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Identifying Super-precedents in an Era of Human Rights
Get PDFThis Article discusses what a “super-precedent” is in American Constitutional Law. Additionally, it describes the current criteria used to identify super-precedents and the limitations of these criteria. It then mentions the various precedents that have been afforded this august title and suggests the need for an additional criterion to ensure the continued protection of those precedents most closely associated with the protection of human rights. Finally, the article identifies three additional precedents, beyond those usually recognized, that ought to be ranked super-precedents and provides a basis for ranking all precedents, grounded in autonomy, when they either conflict with one another or encounter a compelling state interest
Monitoring and Managing Emotionality During Difficult Dialogues
Get PDFThe purpose of this workshop is to increase attendee’s recognition of and preparation for the potentially triggering content of both formal and informal difficult dialogues. Research shows that both majority and non-majority attendees of such discussions may experience distress related to
cognitive dissonance, recognition of one’s own bias, fear of being tokenized, and triggered pain from previous experiences. This emotional state of distress may result in an inability to maintain one’s adherence to established ground rules and contribute to negative outcomes. Therefore, this workshop will examine and explain techniques to manage this emotionality. Those who attend this workshop will learn to summarize and normalize potential distressing reactions related to difficult dialogues and examine techniques to recognize and regulate the somatic and emotional response to difficult dialogue content
The State of Language, Endangerment, and Policy in India: A Forking Path
Get PDFThe Indian subcontinent is one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world. The 2011 Census of India reports over 1,950 languages and 720 dialects are spoken in India. Although India itself has speakers of four distinct language families, its people have a shared culture, genetics, and history that spans thousands of years. The languages spoken in India have grown, stymied, and influenced each other before reaching their current state. The multiplicity of languages led to implementation of institutionalized language protection measures during the Independence period. Despite these efforts, many languages remain at risk for endangerment and extinction. Language endangerment is not a problem unique to India. Ethnologue estimates approximately 42% of the world’s languages- about 3,018 languages- are endangered in 2021. Section Ⅰ of this paper will provide background information on language endangerment. Section Ⅱ will discuss the linguistic families that are spoken in India, their history, development, and current speaker range. Section Ⅲ will detail the history of language policy in India in three phases: during the Pre-British Colonial Period, the British Colonial Period, and during the Independence Period. Finally, Section Ⅳ will discuss the divergent nature of language vitality in India today
Can a Single Dose of Conscious Expert Deliberation Reduce Unwanted Unconscious Priming Effects?
No full textThe academic community has long debated the relative merits of conscious and unconscious thought. Views fall into two camps – those who argue that conscious decisions are more reliable because they are based on rational and deliberative thinking, and others who think unconscious/intuitive thought can produce better quality decisions in situations where more holistic and creative thinking is required. Preliminary attempts to reconcile the opposing points of view have argued that favoring one process over another is too simplistic. Most consumer behavior is likely shaped and influenced by an interaction of both conscious and unconscious thinking. More specifically, there is emerging evidence that priming effects can be reduced by conscious interventions. Media literacy training and counter-stereotypical messages were found to reduce any implicit bias towards African Americans and Asian Indians. The simple act of sharing a warning message before or after a prime reduced the effect possibly due to increased vigilance. These efforts have begun to address the ethical concerns with priming and provided assurances that it may be possible to protect subjects prior to expected priming events, thus reducing their vulnerability to the primes. These pioneering research efforts provide the basis for the current research effort. This research attempts to bring the warring camps closer together by providing yet another situation where the conscious and unconscious can work together to shield an individual from unwanted influences. More specifically, it investigates if a single pre-emptive treatment of expert thinking on a subject can reduce sensitivity to subsequent automatic priming effects. While prior research findings on this topic were based solely on laboratory settings using undergraduate students, this research includes a more nationally representative sample of US adults for increased external validity. Besides the academic and social relevance, the research findings can also be relevant from a commercial context. A dose of expert deliberation could be a relatively easy treatment to shield consumers from the priming effects of competitive brand marketing efforts or even environmental cues. A smaller or newer brand could use this approach to defend its share from the ubiquitous priming effects from the marketing programs of larger or more established brands
Equitable Distribution of Covid-19 Vaccines: Can Data Visualization and Optimization Help?
