E-Journal UMSIDA (Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo)
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Using Citrus limon Extract and Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties
No full textGeneral Background: The escalating prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the exploration of natural antimicrobial alternatives. Specific Background: Citrus limon (lemon) peel contains bioactive phytochemicals with potential antibacterial properties, yet systematic evaluation against clinical isolates remains limited. Knowledge Gap: Comparative efficacy of different extraction solvents and their mechanisms against multidrug-resistant pathogens require comprehensive investigation. Aims: This study evaluated antibacterial activities of aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts of C. limon peel against clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results: Ethanolic extract demonstrated superior antibacterial activity with inhibition zones of 19.5 ± 0.3 mm against S. aureus and 18.7 ± 0.3 mm against E. coli, exhibiting lower minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5–50 mg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration (25–100 mg/mL) compared to other extracts. Phytochemical screening revealed abundant flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids responsible for membrane disruption and enzyme inhibition. Novelty: This research provides empirical evidence of solvent-dependent extraction efficiency from Iraqi cultivars against local clinical isolates. Implications: These findings support the development of cost-effective, environmentally sustainable natural antibacterial agents for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food preservation applications, particularly addressing multidrug resistance challenges.Highlight :
Ethanolic extract demonstrated highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with lowest MIC and MBC values.
Bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, and vitamin C contribute to antibacterial mechanisms.
Lemon peel extracts showed effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, indicating potential for pharmaceutical and food preservation applications.
Keywords : Citrus Limon, Lemon Peel, Antibacterial Activity, Multi-Drug Resistance, Natural Antibiotic
Simplified Audits Support Micro Small And Medium Enterprise Financial Governance: Audit Sederhana Mendukung Tata Kelola Keuangan Usaha Mikro Kecil Dan Menengah
No full textGeneral Background: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises contribute 61.07% to Indonesia’s GDP and absorb 97% of the national workforce, yet 77.5% still lack adequate financial reporting. Specific Background: Most micro, small, and medium enterprises rely on manual or inconsistent bookkeeping, have limited understanding of financial standards, and experience obstacles in accessing financing due to unreliable financial statements. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies highlight financial literacy and reporting issues, but limited research explains how simplified audits aligned with national financial standards function as a practical mechanism for supporting financial governance. Aims: This literature review from 2022–2024 analyzes the urgency, mechanisms, and outcomes of simplified audits in strengthening financial management for micro, small, and medium enterprises in Indonesia. Results: Findings show simplified audits detect accounting errors, increase transparency, strengthen tax compliance, expand financing opportunities, reduce operational inefficiencies, and clarify real business conditions through digital tools that support audit trails and systematic documentation. Novelty: This study positions simplified audits as a transitional governance instrument that bridges financial illiteracy, the application of national financial standards, and the digitalization of enterprise administration, with processes adapted to the scale and constraints of small business operations. Implications: The study indicates that policy support, digital adoption, capacity building, and affordable audit services can enable long-term financial resilience, transparency, and competitiveness for micro, small, and medium enterprises in Indonesia’s economic landscape.
Highlights• Routine verification identifies misstatements, tax exposure, and hidden cash flow discrepancies.• Digital accounting tools streamline documentation and strengthen audit traceability.• Audit stages offer a practical pathway for applying national financial reporting standards.
