Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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Cognitive Inertia: How Loops Among Attention, Representation, and Decision Making Distort Reality
No full textThe decisions we make in our everyday lives often require us to navigate through a barrage of information, so that we can base our decisions only on information that is relevant to our goals. Selectively attending only to goal-relevant dimensions of information can help us efficiently navigate this barrage of information, but can also lead us into ``traps" where we fail to learn which information is most relevant, or fail to notice information that becomes relevant later in time. Here, we investigate the dynamic interactions between attention, learning, and memory that unfold as learners seek to identify dimensions of information that will help them make consistently accurate decisions. Using a multi-pronged approach, we identify the cyclical links between decision making, attention, and representation that best explain human category learning. We then show how the structure of these relationships paradoxically causes both accelerated learning and leads learners into different types of learning traps
Latin Square Tasks: A multi-study evaluation
No full textThe Latin Square Task (LST) was proposed as a theoretically well-grounded paradigm for measuring fluid intelligence. In four studies (total N = 3,439) we systematically investigated the psychometric properties of LSTs. Results provided evidence that (a) the construct is unidimensional, (b) the administered stimulus types and the rotation of the item matrix only played a minor role, and (c) the relations with other measures of reasoning ability were in the expected range (about r = .50), confirming the validity of LSTs. For unsupervised automated test construction, item difficulty was only insufficiently accounted for by relational complexity and the number of steps that need to be memorized for solving an item. We discuss possible remedies for improving the paradigm including its generalizability. Furthermore, we propose that the binding-hypothesis of working memory is theoretically suited to account for item difficulties in LSTs
Schooling substantially improves intelligence, but neither lessens nor widens the impacts of socioeconomics and genetics.
No full textSchooling, socioeconomic status (SES), and genetics all impact intelligence. However, it is unclear to what extent their contributions are unique and if they interact. Here we used a multi-trait polygenic score for cognition (cogPGS) with a quasi-experimental regression discontinuity design to isolate how months of schooling relate to intelligence in 6,567 children (aged 9-11). We found large, independent effects of schooling (β ~ .15), cogPGS (β ~ .10), and SES (β ~ .20) on working memory, crystallized (cIQ), and fluid intelligence (fIQ). Notably, two years of schooling had a larger effect on intelligence than the lifetime consequences, since birth, of SES or cogPGS based inequalities. However, schooling showed no interaction with cogPGS or SES for the three intelligence domains tested. While schooling had strong main effects on intelligence, it did not lessen, nor widen the impact of these preexisting SES or genetic factors
Sexuality and the city: The geography of LGBT political participation in the United States
No full textThe literature on LGBT participation is growing, but there is still little empirical analysis on the importance of urbanicity in shaping Queer activism. In this paper, we address this critical gap by examining how patterns of participation among LGBT Americans vary by geographic context. Using data from the 2020 Cooperative Election Study (CES) to explore how patterns of LGBT participation differ across the urban-rural interface, we find that individuals identifying as LGBT living in urban areas exhibit higher rates of participation than those living in rural areas, and that these results hold across multiple urban-rural classification schemes. Estimating a multilevel model that leverages local-level data on the density of the LGBT population, we also provide strong empirical validation of the theoretical effects of intragroup contact and mobilization on LGBT participation in large metro areas. When we limit our sample to respondents living in the 55 largest metro areas in the US but vary the metro-level percentage of LGBT individuals, we find that LGBT individuals living in metro areas with a higher percentage of LGBT individuals exhibit higher rates of participation relative to metro areas with a lower percentage of LGBT individuals. The results indicate that urban contexts foster Queer participation by engendering intragroup contact and mobilization among LGBT populations
Associations with LGBTQ+ mental health disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has created tremendous, and unequal, burdens on mental and physical health throughout the United States. Prior work suggests that LGBTQ+ individuals have experienced disproportionate harms during the COVID-19 pandemic, but potential mechanisms underlying these disparities remain unclear. In a large (N=893) sample of US LGBTQ+ adults, we examined four theoretically derived risk factors as potential contributors to depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation during the summer of 2020. Stressors and disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic were common, with over 25% of participants experiencing changes in their living situation, 40% reporting interruptions in health care access, and high levels of stress due to social isolation, financial concerns, and increased mental health symptoms. We found that social disconnection, disruptions in health care, financial strain, and efforts to avoid disclosing one’s sexual orientation or gender identity at home were each associated with poorer mental health, with the largest effects evident for identity disclosure avoidance. Transgender and non-binary adults reported poorer mental health overall, but gender identity did not moderate the effects of other tested risk factors. Results highlight the importance of considering LGBTQ+ mental health in the context of minority stressors, in addition to more general social determinants of health
