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Towards effective interventions to address gender pay gaps: a causal approach in simulated salary band data
Get PDFDespite decades of recognition, gendered pay disparities have remained remarkably persistent in most organisations. In Aotearoa-New Zealand, Public Services such as Crown Research Institutes are required to report the summary statistics of gender and racial pay gaps. However, effectively addressing these pay gaps requires a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the factors underpinning them such as organisational role, tenure and gender. We propose a new methodology to disentangle the factors underlying organisational gender pay gaps using approaches from causal inference and Bayesian statistics. The method is designed to accommodate anonymised data collected at the salary band level. We demonstrate the technique using datasets simulated from a hierarchical organisation and reproduce pay gaps between gendered groups within a complex causal structure. We also model the effectiveness of specific interventions to quantify the degree of change required to reduce gender pay gaps. Although our approach cannot address the structural factors underlying pay gaps, it does provide a method to better understand pay gaps and possible solutions, as a crucial next step in achieving pay parity
A Call to End the Dilution of International Workers’ Memorial Day
Get PDF(we have not submited an asbract for this refectlive essay) 
100% toxic: A review of the environmental history of toxins and toxicity in Aotearoa New Zealand
Get PDFOver the last three decades, scholars have produced a large body of work showcasing how people have engaged with the environments of Aotearoa New Zealand culturally, politically, intellectually, and economically. This diversity in perspective is perhaps best exemplified by the 2002 anthology Environmental Histories of New Zealand edited by Eric Pawson and Tom Brooking, and of which a new edition, Making a New Land: Environmental Histories of New Zealand, was published in 2013.[i] Nevertheless, there remain perspectives largely absent in New Zealand environmental historiography. Foremost among them are matters of toxins and toxicity. Indeed, while the Waitangi Tribunal has shed light on the impacts of toxins in some of its reports, for example how sewage discharge and industrial waste have polluted traditional fishing grounds, scholarship conducted outside the Waitangi Tribunal has been largely limited to expose the hypocrisy of marketing slogans like “100% Pure New Zealand” by showcasing how agricultural and industrial practices have polluted and continue to pollute lands, lakes and rivers.[ii]
[i] Eric Pawson and Tom Brooking, eds., Environmental Histories of New Zealand (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2002); Eric Pawson and Tom Brooking, eds., Making a New Land: Environmental Histories of New Zealand (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013). See also Tom Brooking, Eric Pawson, et. al., Seeds of Empire: The Environmental Transformation of New Zealand, new edition (London: Bloomsbury, 2020).
[ii] See, for example: Jonathan West, “Mirrors on the Land: Histories of New Zealand Lakes,” Journal of New Zealand Studies NS30 (2020): 2-37; Catherine Knight, Beyond Manapouri: 50 Years of Environmental Politics in New Zealand (Christchurch: Canterbury University Press, 2018); Catherine Knight, New Zealand’s rivers: An Environmental History (Christchurch: Canterbury University Press); Terry Hearn, “Mining the quarry,” in Making a New Land: Environmental Histories of New Zealand, ed. Eric Pawson and Tom Brooking (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013), 106-121; Tom Brooking and Vaughan Wood, “The grassland revolution reconsidered,” in Making a New Land: Environmental Histories of New Zealand, ed. Eric Pawson and Tom Brooking (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013), 193-208; Nicola Wheen, “An updated history of New Zealand environmental law,” in Making a New Land: Environmental Histories of New Zealand, ed. Eric Pawson and Tom Brooking (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013), 277-292; Michael J. Stevens, “Ngāi Tahu and the ‘nature’ of Māori modernity,” in Making a New Land: Environmental Histories of New Zealand, ed. Eric Pawson and Tom Brooking (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2013), 293-309. For instances where the Waitangi Tribunal have studied the impact of toxins, see, for example Waitangi Tribunal, The Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Motunui-Waitara claim (Wai 6), second edition (Wellington: The Tribunal, 1989) and Waitangi Tribunal, Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Manukau claim (Wai 8), second edition, (Wellington: The Tribunal, 1989)
On three-valued logics with the variable sharing property
Get PDFThe class of the logics free from paradoxes of relevance determined by all natural implicative expansions of Kleene’s strong 3-valued matrix with two designated values is defined. These logics are free from paradoxes of relevance in the sense that they have the "variable sharing property". They have "natural conditionals" in the sense that the function defining them coincideswith the classical function when restricted to the "classical values", satisfies Modus Ponens and, finally, assigns a designated value to a conditional whenever its antecedent and its consequence are assigned the same value. These logics are defined by using a "two-valued" overdetermined Belnap-Dunn semantics. Thus, the interpretation of the three values is crystalline. The logics here introduced enjoy the properties customarily demanded of many-valued implicative logics except, of course, the satisfaction of the rule "Verum ex quodlibet"
A quasi-relevant, connexive 4-valued implicative expansion of Belnap-Dunn logic defining material connexive logic MC
Get PDFIn this paper, it is defined a connexive 4-valued implicative expansion of Belnap-Dunn logic we have dubbed LMI4C. It is a quasi relevant logic in the sense that it enjoys the "quasi relevance property". Also, LMI4C defines "material connexive logic" MC. The fact that LMI4C defines classical positive logic C+ is used to provide it with a Hilbert-style formulation presenting LMI4C as an expansion of C+. Said formulation is obtained by using a Belnap-Dunn "two-valued semantics"
Taking Turns: Editor's Farewell
Get PDFAfter six issues of collaborating and taking turns steering the journal, we have made the decision to step down from the editorial collective of Commoning Ethnography. The time has come to refresh the journal’s perspective and open the publication to our colleagues as they push this experiment in thinking, writing, and publishing in new directions
KiwiSaver: maturing well?
