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Unsafe at Any Speed: Safe Third Country Agreements - Offshoring and Eroding Legal Protections Owed to Refugees and Asylum Seekers
No full textPart I of this Article analyzes third country agreements and refugee transfer practices of the United States and the European Union. Part II demonstrates that, under international law, all countries are obligated to protect refugees and are prohibited from directly or indirectly sending them to a country where there is a substantial basis for believing that their life or freedom would be threatened. Part II will likewise show that the notion of safe third country transfer agreements and practices is often a fallacy, an oxymoron. Instead of keeping refugees safe, such agreements and practices seriously erode the fundamental non-refoulment obligation by increasing the risk of a refugee being physically or constructively removed to states where they face a threat to their lives or freedom or to where they are likely to be subject to other grave international human rights violations. Such forced transfers to third countries may also result in chain refoulement : The destination state deports refugees and asylum seekers to the safe third country, and that country deports them-often after summary proceedings to their country of origin.
Part III questions the argument that safe third country agreements enable states to share the burden of admitting refugees equitably. The policies and practices of destination states reveal that, with little consideration of any fair approach to distributing the burden, they generally intend to push refugees and asylum seekers onto low-income, often formally colonized countries. To challenge the argument that safe third country agreements serve to share the burden of receiving refugees, this Part includes social science and current and historical data in the Appendix, detailing the ability of selected countries to receive asylum seekers and refugees based on various metrics, including the country\u27s wealth, population density, poverty rate, birth rate, unemployment rate, number of refugee admissions, violence level, corruption level, and human rights record. The selected countries include the countries with the largest economies, the countries that have received the most refugees, and a sampling of safe third countries. The data demonstrate that wealthier countries are far better equipped and suited to accepting refugees than far less wealthy countries, but, generally, the wealthier countries refuse to accept their fair share.
Part IV criticizes the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for accepting the state practice of concluding safe third country agreements and their equivalents. Although the UNHCR has generally vigorously advocated the rights of refugees in monitoring states\u27 compliance with the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, the UNHCR\u27s ratifying safe-third country agreements may have contributed to refoulement, the practice of forcing refugees to return to a country [where they face persecution]. The prohibition of refoulement is the most fundamental right in refugee law
Rhetorical Strategies in Legal Argument: Their Influence on Judicial Decisions and Public Perception
No full textThe relationship between rhetoric and law has long been debated by scholars, theorists, and practitioners. This project explores how rhetorical strategies used in judicial writing and legal discourse influence both judicial decision making and public perception of the law. Drawing on classical rhetorical theory, contemporary legal scholarship, and qualitative research, this study investigates how appeals to morality, precedent, and narrative shape legal legitimacy. The research incorporates interviews with legal professionals and textual analysis of landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases to examine how rhetorical language both reflects and constructs legal authority. Findings suggest that rhetoric functions not only as a persuasive tool but also as a mechanism through which law communicates its moral and democratic values. The project contributes to the interdisciplinary field of legal rhetoric by demonstrating how rhetorical awareness can enhance both judicial transparency and public trust
Rethinking the New Technology of Journalism : How Slowing Down Will Save the News
No full textExplores the role of technology in journalism using historical narratives and empirical analysis. Argues for slower-paced journalism that prioritizes long-term collaboration and reflection to enhance journalism\u27s core missions and functions in society --Provided by publisher.News organizations have always sought to deliver information faster and to larger audiences. But when clicks drive journalism, the result is often simplistic, sensational, and error-ridden reporting. In this book, Seong Jae Min argues in favor of slow journalism, a growing movement that aims to produce more considered, deliberate reporting that better serves the interests of democracy. Min explores the role of technology in journalism from the printing press to artificial intelligence, documenting the hype and hope associated with each new breakthrough as well as the sometimes disappointing--and even damaging--unintended consequences. His analysis cuts through the discussion of clickbait headlines and social-media clout chasing to identify technological bells and whistles as the core problem with journalism today. At its heart, Min maintains, traditional shoe-leather reporting--knocking on doors, talking to people, careful observation and analysis--is still the best way for journalism to serve its civic purpose. Thoughtful and engaging, Rethinking the New Technology of Journalism is a compelling call for news gathering to return to its roots. Reporters, those studying and teaching journalism, and avid consumers of the media will be interested in this book--Publisher\u27s description.https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/bookshelf/1023/thumbnail.jp
Host p53 Expression During C. Parvum Infection…Does the Virus Play a Role?
