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Screen Time Exposure and Children\u27s Behavioral Correlates
No full textScreened electronic devices are quite effective at capturing children\u27s and parents\u27 attention. Now an integral part of the daily lives of Americans, screened electronic devices such as computers, entertainment centers, gaming devices, laptops, smartphones, and tablets serve as portable offices, entertainment centers, and a means to stay connected with others. Research focusing on television viewing, the older and more traditional type of screen time, has suggested that television is positively correlated with aggression, attention problems, obesity, and poor academic performance. It is suspected that screen time, which includes all screened devices, may have potentially significant child developmental, educational, parent-child relational, and social consequences. The exposure to electronic devices has increased exponentially in the past decade, suggesting some urgency to investigate, measure, and understand this phenomenon and its potential impact, particularly on children. This study examines both children\u27s and parents\u27 time with screened electronic devices and to what extent screen time may be correlated with children\u27s behavior. The parent development theory (PDT; Mowder, 2005) was used as the overarching theoretical model for defining parents and parenting. The sample consisted of 96 parents and caregivers who provided information on one target child under their care. Participants responded to two questionnaires, the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2) and the screen time questionnaire (STQ). Major findings of this study were: With regard to a parent engaging in screen time that distracts their attention away from their child, or parent distracting screen time, (1) a positive relationship with children\u27s aggressive behavior was found, and (2) the relationship between parents\u27 distracting screen time and children\u27s degree of somatization behaviors were determined to be moderated by parents\u27 educational level. With reference to children\u27s screen time: (1) A significant interaction was found between children\u27s general use of screen time and parent employment, (2) children\u27s gender was found to moderate the relationship between children\u27s screen time use for entertainment and withdrawal behaviors, with contrasting relationships for male and female children, and (3) parents\u27 employment status was found to moderate the relationship between children\u27s screen time for entertainment purposes and adaptive skills, particularly in the areas of activities of daily living and functional communication. Thus, the findings of this study highlight the need to take into account the particular context of screen time use (e.g., for entertainment purposes, distracting screen time), by both parents and children, when considering the relationship with children\u27s behavior. As screened electronic devices become increasingly embedded in the parent-child dyad, further investigation is warranted to fully understand the positive and negative influences screen time may have on children\u27s behavior
Dodd-Frank’s Extension of Criminal Corporate Liability through the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: Enabling Whistleblowers and Monitoring Conflict Minerals
Get PDFIn a sense, through its whistleblower provision, the Dodd-Frank Act has enabled the government to use corporate employee whistleblowers to support criminal prosecutions. That position finds agreement in this article, but the conclusion reached is that the results to be obtained from the whistleblower provision will be positive. Through an analysis of the Dodd-Frank Act, this article discusses further the new reach of the FCPA, particularly in light of the whistleblower and conflict-minerals provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act. Finally, this article concludes that although the new provisions can be costly, the provisions are beneficial. The traditional corporate model is now more open, as firms and individuals are required to act with greater care and, in effect, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act has greater vitality
RIIO to REV: What U.S. Power Reform Should Learn from the U.K.