Get PDFCoronavirus disease (Covid-19) is known as an infectious disease that has a bigger impact on urban areas with high-density populations. In New York City, however, there are huge differences in the impacts of Covid-19 at the neighborhood level. In addition, there is a negative correlation between the Covid Case Rate and the Vaccination Rate, and areas that are affected the most have poor socio-economic conditions. To better address the equitable distribution of Covid-19 vaccines, I collected social and economic data from Community Health Profiles as well as Covid-19 data from NYC Health. Using this data I created visualizations in Tableau to identify the key factors that contribute to the disproportionate impacts of Covid-19 on different neighborhoods. From the key factors, I developed a Binary Integer Programming model in Excel to determine the optimal locations for Community-based Pop-up Vaccination Centers while minimizing costs. The results support that these vaccine sites can serve the underrepresented neighborhoods
The United Nations and Human Rights Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - Seventy-Five Years of Consultations, Collaboration, and Contributions (1945-2000)
Get PDFAt the San Francisco Conference where the United Nations Charter was negotiated, participants and observers included representatives of “societies and organizations”—non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The precise number and identities of those NGOs is unclear, but 42 of the participants were consultants to the U.S. delegation that successfully lobbied for the Charter to include an official relationship between the U.N. and NGOs, and the promotion and protection of human rights. NGOs thus had a profoundly positive impact on the creation of the United Nations. For the first 75 years of the U.N.’s existence, NGOs have played an invaluable role in supporting the U.N. in its multi-varied missions, directly by acting in furtherance of the U.N.’s stated purposes, including regarding human rights, and indirectly by helping affiliated NGOs fulfill their own missions
Menstruation and the Bar Exam: Unconstitutional Tampon Bans
Get PDFSome states have policies that prevent bar exam candidates from bringing their own menstrual products to the test. Via social media, awareness of these policies achieved new heights in the weeks leading up to the July 2020 bar exam. While states adopted different approaches to administering the bar exam during the COVID-19 pandemic, a small number of jurisdictions responded to public criticism by permitting test-takers to bring menstrual products with them to exams. Not all states have adopted permissive policies, however. This essay explains why outright bans on menstrual products at the bar exam likely are unconstitutional. So-called alternate policies, such as making menstrual products available in women’s restrooms, are inadequate. Only a “free-carry” policy for menstrual products is consistent with welcoming all qualified candidates to the legal profession, without regard to biology
COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Stressors and Posttraumatic Stress: The Main, Moderating, Indirect, and Mediating Effects of Social Support
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has created a variety of challenges and stressors including disease related stressors (e.g., personal exposure to COVED-19, hospitalization or loss of a loved one due to COVED-19) and other secondary stressors (e.g., social isolation, loss of jobs, significant changes in daily activities) that have arisen from pandemic control measures. Research suggests that exposure to some of these stressors may trigger posttraumatic stress (PTS)-like symptoms; however, we have limited knowledge on cumulative effects of these stressors on COVED-19- related PTS symptoms or on variables that may mitigate the effects of these stressors. In the present study, we tested three models to examine the interrelationships among pandemic-related stressors (i.e., COVID-19-related stressors and secondary stressors), perceived social support, coping flexibility, and COVID-19-related PTS symptoms in a sample of adults from the United States. A cross-sectional correlational study design was used and participants were recruited through email invitations, social networking sites, online communities, and websites (final N= 2,291). All participants completed an online survey between May 22nd, 2020 and July 15th, 2020. Results indicated that greater exposure to secondary stressors, but not COVID-19-related stressors, was associated with increased PTS. After controlling for COVID-19-related and secondary stressors, social support had negative direct and indirect (via coping flexibility) effects on PTS. In addition, social support mediated the effects ofCOVED-19-related and secondary stressors on PTS. Our findings highlight the complexity of the role of social support in relation to pandemic-related stressors and PTS, and suggest that early interventions that target social support and coping flexibility may help reduce pandemic-related PTS
The Impact of Political Protests in Hong Kong on Consumerism
Get PDFHong Kong’s free economy has major influence in Asia and around the world. Because of the rising political tension between Hong Kong and Mainland China, the city’s economy is at risk. There has been a long history of political dissent in the city showing a growing disapproval of the Beijing government. The political and sociological impact of activism has been extensively discussed in the literature. However, few studies have statistically tested the economic implications of the protests. During the 2014 Umbrella Movement and the 2019-20 Extradition Bill Protests, the city’s retail and tourism sectors have seen significant disruptions. This may be caused by a strategic attempt from pro-democracy protesters to create an economic resistance movement. In an effort to pressure the policy makers into addressing protest demands, local consumers are encouraged to participate in boycotts. This paper seeks to measure the causal effect of political activism on Hong Kong’s business sector using time-series data from 2006-2019. The study finds that for years in which active protests take place in Hong Kong, the change in local retail sales declines by 10.58%