KeywordsSimple Audit; Micro Small And Medium Enterprise; SAK EMKM; Financial Health; Digital Accountin
The Role of Entrepreneurship in Competitive Advantage
No full textGeneral Background: Entrepreneurship has emerged as a fundamental driver of economic development and organizational sustainability in increasingly competitive global markets. Specific Background: Contemporary organizations face mounting pressure to integrate entrepreneurial principles—including innovation, opportunity recognition, and dynamic capabilities—into their strategic frameworks to maintain market relevance and achieve superior performance. Knowledge Gap: Despite the recognized importance of entrepreneurship in modern economies, a significant disconnect persists between theoretical entrepreneurial concepts and their practical application within organizations, particularly regarding how entrepreneurial activities generate sustainable competitive advantage through the integration of innovation, market responsiveness, and sustainability practices. Aims: This study provides a comprehensive analytical examination of entrepreneurship's role in building sustainable competitive advantage by exploring how entrepreneurial initiatives, innovation processes, market opportunity exploitation, and dynamic organizational capabilities collectively contribute to long-term institutional superiority and resilience. Results: The analysis demonstrates that organizations adopting entrepreneurial thinking with integrated innovation and sustainability principles exhibit superior adaptability to changing economic conditions, enhanced market positioning, and stronger competitive performance compared to traditional institutions, with entrepreneurial ecosystems—encompassing investors, educational institutions, and support networks—providing essential infrastructure for fostering entrepreneurial capabilities and strategic decision-making. Novelty: This research advances understanding by establishing entrepreneurship not as a complementary organizational function but as an essential strategic framework that synthesizes innovation, sustainability, and capability-building for achieving enduring competitive advantage. Implications: Organizations seeking resilience and growth in dynamic environments must adopt comprehensive entrepreneurial approaches that balance economic objectives with environmental and social considerations, supported by robust entrepreneurial education systems and ecosystem development.Keywords : Entrepreneurship, Competitive Advantage, Innovation, Sustainability, Market OpportunitiesHighlight :
Innovation-driven practices enable organizations to create long-term value and respond effectively to market dynamics.
Opportunity investment and dynamic capabilities strengthen organizational adaptability amid economic and environmental change.
Integrated ecosystems involving education, investors, and institutions support sustained growth and organizational resilience
Revitalizing Holistic Education Through Ki Hajar Dewantoro’s Garden Philosophy: Revitalisasi Pendidikan Holistik Melalui Filosofi Taman Ki Hajar Dewantoro
No full textBackground: Ki Hajar Dewantoro's "garden" philosophy integrates intellectual, moral, social, and spiritual dimensions for holistic education, as reflected in the Taman Siswa model. Knowledge Gap: Modern education often neglects these principles, resulting in fragmented learning. Aim: This study examines the relevance of the "garden" philosophy in modern education, aligning it with the Merdeka Curriculum. Results: A semiotic analysis reveals the philosophy’s enduring relevance, particularly in promoting joyful, student-centered, and sustainable learning. Novelty: It bridges historical educational ideals with contemporary practices. Implications: The "garden" philosophy offers a foundation for holistic, inclusive education systems that address current challenges effectively.
Highlights:
Ki Hajar Dewantoro's "garden" philosophy emphasizes holistic, inclusive education integrating intellectual, moral, and social dimensions.
The Merdeka Curriculum aligns with the philosophy, focusing on student-centered and joyful learning approaches.
Revitalizing this philosophy can address modern educational challenges and foster sustainable, meaningful learning systems.
Keywords: Garden Philosophy, Holistic Education, Merdeka Curriculum, Joyful Learning, Sustainable Educatio
Assessment of Possible Road Injuries Caused by an Earthquake: Penilaian Kemungkinan Cedera di Jalan yang Disebabkan oleh Gempa Bumi
No full textThe article provides data on the extent to which the forecast of the state of roads in a region with a strong earthquake, the level of damage of vehicles during an earthquake depends on their physical state of absorption due to atmospheric, hydrosphere, lithospheric effects and man-made impacts and to what extent special requirements for the construction and control of transport facilities in seismic areas are met, as well. The assessment of the destruction of roads that may occur as a result of an earthquake provides for such aspects as the conclusions of the control of transport facilities carried out earlier in seismic areas, the identified causes of road damage, the effectiveness of antiseismic protection methods when carrying out new construction work and the overhaul (reconstruction) of transport infrastructure to increase seismic stability. The degree of damage to vehicles due to an earthquake is divided into five parts according to the set "rules of transport facilities in seismic areas" (d1–d5), the characteristic of damage situations in each and, accordingly, the degree of damage to structures is shown in the table. From the cited data, on the example of the Angren-Pop railway line, certain levels of damage are observed at high scores of earthquake intensity, even in seismically stable structures, and measures to eliminate damage according to construction standards are covered.