Get PDFAfter discussing the recent history of and need for regulatory reform in the U.K., this article will summarize the RIIO framework and analyze the three parts best suited for import into the regulatory frameworks of American states. Specifically, the article will evaluate how a performance-based framework with (1) longer rate cases, (2) proportionate assessment, and (3) a focus on total expenditures limiting regulatory asset value, should positively influence the U.S. regulatory landscape. While RIIO is only used for transmission and distribution in the U.K., there is a potential for its performance-based approach to be used in generation as well as transmission and distribution in the U.S. The article will discuss how RIIO could be applied across regulatory frameworks in the U.S. to vertically-integrated utilities as well as transmission and distribution networks. As the initial impetus for looking at RIIO was determining how it could apply to New York’s Reforming the Energy Vision (“REV”) process, the article will conclude with a discussion of how the parts of RIIO highlighted are likely—or not—to be implemented as part of REV, based upon the New York Public Staff’s Track 2 white paper
Relationships among Emotional Availability, Touching Behavior, and Parenting Stress in Mother-Infant Dyads
No full textThe link between physical contact and the parent-child relationship has been well established in the literature. However, no studies to date have focused on better understanding how touching behavior within a maternal-child dyad relates to the specific construct of Emotional Availability in a non-clinical sample. Emotional Availability is a more recent measurable construct within the field of attachment theory that relates to the expectations infants develop about the availability and responsiveness of their caregivers. The construct was operationalized for research by Biringen (2008) and its validity as a construct of attachment is grounded in over 20 years of research. The purpose of this study was to examine direct and indirect relationships between frequency of touch and EA in a non-clinical sample of mother-infant dyads. Parenting stress and infant age were explored as potential moderators of any significant relationships found between touch and EA. Results demonstrated direct relationships between Total Touch and EA Nonintrusiveness, and between Maternal Initiated Touch and EA Sensitivity, Structuring and Nonintrusiveness. Significant relationships between Parenting Stress and Life and touch frequencies were not observed. Parenting stress, and its subcomponents, were found to moderate several relationships between EA and touch. In general, the relationship between touch and EA carried less significance in lower stress groups. Findings were consistent with previous studies that have found that different aspects of parenting stress relate to attachment in different ways. Life stress did not share any relationships with touch nor with EA, and only moderated one relationship between these variables. Finally, infant age was found to correlate negatively with aspects of EA and touch, and moderated relationships between these variables. The results are discussed in relation to previous research on EA, touch, and parenting stress. Overall, these findings expand upon the field\u27s understanding of how frequency of touch relates to aspects of EA, and how parenting stress and infant age interact with these relationships. Limitations of the study are addressed, including the small homogeneous sample, and recommendations for future studies are made that would include larger more diverse samples and would examine other aspects of touch in relation to EA, including quality of touch, infant self-touching behavior, and the interactive qualities of touch by looking at behavioral contingencies within the dyad. Keywords: attachment, emotional availability, maternal touch, infant touch, parenting stress, mother-infant dyad
Exploring the Role of Raising Children upon the Association between Perfectionism and Marital Satisfaction
No full textAlthough every model of marital satisfaction includes individual personality traits as a pertinent factor in determining levels of satisfaction, few studies have directly examined how perfectionistic traits affect the quality of intimate relationships. Additionally, decades of research has found that marital quality decreases while couples are raising children. This study examined the relationships between three different dimensions of perfectionism (self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism) and marital satisfaction, and whether these relationships are moderated by whether one is raising children. The study deemed individuals to be raising children when they had one or more children living with them and those who did not have children or had children who were no longer living with them were considered to not be raising children. I hypothesized that there would be a negative relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and marital satisfaction, and that self-oriented perfectionism and other-oriented perfectionism would not have significant relationships with marital satisfaction. I also hypothesized that those raising children would report significantly lower levels of marital satisfaction than those not raising children. Further, I hypothesized that the negative association between socially prescribed perfectionism and martial satisfaction would be stronger for those raising children compared to those not raising children, and that the relationship between self-oriented perfectionism and marital satisfaction would be significant and negative among people raising children, but nonsignificant among those not raising children. Raising children was not expected to moderate the relationship between other-oriented perfectionism and marital satisfaction. Participants were 383 married or cohabitating individuals over the age of 18. They were given questionnaires to assess their levels of self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism and marital satisfaction. Findings indicated that all three dimensions of perfectionism were relevant to the quality of intimate relationships. The interpersonal dimensions of perfectionism, whether characterized by expecting one\u27s partner to be perfect or believing one\u27s significant other is expecting perfection (other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism respectively), predicted higher levels of marital dissatisfaction. Expecting perfection of oneself (self-oriented perfectionism) was associated with higher levels of satisfaction in one\u27s relationship. Consistent with previous studies, raising children was negatively correlated with marital satisfaction. Furthermore, raising children was found to moderate the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and