Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice / Вісник Національного технічного університету "ХПІ". Серія: Проблеми удосконалювання електричних машин і апаратів. Теорія і практика
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A Data-Driven Typology of Emotion Regulation Profiles
No full textTypologies organize knowledge and advance theory for many scientific disciplines, including more recently in psychological science. However, no typology exists to categorize use of emotion regulation strategies. This is surprising given emotion regulation skills are used daily and are robustly linked with mental health symptoms. We attempted to identify and validate a working typology of emotion regulation across six samples (Total N = 1492, from multiple populations) by using several computational techniques. We uncovered evidence for three types of regulators: an infrequently regulating type (Lo), a frequently regulating type (Hi), and a third type (Mix) that selectively titrates strategy usage. Individuals in the Mix type exhibited the most adaptive mental health symptoms. These differences were stable over time and across different samples. These results are important for basic understanding of emotion regulation and for informing future interventions aimed at improving mental health
Primates from the Baynunah Formation
No full textFossil primates of the Baynunah Formation are represented by only two cercopithecoid specimens: AUH 35, a male lower canine of an indeterminate cercopithecid from site JDH-3, and AUH 1321, a lower molar of a guenon from site SHU 2-2. Although rare, these cercopithecoid primates are significant in terms of their age and biogeographic implications. AUH 1321 is the earliest known guenon in the fossil record, and at ~8 – 6.5 Ma, it is also one of the earliest cercopithecines known. The age and geographic position of both specimens in the Arabian Peninsula supports late Miocene Eurasian dispersal scenarios for cercopithecoid primates out of Africa and through Arabia before the Messinian Crisis. Whether or not this dispersal included both cercopithecines (macaques) and colobines is unclear, and it re- mains possible that both groups also dispersed across the Mediterranean Basin or Straits of Gibraltar during the Messinian as well. Among the potential Arabian dispersal routes, there is perhaps some support for the southern path over the Straits of Bab el Mandeb based on the presence of ~8 – 5.5 Ma cercopithecine and colobine fossils in the East African fossil record, geographically close to the Horn of Africa
Differential Item Functioning in Reports of Delinquent Behavior between Black and White Youth: Evidence of Measurement Bias in Self-Reports of Arrest in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study
No full textYouth self-reports are a mainstay of delinquency assessment, however, making valid inferences about delinquency using these assessments requires equivalent measurement across groups of theoretical interest. We examined whether a brief 10-item delinquency measure exhibited measurement invariance across non-Hispanic White (n = 6064) and Black (n = 1666) youth (ages 10-11 years old) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (ABCD Study®). We detected differential item functioning (DIF) in two items. Black youth were more likely to report being arrested or picked up by police than White youth with the same score on the latent delinquency trait. Although multiple covariates (income, urgency, and callous-unemotional traits) reduced mean-level difference in overall delinquency, they were generally unrelated to the DIF in the arrest item. However, the DIF in the arrest item was reduced in size and no longer significant after adjusting for neighborhood safety. Results illustrate the importance of considering measurement invariance when using self-reported delinquency scores to draw inferences about group differences, and the utility of measurement invariance analyses for helping to identify mechanisms that contribute to group differences generally
Greater Diversity or Fewer Whites? Disentangling Heterogeneity and Marginalized Group Share at Macro and Micro Levels
No full textScholarship claims that diversity undermines trust and cooperation. Critiques focus on studies' inability to discern diversity's causal effects. In fact, most studies are unable to distinguish diversity (i.e., mixture) and marginalized group share (e.g., percentage Black). We argue for preserving this distinction and identify obstacles to doing so. First, homogeneously disadvantaged communities are acutely underrepresented in North America and Europe, the settings of most diversity research. The second issue, a case of the ecological fallacy, concerns our inability to infer associations between individual outcomes and diversity from associations between macro-level outcomes and diversity. Much diversity research would be better served by using group share measures that align with the ingroup/outgroup theories they draw on to motivate research and explain findings. We clarify the data and analytic requirements for research that seeks to draw conclusions about diversity per se. Practically, the distinction between diversity and marginalized group share is also relevant for policy
Excavation & Conservation of Fossils from the Baynunah Formation