Highlights:
Road and vehicle damage linked to seismic and environmental factors.
Assessment of antiseismic methods and transport facility standards.
Angren-Pop railway damage highlights intensity and reconstruction measures.
Keywords: earthquake, transport, artificial structures, road infrastructure, tectonic displacement, seismic area, seismic stability, tectonic wave, seismogravitational impact, economic damage, secondary consequence, accident-rescue
 
Evaluation of IL-18 and TNF-α in patients with Plasmodium vivax Malaria infection in Diyala Province/Iraq: Evaluasi IL-18 dan TNF-α pada pasien dengan infeksi Malaria Plasmodium vivax di Provinsi Diyala/Irak
No full textMalaria, caused by Plasmodium vivax, remains a significant health issue in northeastern Iraq. This study collected 5 ml of blood samples from 50 malaria patients and 50 healthy controls at Jalawlaa Hospital in Diyala Province. The infection rates were 13% in the 10-24 age group, 22% in the 25-39 group, and 15% in the 40-64 group, with no significant differences in gender or residency. Patients showed elevated levels of P. vivax IgG antibodies (2.14±0.17) compared to the control group (0.09±0.02), with significant increases in IL-18 (16.97±1.04 vs. 1.73±1.73) and TNF-α (18.45±0.81 vs. 1.31±0.31) levels (P≤0.0001). A strong correlation was found between P. vivax IgG antibodies and IL-18 and TNF-α levels (r=0.666, 0.730). ROC analysis showed excellent diagnostic accuracy for P. vivax IgG antibodies, with 98% sensitivity and 100% specificity at a cutoff value of >1.02. Additionally, a mutation in the TNF gene (SNP rs12934561) was identified, with wild TT and CC variations changing to CC, TT, and TC in patients compared to controls. These findings suggest that P. vivax IgG, IL-18, and TNF-α are valuable biomarkers for malaria diagnosis and highlight genetic variations linked to immune responses.
Highlights:
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax identified in northeastern Iraq, affecting various ages.
Patients showed high P. vivax IgG, IL-18, and TNF-α levels (P≤0.0001).
TNF gene mutation (SNP rs12934561) found, indicating genetic variation in immune response.
Keywords: IL-18, TNF-α, Plasmodium vivax, Malaria, Diyala Province/Iraq
Improving the Organizational Mechanisms of Domestic Tourism in The Socio-Economic Development of Regions as an Important Factor in Preserving the Environment: Memperbaiki Mekanisme Organisasi dalam Negeri Pariwisata dalam Pembangunan Sosial Ekonomi Daerah sebagai Faktor Penting dalam Melestarikan Lingkungan Hidup
No full textThis article discusses the improvement of organizational mechanisms for domestic tourism in the socio-economic development of the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It substantiates that organizing this process is an important factor in preserving the environment. In organizing these processes, international experience, legislation, and applied methods have been thoroughly studied. Recommendations are provided regarding improving the organizational mechanisms of domestic tourism in the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan and preserving the environment.
Highlights:
Domestic tourism boosts socio-economic development in Uzbekistan regions.
Environmental preservation requires effective tourism management and organization.
International experience, laws, and methods improve tourism mechanisms.