Full text linkC. parvum infection induces significant host cellular stress responses, particularly through the modulation of p53 expression underscoring its potential involvement in gastrointestinal malignancies. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic interventions. This study investigated the effects of C. parvum infection on host p53 dynamics in HCT-8 cells and assessed the impact of antiviral agents Lamivudine and Amantadine on the virus CSpV1 present within the parasite C. parvum. Further, the study focuses on whether the p53 effect changes with the presence or absence of CSpV1. The p53 assay results showed a constant increase in p53 activity after infection of HCT-8 cells with C. parvum. Treatment with the antivirals Lamivudine and Amantadine, showed a significant increase in p53 activity (83% and 95%, respectively), likely due to a stress response. However, after 3 hours of infection, p53 activity decreased by nearly 2.5-fold, suggesting that the antiviral treatments contributed to the removal of CSpV1. The expression analysis was performed using specific primers to human and C. parvum (sestrin like protein). The 3-hour infection with C. parvum causes host p53 to increase slightly, however C. parvum sestrin like protein increased dramatically. Further treatment with antivirals lamivudine and amantadine reduced this effect at 1 hour and 3 hours, indicating role of antivirals in removal of virus, but no major change on host p53 was observed. Overall, the results indicate the removal of CSpV1 significantly affected C. parvum sestrin and potentially impacting parasite survival during the infection. Based on these observations, I would speculate that CSpV1 plays a role in C. parvum infection and host p53 expression
Learning that Sticks: How Students Remember Invasive Species Through Different Learning Methods
Full text linkThis study aimed to determine which learning methods are most effective at helping students learn about invasive species. Research through literature reviews showed that active learning methods can best help students learn and retain information regarding aspects of the natural environment. This includes hands-on activities such as participating in discussions, making observations, playing games, and interacting with objects like animals. The experiment tested different active and passive learning methods. This included watching presentations under passive learning or reviewing information online through active learning. Results showed that participants felt more confident about learning the material through active learning and were more comfortable acquiring information in settings outside the classroom. The results also highlighted a knowledge gap regarding invasive species between students with a science major and those without one. While there were some weaknesses due to a limited sample size and resources, the research may encourage instructors to allow their students to be more creative in how they learn material. To conclude, this research may enable scholars to explore ways to thoroughly educate lower-income individuals using effective learning methods and to understand the best educational practices for engaging those who do not care about nature in understanding the threats that invasive species pose to their livelihoods
Treating The Black Fever: Evaluating Combination Chemotherapy for Leishmania Donovani
Full text linkVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) endemic to Africa, Asia, and the Americas, caused by the parasite L. donovani and spread by the Phlebotomine sandfly. If left untreated, VL is almost always fatal, bearing a mortality rate of over 95%. Many individuals within endemic regions are often too poor to afford treatment, and the financial burden of current treatments may only exacerbate their poverty. Antimonials and more modern treatments display varying effectiveness, but are nonetheless toxic to the host, commonly inducing hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and renal failure. The development of more effective and safer treatments is crucial, particularly for vulnerable populations, including American military personnel stationed in endemic areas. In this study, we present a potential compound that may more effectively destroy the parasite, potentially leading to more therapeutic options that better stave off the spread of the disease
Back to the Future for Climate Liability
Full text linkThe Polluter Pays Principle has been a central tenet of environmental policy for decades. It provided an economic justification for compelling cleanups through the Superfund law (the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)). However, outside of that context, it has not been explicitly cited as the chief justification for much environmental law in the United States—until now. The principle has recently been invoked in state climate lawmaking. Last year, Vermont and New York became the first states to enact laws that impose liability on fossil fuel producers for climate change harms, invoking the Polluter Pays Principle and Superfund as they did so. As other states watch with bated breath, the implementation of these new laws, particularly regarding their assessment and apportionment of damages, warrants attention; as does the more recent industry efforts to attack these laws in court. Through the magic of our imagination, and some overly strained metaphors, let us travel through time to the past, present, and future of climate liability