Open Journal Systems at the Victoria University of Wellington Library
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"… it is an absolute matter of impossibility that these townships will ever progress …" The growth (or not) of towns between 1900 and 1910 under the Native Townships Act 1895
No full textThe majority of the 18 towns created under the Native Townships Act 1895 were formed in the first decade of the twentieth century. A continuation of the Crown's support for settlers, the townships were also part of the modernisation push of the Liberal Government under Premier Richard Seddon.
Neither city nor rural expanse, and certainly not the untamed bush, the townships were the servants of the farm and the stopovers for the tourist. The growth of the townships quickly slowed through a lack of access to financing and the taihoa policies of leading Māori MPs. The number of new townships being created reduced considerably by the end of the 1910s, and many that had been established struggled to reach their intended and expected potential.
The story of native townships has only really been told through Waitangi Tribunal research, framed through a narrative of claim and a focus on two or three townships in a region at a time. This paper is an exploration of Native Townships and the stories they may hold from a landscape and architectural point of view
Remembering and Becoming: Oral History in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Full text linkAnyone who has conducted an oral history interview can attest that it is a highly personal means of conducting research. Interviewers strive to build trust and develop rapport to collect the memories and observations of their narrators. Those being interviewed share their often deeply personal stories. Strong relationships are frequently formed between the collaborators
The Growth in the Supply of Legislation in New Zealand
Full text linkThe number of words used in the New Zealand statutes has grown steadily since 1908, but dramatically from the 1960s. The growthrate is similar under both Labour and National administrations and does not coincide with conventional narratives of deregulation and re-regulation. This growth in the New Zealand statute book was not the result of technical factors such as plain language drafting or greater use of secondary rules. Instead, the growth reflects substantive factors, with increases in the depth and the breadth of regulation. Regulatory inflation and policy accumulation are general trends not unique to New Zealand. More research is needed to underpin careful stewardship of the stock of regulation without resorting to arbitrary policy rules such as a ‘two for one’ policy
The Beginnings
Full text linkAt the celebrations of the Stout Centre’s 40th anniversary, held on Friday 15 August 2025, the present Director of the Centre, Brigitte Bӧnisch-Brednich, was in conversation with the Centre’s founding Director, Jock Phillips. We present a lightly edited transcript of their conversation
A Normalized Natural Deduction System for the Logic MC
Full text linkCurrently, there is no decidability proof for the sentential logic MC of meaning containment, due it not quite fitting standard semantic or Gentzen methods. This paper presents a normalized Fitch-style natural deduction system for MC, building on one previously published by the author for the neighbouring logic DW, but with modifications due to the presence in MC of Conjunctive Syllogism and the absence of Distribution. Decidability is achieved for MC through the use of the Subformula Property associated with normalization and the identity between the depth of a subformula in the final formula under test and the depth of subproof in which such a subformula can be located in the normalized natural deduction proof. 
A note on the logic of Turing's halting paradox
Full text linkProjects directed at a universal logic (notably, Brady's [Brady 2006]) have long struggled with paradoxes. In just the domain of computability, Hilbert's call for a general decision procedure was scuttled by Turing, using a diagonal argument. Indeed, Turing's halting problem can be straightforwardly viewed as a paradox, of the same type as others like the Liar and Curry's. This is confirmed here by reconstructing a halting predicate in a sequent calculus setting, thereby fitting a ``recipe' for paradox in [Ahmad, AJL 2022]. The usual range of possible solutions then apply, including especially substructural approaches. Bringing this work as a response to Brady's ``"Starting the Dismantling of Classical Mathematics" [Brady, AJL 2018], then, we assess his proposals to drop the law of excluded middle and other logical principles---asking whether this strategy avoids all versions of the halting paradox. Brady has well begun, in his idiom, the re-construction of mathematics; there is more yet to do
On the Irrationality of the Square Root of 2
Full text linkThis paper presents a proof of the irrationality of √2 which not only avoids use of paradoxes of implication but also eschews the principle of contraction. The actual theorem proved, in the relevant arithmetic B-sharp, is¬∃ x ∃ y(x'.x' = 2.y.y)which is the theorem of natural number theory standardly expressing the irrationality of √2. The key move in the argument is to use provable cases of the law of the excluded middle, P ∨ ¬P, or its close relative P ∨ (P → (0 < 0)) to mimic the effect of contraction
The Nature of the Trust: Quo vadis, New Zealand?
Full text linkThe exact nature of the trust, as well as the nature of the beneficiary's interests thereunder, has been a matter of sustained debate for those operating in the trusts field for well over a century. Are they proprietary? Obligational? Some combination of the two? The debate is not merely the result of the academic desire for conceptual clarity but rather boils down to debates about how best to explain the practice of trust law and render its various doctrines intelligible. For example, how does one explain a beneficiary's rights to trace misappropriated trust property into substitute assets held by third parties? Or the rule in Saunders v Vautier?This article analyses the three major explanatory frameworks that have been used to explain these rules, as well as the practice of trust law generally: i) the "rights against rights" framework, ii) the traditional "split title" framework and iii) the "impressed obligations" framework. In doing so, it argues that the most convincing explanation of the practice of trust law lies in a reconciled version of the split title and impressed obligations framework
Fiscal Irresponsibility and Non-accountability
Full text linkThis is a critical review of the so-called ‘principles of fiscal responsibility’ first legislated in 1994 and currently forming section 26G of the Public Finance Act 1989. The article argues that the term ‘responsibility’ has been wrongly applied to what is actually a prescription for fiscal austerity based on philosophically contested premises. Undue deference to that prescription has tied the hands of successive New Zealand governments, with negative consequences for the nation’s infrastructure and the population’s wellbeing
Institutionalising Community-based Adaptation in Aotearoa New Zealand
Full text linkThis article reflects on policy-relevant lessons learned through participatory action research to enable community-based adaptation in four community settings in the Manawatü-Whanganui and Taranaki regions of Aotearoa New Zealand. Each setting is distinctive, with specific insights relevant for institutionalising community-based adaptation. Here, we focus on ten overarching policy- and practice-relevant lessons based on our reflections on working with these communities. Adaptation is ultimately a pact-making process which begins with community mobilisation, before proceeding to building shared understanding about risk, identifying plausible adaptation responses and pathways, and negotiating institutionalisation of adaptation actions as an integral part of ongoing, reflexive community-based adaptation
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