Key words: the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced the ISO 14001 (EMS), in England, the BS 7750 Specification for Environmental Management Systems; in Canada, CAN/CSA Z750-94: Guidelines for an Environmental Management System; in the EU, EMAS; and the international “European Center of Ecological and Agrotourism” (ECEAT). ECEAT, “European Center of Ecological and Agrotourism” (ECEAT)
Knowledge of Mothers Regarding Immunization of One-Year-Old Child at Primary Health Care Centers in Al- Diwaniyah City: Pengetahuan Ibu Mengenai Imunisasi Anak Usia Satu Tahun di Puskesmas di Kota Al- Diwaniyah
No full textThis study assessed mothers' knowledge about immunization and the factors influencing it through a descriptive study conducted from April to November 2020 on 160 randomly selected women in Diwaniyah. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic, social, and economic data, as well as awareness of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination records from 10 primary healthcare centers. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 with descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results showed that 52.5% of mothers had moderate knowledge about mandatory vaccinations, while a quarter had low knowledge, indicating a significant lack of awareness. Factors such as age, education level, and marital status greatly influenced their knowledge, with younger and less-educated mothers showing lower awareness. The study recommends awareness campaigns, distribution of informative materials, and intensified vaccination efforts for healthcare workers to address dropouts.
Highlights:
Assess mothers' knowledge of immunization and influencing factors.
Descriptive study, 160 participants, questionnaire, SPSS analysis.
Moderate knowledge, influenced by age and education; recommend awareness campaigns.
Keywords: Mothers' Knowledge, Immunization of One-Year-Ol
Politeness Markers in English with Reference to Kurdish and Arabic: Penanda Kesopanan dalam Bahasa Inggris dengan Referensi Bahasa Kurdi dan Arab
No full textGeneral Background: Politeness plays a crucial role in communication, shaped by interpersonal, social, and cultural factors. Specific Background: Linguistic markers serve as key tools for expressing politeness across languages. Knowledge Gap: Despite extensive research on politeness strategies, there is limited comparative work on systematically classifying politeness markers across multiple languages. Aims: This paper proposes a tripartite classification of politeness markers—lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical—and examines their applicability in English, Arabic, and Kurdish. Results: The classification was successfully applied to the three languages, revealing a high degree of similarity in rhetorical markers, moderate similarity in lexical markers, and the least similarity in grammatical markers. Arabic and Kurdish demonstrated closer alignment, likely due to cultural and social proximity. Novelty: The study introduces a comprehensive, cross-linguistic classification framework for politeness markers, which may be generalizable to other languages pending further research. Implications: These findings highlight the need for deeper inquiry into the interplay of politeness with cultural norms, gender, age, and formality, thereby offering a foundation for future linguistic, sociolinguistic, and intercultural communication studies.
Highlights:
Politeness varies across languages through lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical forms.
Proposes three-way classification; applied to English, Arabic, Kurdish.
Highlights cultural impact, suggests broader cross-linguistic applicability.
Keyword: Politeness, Linguistic Markers, Cross-linguistic, Rhetorical Strategies, Language Comparison
 
Assessment of Nurses' Knowledge About Parkinson's Disease: Penilaian Pengetahuan Perawat Tentang Penyakit Parkinson
No full textBackground: Nurses play a pivotal role in delivering comprehensive care aimed at enhancing the health and quality of life of individuals, families, and communities throughout the lifespan. Specific Background: The evolving sociocultural landscape has significantly influenced the roles and responsibilities of the nursing workforce. Knowledge Gap: Despite the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, limited data exist regarding nurses’ knowledge of Parkinson’s disease, particularly in low-resource settings. Aims: This study aims to assess the level of knowledge about Parkinson’s disease among nurses in Al-Basrah Teaching Hospitals and examine the influence of demographic variables such as gender, age, education, workplace, and experience. Results: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 75 nurses from three teaching hospitals using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that most participants were aged 20–40 years, had less than 20 years of experience, and possessed a school or institute-level education. Notably, the majority demonstrated a poor understanding of Parkinson’s disease. Novelty: This study highlights critical knowledge deficiencies among nurses in a region where Parkinson’s-related care is becoming increasingly relevant. Implications: Addressing this gap through targeted education and training may enhance early detection, management, and patient outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases within clinical settings.
Highlights:
Nurses show low knowledge of Parkinson’s disease.
Age and education affect knowledge levels.
Training needed to improve clinical Parkinson’s care.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, nurse knowledge, Al-Basrah hospitals, neurodegenerative care, healthcare educatio