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Evolution of Community Policing in New York City
Get PDFThis study examines the various community policing initiatives, or lack of community policing initiatives, within the New York City Police Department (NYPD) from 1984 to present. Community policing is a policing model that is currently in the forefront of the criminal justice field due to strained relationships between many communities and the police. The community policing initiatives examined in this study are organized as follows: the Community Patrol Officer Program (C-POP) under Police Commissioner Ward (1984-1989); the Safe Streets, Safe City Program under Police Commissioner Brown (1989-1992), which established community policing as the dominant operational philosophy in the NYPD; Broken Windows data-driven policing under Police Commissioner Bratton (1994-1996), which ended community policing as the dominant operational philosophy; the Lack of Emphasis on Community Policing under Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly (2002-2014); the Re-emergence of Community Policing under Police Commissioner Bratton’s second term (2014-2016); and currently the Neighborhood Coordination Officer Program (NCO) under Police Commissioner O\u27Neill (2016-present). These initiatives were analyzed as an evolutionary process in order to determine how community policing models have changed in the NYPD as well as attempt to identify the factors driving the change in policing styles. This study includes research of prior community policing initiatives as well as first hand observations of current community policing initiatives within the NYPD. It was ultimately determined that numerous factors influenced the various community policing initiatives. Surprisingly, even though addressing the needs of the community is often cited as the sole or even primary goal of community policing programs, it was determined that this was not necessarily the case across NYPD policing initiatives examined in this study. This research only examines the evolution of community policing initiatives in the NYPD, and perhaps can act as a springboard for future studies on the effectiveness of NYPD community policing practices in terms of community satisfaction
The Economic Impact of Failing Infrastructure in the New York Metropolitan Area
Get PDFInfrastructure in the New York Metropolitan Area has been seriously underfunded due to a failure of public investment on the local, state and federal level. Prior research has presented concrete reasoning that the now crumbling infrastructure will seriously affect economic growth and worker productivity. This research seeks to quantify the economic effects as a result of this failing infrastructure. My research asks: what are the concrete, additional economic expenditures, due to failing infrastructure, that drivers spend each year? How much do these economic costs decrease our economic productivity, and how do the economic costs compare with proposed infrastructure improvements? From the research, it is evident drivers in the New York-Newark NY-NJ Metropolitan Statistical Area experience some of the highest of these costs than other areas in the Combined Statistical Area. It is projected the 2018 economic cost to these drivers will be $2,045 based on the value of one’s time lost spend in traffic. With a continued lack of investment, these costs are expected to grow due to continued infrastructure failure and a growing population. Various programs have been proposed to alleviate specific bottlenecks in the region, but a coordinated source of investment from local, state and federal levels remains a major issue in securing funding for these projects
Crafting Next Generation Eco-Label Policy
Get PDFEco-labels present a promising policy tool in the effort to achieve sustainable consumption. Many questions remain, however, about the extent to which eco-labels can contribute to sustainability efforts and how to maximize their effectiveness. This Article deploys research from evolutionary psychology, behavioral law and economics, and norm theory to offer specific insights for the design and implementation of eco-labels to enhance their influence on sustainable consumer choice. Notably, this research suggests possibilities for eco-labels to shape or expand consumer preferences for green goods, and thereby enhance eco-label influence on consumer behavior by extending it beyond eco-minded consumers. We suggest that public exposure of the label (so that people see it) and the exposure of the purchasing behavior (so that other people can see that you have bought the product) are key elements to the success of eco-labels--the social context around product purchasing may be as important as the eco-label itself. We recommend that behavioral insights be used to improve eco-labeling as traditionally understood by incorporating knowledge about behavioral tendencies into label design so as to allow for more accurate matching of consumers\u27 preexisting environmental preferences to eco-labeled goods, and develop next-generation eco-labeling policy with the potential to significantly expand the market for eco-labeled goods. Specifically, 1) Eco-labels could be purposefully designed and implemented to attract consumers motivated by social norms; 2) Eco-labels could appeal to a wider range of abstract norm alternate more broadly or locally accepted and strong abstract that are stronger and/or more broadly accepted or locally-salient; and 3) Eco-labels could highlight private, near and near-term benefits
Natural Disasters: Continued Security in the Aftermath
Get PDFThis paper reviews one of the leading threats that the United States faces: natural disasters. As the rate, strength, and cost of damages increases, so too does the vulnerabilities of the country’s security and that of its people’s. This paper highlights several significant points that surround the topic of natural disasters. First, identifying first the importance of such a topic and the threats that natural disasters pose; and, secondly, how to manage those threats. This paper shows the development of a strategic plan that incorporates a multidisciplinary approach, intelligence gathering, and an assessment of the proposed plan. This strategy identifies shareholders and stakeholders and other key players involved in this topic such as the Emergency Services Sector, first responders, and FEMA. In addition, this paper demonstrates the effect that natural disasters have on human rights issues, ethical issues, as well as the public health. The main goals of this paper are to identify and discuss the impact that natural disasters have on the safety and security of this nation and to mitigate the vulnerabilities that come in the aftermath of a disaster
The Preferred Preferences in Employment Discrimination Law
Get PDFIn theory, customer preferences cannot justify discriminatory treatment by employers. The reality is more complicated. Built into the structure of federal employment discrimination law are several openings for customer preferences to provide employer defenses to what would otherwise likely be actionable discrimination.
