enabling marketers to ascertain user engagement metrics such as page visits, page visit downtime, and on-site interactions. Such data can grant the website a personalised user experience, which in-turn can develop into monetary gain. Yet, as websites continue to employ varied and more complex cookies, so do the concerns surrounding their ethics and legality. This research contextualises this discussion in an Aotearoa New Zealand context, analysing a list of all .NZ Top-Level-Domains (TLDs), including all related subdomains such as: .org.nz, .govt.nz, .co.nz, and more. To achieve this, existing tools were utilised and a script developed capable of scraping web cookies. This method enabled the extraction and analyses of cookie data from nearly 250,000 NZ TLD websites. Before commencing with the main script, supplementary scripts were incorporated to filter out defunct domains or those flagged as malicious according to the Google Safe Browsing API standards. To deal with the time-consuming nature of cookie scraping, a 10 second time limit was included for each domain, ensuring that the process remains aligned within the project timeline. The results have unveiled intriguing patterns regarding the types of cookies Aotearoa New Zealand businesses employ. These findings can act as a reference point, not just for businesses in Aotearoa New Zealand, but their corresponding user bases. This research not only reveals the current landscape of cookie usage in Aotearoa New Zealand, but can serve as a foundational study for future digital ethics inquiries, policy making, and for businesses seeking to align their practices with known standards while respecting user privacy
Moemoeā
Get PDFRāniera Ellison, a “half caste” of Taranaki Māori lineage, was born at Korohiwa, near Porirua, in 1839 and died at Ōtākou in May 1920. Rāniera was also known as Dan Ellison or Rāniera Erihana.[i] He wrote numerous diaries in te reo Māori that included whakapapa, waiata, discussions and prophecies, letters between his family, economic transactions and farming instructions, and so forth. In nearly all of the diaries he also wrote about his moemoeā. He noted what makes a dream good or safe, as well as those that give signs of something bad to come. He described many dreams including several about the prominent Taranaki leaders from the nineteenth century; Te Whiti-o-Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi. Rāniera’s accounts illustrate that dreams provide significant insights and that recording them descriptively was important to him
I am the great, great grandchild of Rāniera Ellison. He was a half caste of Taranaki Māori lineage. He was born 1839, possibly in the Wellington area and died at Ōtākou in May 1920. He was one of three children from a European whaling father and a Māori mother. His parents were living in the Queens Charlotte Sounds in Marlborough in the Upper South Island and had to flee to the North Island at the time of the raids from Southern Māori to the area. They crossed over the Cook Strait and his father set up a whaling station at Korohiwa in the Wellington area. Rāniera was nine months old when his father drowned while taking a whaling boat through the rough surf at Titahi Bay. He was raised by his mother and aunts in a Māori village called Te Aro in Wellington
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