They forgot their “baby”?!: Factors that lead students to forget their cell phone
No full textRemembering intentions is critical for daily life, yet errors happen surprisingly often, even when there are fatal consequences, as in the “Forgotten Baby Syndrome”. To understand how people can forget personally-important intentions, we took 192 students’ cell-phones while they participated in an unrelated experiment. We examined 1) how often students forgot to retrieve their cell-phone when they left the lab compared to an experimenter-relevant task that required returning an activity-tracker that we attached to their clothes to “monitor their amount of fidgeting” during the experiment, and 2) whether it mattered if the instructions were explicitly encoded or not. Students only forgot the tracker 10-13% more often than their cell-phone, and explicit instructions did not reduce forgetting; neither did longer, more distracting ongoing tasks. Between 60-70% of participants said the intention “popped into mind”. We suggest that PM intentions are “autonomically” encoded, yet even personally-important tasks are forgotten at surprising rates
Deontological and Consequentialist Preferences Towards Arms Exports -- A Comparative Conjoint Experiment in France and Germany
No full textDespite fierce politicization in arms-exporting democracies, we lack systematic research on mass public preferences on arms transfers. We propose that citizens either apply a deontologist (rejecting transfers categorically) or consequentialist (trading-off economic, strategic and normative aspects) calculus of preference formation. Conducting population-representative survey experiments (N=6617) in Germany and France, two global top-five major arms exporters, we find that 10–15 per cent of respondents follow deontologist considerations, a preference structure potentially relevant for all foreign policies involving the use of military force. Still, a majority shows differentiated preferences, giving largest weight to normative considerations, with assessments affected by moderating features (e.g., scenarios of just war). Principled rejection of arms trade and a large consequentialist weight for normative factors are more pronounced in Germany compared to France, indicating that public opinion might pose a stronger constraint for government policy in this country. Respondents' preferences match opinion polls on post-Russian invasion Ukraine armament, indicating high external validity of our experiments
Accounting for Contemporary Antisemitism: A Four-Dimensional Framework and a New Dataset
No full textExisting scholarship on contemporary antisemitism tends to sacrifice breadth for depth, typically focusing on a specific dimension of the phenomenon or a single national or ideological context. This myopia threatens to limit our understanding of current antisemitism because separate parts of a complex picture are studied in isolation, and because crucial questions about temporal and cross-national variation remain understudied. To help remedy this situation, this article introduces a more comprehensive conceptual and empirical framework along with a new dataset intended to encourage the study of antisemitism as a multidimensional, cross-national, and dynamic phenomenon. The framework provides a model for studying antisemitism in four core dimensions—attitudes, incidents, cultural imagery, and Jews’ exposure—and specifies relevant variables and indicators, thus facilitating future research and data collection efforts. To supplement the framework, the article introduces a new dataset (DIMA—Dimensions of Antisemitism) featuring publicly available data covering three of the four dimensions: attitudes, incidents, and exposure. Based on patterns emerging from these data, hypotheses for further study are suggested. These contributions are intended to prepare the ground for a new and theoretically more ambitious research agenda in the field of contemporary antisemitism research
USING PADLET AS A DIGITAL TOOL FOR ENHANCING EFL STUDENTS’ COLLABORATIVE WRITING
No full textThis study aims to know how Padlet as a digital tool could enhance EFL students’ collaborative writing. There were 52 members taking English Writing Subject in a state funded college in Indonesia engaged with the examination. The investigation was intended to improve language and relational abilities, increment inspiration, lower uneasiness and urge students to turn out to be more self-sufficient. A progression of errands was planned utilizing Padlet and brought out through the semester. Students’ posts and criticism as a survey were examined. The discoveries showed that Padlet could spur students to take part in class exercises, lower nervousness, empower collaboration among class individuals and lecturer, and improve language exactness through gaining from peers. Padlet could be viably utilized in a college class to work with communitarian composing among lower capability EFL students