This Article explores when and which customer preferences can enter those openings. It focuses on what I deem the “preferred preferences”: the customer preferences that have formed the basis of successful employer defenses to discrimination claims. This Article identifies and evaluates six such preferences: (1) aesthetic appeal; (2) physical privacy from employees of the opposite sex; (3) psychological comfort/affinity with employees of the same sex; (4) an English-only environment; (5) avoidance of proselytization or judgment; and (6) convenience. This Article also analyzes a potential seventh preferred preference--diversity--that courts have yet to consider.
The Article shows that each individual preferred preference is not just a one-off exception to the supposed irrelevance of customer preferences but part of a collective body of doctrine that operates according to its own principles. Although courts are not explicit about this, these preferences intuitively strike courts as reasonable and natural, both because they do not seem invidiously discriminatory and because they align with ingrained social conventions and norms. As a result, courts (1) consider them weightier than “mere preferences” and/or (2) view compliance with them as imposing only a minor burden on employees. The more that these two factors are satisfied, the more preference deference we see.
But courts are not striking the right balance in their preference deference. This largely stems from the tension between the claim that customer preferences are irrelevant in antidiscrimination law and the reality that they sometimes do count. To reconcile this dissonance, courts elevate the preferred preferences into virtual needs or minimize how much they burden employees. In the process, biases and inconsistencies sneak in. This Article illuminates how this occurs and then argues that a reordering of the current preference hierarchy is in order
Self-Reported Anxiety Ratings in Children With and Without Food Allergies and Teacher Knowledge Surrounding Food Allergies
No full textMuch of the research looking at the relationship between anxiety and food allergies has been qualitative, and researchers have found that children with food allergies tend to report feelings of anxiety. Researchers have also been employing quantitative methods but have not always found this same relationship between food allergies and anxiety, especially when comparing to normative data. The present study explored this relationship using quantitative methods, comparing self-rated anxiety levels in a group of children with food allergies with those in a group of children without food allergies. Knowledge of food allergies in children without food allergies and teachers was investigated, as well as attitudes and beliefs about food allergies among teachers. All data was collected using questionnaires, which initially were going to be distributed in person but ultimately were distributed online. Anxiety was higher in children with food allergies than in children without food allergies, and children with food allergies may be at greater risk of developing social phobia and school phobia than children without food allergies. Findings have implications for children with food allergies and their families and lend support to the idea that school psychologists and other professionals should collaborate to provide education to families as well as teachers and other school personnel and help reduce anxiety in children with food allergies
Rethinking Instructional Technologies in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Mobile Technology Use for Intergenerational Storytelling in Elementary Education in Senegal
No full textSub-Saharan African countries have realized that the biggest challenge facing their education system was not enrollment deficit as they were led to believe for many decades. Rather, it was the lack of appropriate technology that left them behind and widened the education gap between Western and African countries. In Senegal, much progress has been made since the early 1980s in technology integration to increase the value of children’s education with varying results; however, one of the challenges the country faces is to fit its technology programs within the traditional realities of its culture. A qualitative case study approach was used to explore ways in which technology adoption could be achieved through the use of mobile technologies for intergenerational digital storytelling with elementary students, their teachers, and community partners in Senegal. This study also explored the impact of integrating both mobile technologies and digital storytelling in the classroom on teacher practice. Interviews, observations, field notes, pictures, and recordings were examined to reveal that most participants’ perceptions of usefulness and ease of use of technology facilitated their adoption of mobile devices. Additionally, the analysis of data showed that the integration of both mobile technologies and digital storytelling impacted teacher practice in many ways, such as their ability to engage students in more learning activities that featured their cultures and traditions