marital satisfaction, such that the negative association between socially prescribed perfectionism and marital satisfaction was stronger for those raising children compared to those not raising children, although significant for both groups. Raising children did not moderate the relationship between self- or other-oriented perfectionism and marital satisfaction. Overall, this study highlights the importance of addressing perfectionism in the domain of intimate relationships. Findings indicate that expecting one\u27s partner to be perfect or believing one\u27s partner is expecting one to be perfect will negatively affect one\u27s satisfaction in his/her relationship. This study supports the need for treatment interventions for those whose perfectionistic tendencies are interpersonal in nature and for couples during and throughout the transition to parenthood. Future studies can expand on the current study by including dyads and parent-child relationships to ascertain how one\u27s perfectionistic tendencies affects his/her loved ones
Sirius XM Radio, Inc., Defendant: The Case for a Unified Federal Copyright System for Sound Recordings
Get PDFThis article observes the surviving gap between state and federal protection of music recordings through the lens of the current litigation against Sirius XM. Part II sets out a history of copyright protection in the music industry. Part III outlines the relevant provisions of the federal Copyright Act and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the role played in the federal system by the Copyright Royalty Board. Part IV examines the pertinent statutory property protection of music recordings in the state of California. Part V then discusses the merits of the current lawsuits against Sirius XM. After considering the potential legal and economic ramifications of the current lawsuits, Part VI then concludes by advocating for a unified federal system of copyright protection for all sound recordings regardless of the date on which they were originally fixed
The Role of Personality Prototypes in Mental Health Risk and Substance Use Behavior among Single Gay and Bisexual Men
No full textBackground: Gay and bisexual men experience disproportionately high rates of mental health and substance use issues. The study of personality is one source of potential information about mental health risk and resiliency. Yet, despite efforts to understand gay and bisexual men\u27s elevated risk for psychological disorders and distress, there is an absence of research studying the associations of personality traits with mental health and substance use outcomes within this vulnerable population. This study aimed to identify patterns of personality traits (i.e., prototypes), as well as their relationship with mental health outcomes in gay and bisexual men. Methods: Data were collected from 122 single gay and bisexual identified men. Participants completed the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), in addition to reporting their level of stress, negative affect, and recent drug and alcohol use. Results: Latent profile analyses identified three distinct personality prototypes: over-controlled, well-adjusted, and under-regulated. Participants in the over-controlled and under-regulated prototype groups were more likely to report higher stress and negative affect than participants in the well-adjusted group. There was a statistically non-significant trend suggesting elevated risk for drug use among the under-regulated prototype. Alcohol use was not found to be associated with the observed personality prototypes. Conclusions: Consistent with previous research, two of the three prototypes were associated with negative mental health outcomes (i.e., the over-controlled and under-regulated prototypes). Both demonstrated significantly higher levels of stress and negative affect. Additionally, the under-regulated group had a higher odds of risky drug use compared to the over-controlled and well-adjusted prototypes. Notably, the pattern of personality traits associated with positive mental health outcomes in this sample of gay and bisexual men differed from corresponding well-adjusted prototypes observed in samples that were not differentiated by their sexual orientation. Thus, this study provides preliminary evidence for the utility of personality information in predicting mental health risks and protective factors among gay and bisexual men
A Dire Need for Legislative Reform
Get PDFIn Section I of this note, I will lay out the several reasons why 18 U.S.C. § 1651 needs reform. I will provide background information on modern day piracy, including its economic impact, and will then break down varying definitions of piracy and their applications in recent cases. I will explore the split in U.S. case law caused by the application of the UNCLOS definition of piracy in Dire, and will identify the quandaries that result from the UNCLOS definition. In Section II, I will address two specific problems stemming from § 1651 that came to light as a result of Dire: first, the inherent vagueness of §1651, which led to the differing interpretations and thus to the split in U.S. case law; and second, the mandatory life sentence conveyed by § 1651. To address these problems, in Section III, I will briefly provide a description of two possible solutions: judicial intervention and legislative reform. In understanding the need to embrace customary international law, and to progressively expand the law beyond the reach of current international norms, I will conclude that while the Fourth Circuit was correct to use a dynamic interpretation when defining piracy in Dire, a legislative amendment to § 1651 is the best means of addressing the aforementioned concerns
The Case of Beatriz: An Outcry to Amend El Salvador’s Abortion Ban
Get PDFThis Note examines the evolution of El Salvador’s existing penal code, specifically focusing on the abortion legislation. Further, it examines the significance of The Case of Beatriz and it suggests reform for El Salvador’s government to include exceptions in their penal code, similar to exceptions available in the United States, to provide women with access to safe abortions in extreme circumstances. Part II will illustrate the struggle that women face in El Salvador. Part III will briefly explore the historical background of the current Penal Code, exclusively the abortion ban. Part IV will also discuss women’s rights violated by the abortion ban, at both national and international levels. Part V will focus on The Case of Beatriz, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights resolution, and their particular significance in this controversy. Finally, Part VI will introduce a suggestive method of reform to the existing abortion ban in El Salvador by briefly delving into the United States’ idea of a justifiable abortion