No full textThe recovery, preparation, and conservation of fossil remains found in the late Miocene Baynunah Formation, Abu Dhabi, present special challenges. In this chapter, field experiences are covered, and solutions are proposed for some of the challenges for the recovery and conservation of fossils in this sandy desert environment. This chapter provides paleontologists and those concerned with Abu Dhabi’s fossil heritage, whether in the field or the laboratory, with suggestions for best practices in the collection, preparation, molding and casting, and long-term conservation of this evidence of past life
Couples Therapy for a Divided America: Assessing the Effects of Reciprocal Group Reflection on Partisan Polarization
No full textOvercoming America’s deep partisan polarization poses a unique challenge: Americans must be able to disagree on policy while nonetheless agreeing on more fundamental democratic principles. We study one model of depolarization—reciprocal group reflection—inspired by marital counseling and implemented by a non-governmental organization, “Braver Angels.” We randomly assigned undergraduate students at four universities either to participate in a Braver Angels workshop or simply to complete three rounds of surveys. The workshops significantly reduced polarization according to explicit and implicit measures. They also increased participants’ willingness to donate to programs aimed at depolarizing political conversations. These effects are consistent across partisan groups, though some dissipate over time. Using qualitative data collected during the workshops, we generate a new theory of depolarization that combines both informational and emotional components such that citizens, moved to empathize with an outgroup, become more likely to internalize new information about outgroup members
The Regression Trap: Why Regression Analyses Are Not Suitable for Selecting Determinants to Target in Behavior Change Interventions
No full textObjective: Regression analyses are commonly used for selecting determinants to target in behavior change interventions, but the aim of this article is to explain why regression analyses are not suitable for this purpose (i.e., the regression trap).
Methods: This aim is achieved three ways: by providing (1) a theoretical rationale based on overlap among determinants; (2) a mathematical rationale based on the formulas that are used to calculate regression coefficients; and (3) examples based on real-world data.
Results: First, the meaning of regression coefficients is commonly explained as expressing the association between a determinant and a target behavior 'holding all other predictors constant.' We explain that this often boils down to 'neglecting a part of the psyche.' Second, we demonstrate that the interpretation of regression coefficients is distorted by correlations between determinants. Third, the examples provided demonstrate the impact this has in practice. This results in interventions targeting determinants that are less relevant and, thereby, have less impact on behavior change.
Conclusion: There are theoretical, mathematical, and practical reasons why regression analyses, and by extension multivariate analyses relying on correlations, are not suitable to select determinants to target in behavior change interventions. Instead, intervention developers should consider univariate distributions and bivariate association estimates simultaneously and there are freely accessible tools available to do so
High bandwidth RF photonic signal processing with Kerr micro-combs
No full textIntegrated Kerr micro-combs, a powerful source of many wavelengths for photonic RF and microwave signal processing, are particularly useful for transversal filter systems. They have many advantages including a compact footprint, high versatility, large numbers of wavelengths, and wide bandwidths. We review recent progress on photonic RF and microwave high bandwidth temporal signal processing based on Kerr micro-combs with spacings from 49-200GHz. We cover integral and fractional Hilbert transforms, differentiators as well as integrators. The potential of optical micro-combs for RF photonic applications in functionality and ability to realize integrated solutions is also discussed
Infant Placement and Language Exposure in Daily Life
No full textChildren’s daily contexts shape their experiences. In this study we assessed whether variations in infant placement (e.g., held, bouncy seat) are associated with infants’ exposure to adult speech. Using repeated survey sampling of mothers and continuous audio recordings, we tested whether use of independence-supporting placements was associated with adult speech exposure in a Southeastern U.S. sample of 60 4- to 6- month- old infants (38% male, predominately White, not Hispanic/Latinx, from higher SES households). Within-subject analyses indicated that independence-supporting placements were associated with exposure to fewer adult words in the moment. Between-subjects analyses indicated that infants more frequently reported to be in independence-supporting placements that also provided posture support (i.e., exersaucer) were exposed to fewer adult words and less consistent adult speech across the day. These findings indicate that infants’ opportunities for exposure to adult speech “in the wild” may vary based on immediate physical context
Discrepancies between publication, protocol and registration
No full textLetter to the editor in reference to Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression. The New England journal of medicine 2021;384:1402-11