Get PDFKiwiSaver was the world’s first national auto-enrolment savings scheme. It quickly became the prime vehicle for retirement saving in New Zealand. Questions over the level of participation, the number of members not contributing, and access to funds before retirement have largely been answered. Concerns now focus on whether and how KiwiSaver can provide sufficient retirement income as a supplement to New Zealand Superannuation. A greater focus on target outcomes and post-retirement planning is now needed for KiwiSaver to reach full maturity. Above all, there should be a more coherent solution for people asking, ‘How much should I save?
Early Career Researchers succeeding under a changing research system
Get PDFThe Royal Society Te Apārangi Early Career Researcher (ECR) forum represents researchers in Aotearoa New Zealand across various research sectors encompassing Crown Research Institutes (CRIs), Industry Training Organisations (ITOs), and universities to better support ECR career development. Despite recommendations to integrate these research sectors, the system is still segmented with rising numbers of PhD graduates, limited post-doctoral opportunities, and challenges associated with a changing research system. Recent efforts, including funding reforms and new fellowship schemes, aim to address these issues but remain insufficient. This paper highlights ongoing disparities and the need for a framework that fosters ECR mobility and professional growth. It calls for strategic reforms in training and funding systems, supporting integrated pathways, equitable opportunities, and fostering of ECRs across diverse research environments
Abstracts and guest editorial from the HFESNZ Conference 2025
Get PDFOn October 2nd and 3rd 2025 Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of New Zealand (HFESNZ) held its 2025 conference at the George in Ōtautahi Christchurch. Human factors and ergonomics (HFE) is concerned with understanding the interactions between people and the things around them and applying this to design systems for optimal well-being and performance. HFE is multi-disciplinary, and principles are applied across tasks, jobs, products, environments, and industries which makes for interesting and stimulating conference conversations.
The 2-day conference followed the HFESNZ hosted HFE in Healthcare Symposium on October 1. To align these events, the first day of the conference began with a healthcare-focussed session with Professor Paul Bowie, our guest from NHS Scotland, giving a keynote presentation. Paul’s expertise spans patient safety science, medical education and HFE and his address linked these domains providing excellent insights for us in Aotearoa as we work to embed an HFE approach in healthcare. Arranged by industry themes, other sessions included forestry, work-related musculoskeletal disorders and transport related topics.
The conference theme of Bouncing Back-Leaping Forward helped participants to reflect on the strong base of HFE while thinking about what we can offer in contemporary and future work. This was highlighted in the keynote address given by Professor Rob Lindemann (University of Canterbury) who discussed virtual reality, its applications and potential pitfalls and followed up by a series of presentations on Artificial Intelligence. The conference was rounded out by a ‘workplace’ session covering neurodivergence, working from home, SME health and safety and team effectiveness.
An important part of any HFESNZ conference is time and space to connect with people and discuss cross-industry and cross-specialism alignments and experiences to grow HFE knowledge, spark collaboration and innovation. This was facilitated by a welcome social event, interactive sessions, breaks and a delicious conference dinner!
This edition of New Zealand Journal of Health and Safety Practice includes some of the abstracts from the conference programme. Please contact the listed authors if you would like to know more about their work and see hfesnz.org.nz to join the HFE conversations
Editorial November 2025
No full textIn this edition we mark 15 years since the Pike River mine disaster killed 29 men. We passed through the initial shock and anger to a promised land of new and more effective legislation and a new regulator. Unfortunately, the necessary regulatory system to underpin the new Act was not delivered under previous governments and our current government wishes to “reform” the incomplete system to deliver less enforcement, more advisory services by WorkSafe and more self-regulation.
For a full picture of where we have gone wrong read the thoroughly researched and eloquent article by Rebecca Macfie (2025) in the New Zealand Listener of 15 November 2025
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